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(=.951) on a 4 point Likert-type scale, with items ranging from (1) Strongly Agree Correlational analyses suggested that being Latino is significantly 2. Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit:
Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social
to (4) Strongly Disagree. Higher average scores indicating greater levels of related with being a first-generation college student (r=0.234, Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101.
perceived attitudes on engagement. p=.009). 3. Gloria, A. M., & Kurpius, S. E. R. (1996). The validation of the cultural congruity scale
and the university environment scale with Chicano/a students. Hispanic Journal of
Grit: The Grit Scale, which measures perseverance, consists of 8 items (=.194) Correlational analyses found that being Latino is significantly Behavioral Sciences, 18(4), 533-549.
assessed on a 5 point Likert-type scale with items ranging from (0) Not At All Like related to a higher GPA score (r=0.200, p=.260) 4. Pascarella, E. T., Pierson, C. T., Wolniak, G. C., & Terenzini, P. T. (2004). First-generation
Me to (4) Very Much Like Me. Higher scores indicate a higher level in grit. college students: Additional evidence on college experiences and outcomes. The
Correlational analyses indicate that lower levels of grit are Journal of Higher Education, 75(3), 249-284.
University Environment: The University Environment Scale consists of 14 items
significantly related to first-generation college students (r= -0.192,
that are measured on a 7 point Likert-type scale ranging from (1) Not at All to (7) Acknowledgements
Very True. Responses measure the perception students have on university p=.032), meaning that non-first generation college students have
environmental factors, items are summed together to give a continuous measure of significantly more grit. Mary McNaughton-Cassill, Ph.D.
academic persistence. Cory Knight M.S.