MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CE 410 CIVIL ENGINEERING DESIGN

WATER SUPPLY DESIGN FOR EHITLER AND HALHALCA

VILLAGES

INSTRUCTOR: Gencer GENOLU

Student Name: Student ID :

Samet KARAGL 1872035

Abdrakhman MURAT 2000958

Orhan KAYA 1932367

Ismet Yasin KO 1932458

Mehdi KERTUSHA 1847367

Necati KU 1493709

Date: 15/11/2017
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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
1- INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 The Aim of The Project ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2 The Brief Description of Project Areas ......................................................................................................... 3
2- POPULATION PROJECTION ANALYSIS OF EHITLER AND HALHALCA VILLAGES ........ 6
2.1 Arithmetic Extrapolation method for ehitler and Halhalca villages ........................................................... 7
2.2 Turkish Bank of Province method for ehitler and Halhalca villages .......................................................... 9
2.5 Summary of Arithmetic Extrapolation and Turkish Bank of Province methods results of ehitler and Halhalca
villages ........................................................................................................................................................... ...11
3- WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION OF PROJECT AREA...11

3.1 Calculations of Water Demand Quantity...11

4- WATER TANKS .................................................................................................................................. 16

4.1 Determination of the Elevations of Water Tanks ........................................................................................ 16
4.2 Determination of the Volumes of the Water Tanks .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
5- TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE and DIAMETER SELECTION ............................................................ 23
5.1 Water Supply System Route Selection with Flow Charts.23
5.2 Water Supply System Diameter Selection27
5.2.1 Force Main Pipelines.27
5.2.2 Gravity Pipelines ..27
5.2.3 Both Force Main and Gravity Pipelines ...27
5.2.4 Selected Diameters of All Possible Transmission Lines ..27
5.3 Determination of Optimal Route of Transmission Line ...27
5.3.1 Determination of Pipes and Ditch Costs27
5.3.2 Comparison of Total Cost of the Possible Routes of Transmission Lines .27
Based On Cost Per Meter
5.3.3 Estimating Operations and Maintenance Costs for Final Decision ..27
5.3.4 Estimating Unit Water Cost for Final Decision.27
6. HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM
6.1. Control Equipment27
6.2. Design Criteria of Transmission Line ..27
6.3 Calculation of Hydraulic Loss ..27
7. INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM PIPELINES
7.1 Placement Criteria of Pipes ..27
8. SUMMARY and CONCLUSION..27
9. REFERENCES27
10. APPENDICES
10.1 Pipes with their Per Meter Costs 27
10.2 Flowchart of the Selected Route..27
10.3 Profiles of transmission lines of the selected route CASE-1 ROUTE-1..27
10.4 Schematic Profiles of transmission lines of the selected route CASE-1 ROUTE-127

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1- INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Aim of the Project

The main purpose of this project is the design of the water supply system starting from the
infrastructure for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of the drinking
water to the target zone in order to satisfy the present and the future needs. In this project, the
villages of ehitler and Halhalca, districts in Bursa, are the target zones, where the water supply
design will be done.

1.2 The Brief Description of Project Areas

EHITLER VILLAGE

Figure -1.2.1 ehitler Region

ehitler is a village located in Inegl, a distinct of Bursa. From historic aspect, this region is known
for the significant number of martyrs died in war, as a result the village is named ehitler. In this
zone, it is found a Turkish bath, a hospital, a small restaurant and a preparatory school. Since the
population of this village is mainly dealing with agriculture, it is observed that approximately there

3
are 1000 bovine animals, 3000 sheep and goats; 10000 chickens, turkeys and ducks. As a
consequence, it is seen that the farming and agriculture forms the main foundation of the economy
of this village.

Figure -1.2.2 The map of the center of ehitler Village

Referring to the map of the center of ehitler village, there is just one grocery store. Since it is not
an industrial zone, this fact significantly affects the design of the water supply of the region by
changing the water demand for the particular facilities. Moreover, related to low economic
situation of the ehitler village, the population is getting decreased with time, where the last
updated population number in 2016 is found to be 582 people. In addition, the region is placed
between maximum elevation of 597 m and minimum elevation of 398m.

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 HALHALCA VILLAGE

Figure -1.2.3 Halhalca Region

In addition to ehitler village, another target region for the water supply design is Halhalca village,
which is also found in Inegl, a district of Bursa. Comparing to ehitler village, Halhalca village
is smaller and less developed zone than ehitler. In this village it is found a Turkish bath and a
preparatory school. The main foundation of the economy is the agriculture and farming, having
approximately 600 bovine animals, 1800 sheep and goats; 6500 chickens, turkeys and ducks.
Moreover, similar to ehitler village, since this zone is not developed, the population has the
tendency to get decreased with time, where the last updated population number in 2016 is found
to be 258 people. This fact significantly affects the design of the water supply for this particular
zone. In addition, the region is placed between 620 m of maximum elevation and 498 m of
minimum elevation.

5
 Figure -1.2.4 The map of the center of Halhalca Village

2- POPULATION PROJECTION ANALYSIS OF EHITLER AND

HALHALCA VILLAGES

Since the determination of the water demand for ehitler and Halhalca villages is dependent of the
calculation of the population until 2052, firstly the estimation of the population is required. The
population estimation is calculated as a result of the usage of two main methods: the Arithmetical
Extrapolation method and Turkish bank of Province method. According to the specification of the
Turkish Bank of Province, 4.4.2 Population Forecasting, page: 5, the estimated time for
construction and service of the facilities should be considered adding five years in a total period
of time of thirty five years.

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2.1 Arithmetic Extrapolation Method for ehitler and Halhalca village

The first approach used for population estimation is the arithmetical extrapolation method. In this
method the formula illustrated below is used:

= + [ ( )]
Since the purpose is getting approximate values such as NG = 195,194; NS = 69,369; tG = 2017,

tS = 2052, it is assumed that ka = 3595. From the equation shown above and by the assumption of
P2052 = 195,194 people, it is concluded that P2017 = 69,369 people by using Excel calculations. In
addition, by using these data a population growth rate curve is obtained as follows:

Population growth rate

250000

200000 y = 3595x - 7E+06

150000
population

100000

50000

0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
years

Figure -2.1.1 Population Growth Rate of ehitler village by using Arithmetic Extrapolation method

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Similar to ehitler village, the first approach used for population estimation of Halhalca village, is
the arithmetical extrapolation method. The formula illustrated below is used:

= + [ ( )]

Since the purpose is getting approximate values such as NG = 64,242; NS = 22,831; tG = 2017;

tS = 2052, it is assumed that ka = 1,183.17. From the equation shown above and by the assumption
of P2052 = 64,242 people, it is concluded that P2017 = 22,831 people by using Excel calculations. In
addition, by using these data a population growth rate curve is obtained as follows;

population growth rate

70000
y = 1183.2x - 2E+06
60000

50000
population

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
years

Figure-2.3.1 Population Growth Rate of Halhalca village by using Arithmetic Extrapolation method

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2.2 Population Forecasting Method of The Turkish Bank of Province for ehitler and Halhalca
village

The second approach used for the estimation of the population is the Turkish Bank of Province
method. In this method, for the calculation of the population in upcoming years the formula
illustrated below is used:

Since the main purpose is to find a reasonable solution, it is assumed that = 3. And as a result,
NG = 195,194 people and Ns = 69,369 people values are calculated by using the provided formula
in Excel. In addition, by using these data a population growth rate curve is obtained as follows:

Population Growth Rate

250000

200000

y = 3556.7x - 7E+06
Population

150000

100000

50000

0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
Time (year)

Figure -2.2.1 Population Growth Rate of ehitler village by using Turkish Bank of Provinces method

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Similar to ehitler village, the second approach used for the estimation of the population of
Halhalca village, is the Turkish Bank of Province method. For the calculation of the population
in upcoming years the formula illustrated below is used:

Since the main purpose is to find a reasonable solution, it is assumed that =3. And as a result,
NG=64,242people and Ns=22,831 people values are calculated by using the provided formula in
Excel. In addition, by using these data a population growth rate curve is obtained as follows:

Population Growth Rate

70000

60000

50000
y = 1170.6x - 2E+06
Population

40000

30000

20000

10000

0
2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2055
Time (year)

Figure-2.4.1 Population Growth Rate of Halhalca village by using Turkish Bank of Provinces method

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2.3 Summary of Population Projection Calculations of ehitler and Halhalca villages

The results of population forecasting using Arithmetic Extrapolation and Turkish Bank of
Province approaches are tabulated in the provided table shown below. Since the most important
task of an engineering task is to be always in safe side, from the results illustrated in the table it
is observed that Turkish Bank of Province method is more convenient to be used for population
forecasting for ehitler and Halhalca villages.

Table 1: The population estimations of ehitler and Halhalca villages

ehitler village Halhalca village

Year Arithmetic Turkish Bank of Arithmetic Turkish Bank of
Extrapolation method Province method Extrapolation method Province method
2017 69,369 69,369 22,831 22,831
2022 87,344 80,417 28,746 26,467
2027 105,319 93,226 34,662 30,682
2032 123,294 108,074 40,578 35,569
2037 141,269 125,288 46,494 41,235
2042 159,244 145,243 52,410 47,802
2047 177,219 168,376 58,326 55,416
2052 195,194 195,194 64,242 64,242

3- WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION OF PROJECT AREA

3.1 Calculations of Water Demand Quantity

3
To start with, hourly flow rate of ehitler Village is 0.5 . From this information one can find

the average hourly demand of the village and this formula is used:

(. ) =

Where;

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 3
is the maximum hourly demand during a day (0.5 in this case),

is the average hourly demand during a day.

(. ) is the hourly peak factor.
0.5
1.4 =

Where (. ) is chosen 1.4 from the specification (it is assumed that the population is more
than 100,000.)

From the equation above is found as 357 = 30,844,800

Table 2: Special Water Demand for Non-Residential Cases

Facility Water Demand (lt/day)

Airport (per person) 10-20
Turkish bath (per person) 100
Pensioner (per person) 190
Factory labourer (per person) 100
Hotel (per bed) 250-600
Hospital (per bed) 250-600
Laundry 60 lt/wash
Restaurant (with toilet) (per person) 25
Restaurant (without toilet)(per person) 10
Boarding school (per student) 150
School (with cafeteria, gym and shower) 95
(per student)
School (with cafeteria) (per student) 75
School (per student) 25
Military barracks (per solder) 100
Swimming pool 500 lt/m2
Cinema Theatre (per seat) 20
Journeyman (per person) 60
Washing station (per vehicle) 50
Abattoir of Bovine Animals 300-400
Abattoir of Sheep and Goat 150-300

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 Table 3: Water Demands for Animals

Animal Species Water demand

(lt/day)
Bovine Animals 50
Sheep and Goat 15
Chickens-Ducks-Turkeys 0.25

Some assumptions are made for the tables shown above by using some information
provided on the internet.
Table 4: Water Demand of Non-Residential Cases for People in ehitler Village

Water Demand Quantity # of People Total Water

(lt/person/day) Demand of Non-
Residential Cases
(lt/day)
Turkish Bath 100 1 100 10,000
Hospital 400 1 250 100,000
Restaurant 25 1 50 1,250
School 25 1 1,000 25,000
Journeyman 60 - 500 30,000
TOTAL: 166,250

Table 5: Water Demand of Non-Residential Cases for Animals in ehitler Village

Water Demand Quantity # of Animals Total Water Demand

(lt/animal/day) of Non-Residential
Cases
(lt/day)
Abattoir of 400 - 50 20,000
Bovine Animals
Abattoir of 300 - 150 45,000
Sheep and Goat
Bovine Animals 50 - 1,000 50,000
Sheep and Goat 15 - 3,000 45,000

Chickens, 0.25 - 10,000 2,500

Ducks, Turkeys
TOTAL: 162,500

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 Total water Demand of Non Residential Cases ( ) = 166,250 + 162,500
=328,750 lt/day

Table 6: Unit Water Demands for Residential Case

Project starting Unit water demand for

population (N) (people) residential (q residential)
(lt/person/day)
N<50,000 80-100
50,000<N<100,000 100-120
100,000<N 120-140

It is assumed that the village will have more than 100,000 people in it. Therefore;
q residential= 130 lt/person/day
= 30,844,800 /
= [ + 0.20 ] = 30,844,800
= 25,704,000 /
= +

= + 2052 = 328,750 + 130 2052

= ,

Similar to ehitler village, the same calculations are made for Halhalca village. But
different assumptions are used for Halhalca village since there are significant differences between
3
two villages. Hourly flow rate of Halhalca village is 0.15 . From this information one can find

the average hourly demand of the village and this formula is used:

(. ) = = 1.5

3
= 0.15 = 0.1 = 100 = , ,

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 Table 7: Water Demand of Non-Residential Cases for People in Halhalca Village

Water Demand Quantity # of People Total Water

(lt/person/day) Demand of Non-
Residential
Cases(lt/day)
Turkish Bath 100 1 50 5,000
School 25 1 750 18,750
Journeyman 60 - 300 18,000
TOTAL: 41,750

Table 8: Water Demand of Non-Residential Cases for Animals in Halhalca Village

Water Demand Quantity # of Animals Total Water

(lt/person/day) Demand of Non-
Residential
Cases(lt/day)
Abattoir of 400 - 30 12,000
Bovine Animals
Abattoir of Sheep 300 - 70 21,000
and Goat
Bovine Animals 50 - 600 30,000
Sheep and Goat 15 - 1800 27,000
Chickens, 0.25 - 6500 1,625
Turkeys, Ducks
TOTAL: 91,625

Total water Demand of non Residential Cases ( ) = 41,750 + 91,625

=133,375 lt/day
Since it is assumed that the village will have a population between 50,000 and 100,000 people:
q residential= 110 lt/person/day
: 8,640,000 /
= [ + 0.20 ] = 8,640,000
= 7,200,000 /
= +

= + 2052 = 133,375 + 110 2052

= ,

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 Table 9: Water Demand Calculations Results of ehitler and Halhalca Villages

ehitler Village Halhalca Village

3 0.5 0.15
Flow Rate ( )

(lt/day) 30,844,800 8,640,000
WD Non-residential, people (lt/day) 166,250 41,750
WD Non-residential, animal (lt/day) 162,500 91,625
TOTAL WD Non-residential (lt/day) 328,750 133,375
(lt/day) 25,704,000 7,200,000
q residential (lt/person/day) 130 110
2052 (people) 195,194 64,242

4- WATER TANKS

The design of water is made by firstly dealing with the determination of the pressure areas of the
target zones, ehitler and Halhalca villages and secondly the volumes of water tanks are
calculated.

4.1 Determination of the Elevations of Water Tanks

According to the specification of the Turkish Bank of Province, 5.9.1, Pressure Areas, page 33, it
is recommended to have minimum of 30 m and maximum of 65 m of water elevation head on the
target villages. The goal is to find the lowest and highest static pressure heads from a certain
water tank and the region that it might cover.

In this step, the areas between maximum and minimum static pressure heads were found.

Firstly, pressure heads (lowest and highest) for the highest region of villages were
determined.
Secondly, two lines were drawn on these exact elevations.
When the whole needed area was covered, the lines were joined to form one continuous
polyline.

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 Figure-3.1.1 Pressure zone example

Area inside of this polyline, Figure-3.1.1 theoretically is a pressure zone and every
point in this hatched zone satisfies the same elevation differences, in other words, they
are in same pressure zone. This area indicates that the points inside of this area can take
supplied water from a water tank or many of water tanks. If a water tank can supply water
on a single point inside of this area, then this water tank can supply water to whole points
inside of this hatched area.
And then, these steps above were repeated until ehitler and Halhalca villages were
covered by the drawn areas. Finally, all the pressure zones were specified as shown in
Figure-3.1.2.

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 Figure-3.1.2 Areas for five different pressure zones

As it was mentioned above, all the pressure zones were specified with the
consideration of the elevations of the two villages, maximum and minimum pressures
that was created as the result of the elevation differences. Elevation of these five pressure
zones are illustrated in Figure-3.1.3.

Figure-3.1.3 Elevations of pressure zones

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 In addition, the usage of the Google Earth program played a significant role in the
determination of three water sources locations near the villages and in the measure of the
distances of these three water sources from the villages. So, two circles were drawn and
intersection of these circles was noticed as the location of a source in AutoCAD file. By
repeating this procedure two more times, the locations of three water resources were
specified at their original coordinates. The locations of the water resources are shown in
Figure-3.1.4 as the blue cross signs.

Figure-3.1.4 Location of water sources and pressure zones on the map of villages

Then, the number and the locations of water tanks were determined as it is
indicated in specification of the Turkish Bank of Province. Number of water tank was
determined taking into consideration the population number and water demand of
pressure zones. Location of the water tanks was specified according to the specification
of the Turkish Bank of Province instructions, where first thing to be performed is the
location of the water tank taking into consideration the maximum and minimum water

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head differences and the locations with high population density where they distribute the
water. The number and the location of water tanks are shown in Figure-3.1.5 as green
color signs.

Figure-3.1.5 Location of water tanks with pressure zones

Figure-3.1.6 Location of water tanks with pressure zones on the map of the villages

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 Moreover, the location and volume of water tanks are calculated and tabulated in
Table 10 shown below. And volumes were calculated according to the specification of
the Turkish Bank of Province instructions. The formulas and Table 9 including the data
used in the following equations were based on the specification of the Turkish Bank of
Province 5.8.3, Fire Storage, page 32.

4.2 Determination of the Volumes of Water Tanks

Volumes of the water tanks were determined by taking into consideration the hourly and
daily water consumption, the fire capacity, the emergency requirement and the efficiency
fluctuating in water source according to Turkish Bank Province 5.8.3, Total Storage, page
32.
The volume of fire is determined according to the population of the area, number of fire
and the duration of fire. The amount of the fire water to be used in drinking water
projects was calculated as follows:
= + +

= 1/3
=

= 0.10

= Demand volume of water tank

= Balance volume
= Fire water demand

= Water demand of emergency cases

= Mean value of daily water consumption

= fire time
= water demand of fire

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 Table 10: The amount of fire storage water to be used in domestic water projects, duration and number

Fire storage water (m)

Population Simultaneous Duration Residential area Residential area with
fire count of fire(hr) with two storey three or more storey
buildings buildings
<5,000 1 2 36 72
5,001- 10,000 2 2 72 144

10,001- 2,000 2 2 144 216

25,001- 50,000 2 2 216 288

50,001- 100,000 2 3 324 432

>100,000 2 5 - 900

Table 11: Details of each water tank

V
Elevation Pressure Zone Vbalance Vfire Vemergency Vtotal Vselected
Storage consumption
(m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m) (m)
(m/d)
Water
490 460-430 4695,84 1565,28 288 469,584 2322,864
Tank 1 2,500
Water
525 495-460 10812,96 3604,32 216 1081,296 4901,616
Tank 2 5,000
Water
560 530-495 8042,976 2680,992 432 804,2976 3917,2896
Tank 3 4,000
Water
595 565-530 4347,648 1449,216 432 434,7648 2315,9808
Tank 4 2,500
Water
630 600-565 11585,376 3861,792 288 1158,5376 5308,3296
Tank 5 5,500

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5- TRANSMISSION LINE ROUTE AND DIAMETER SELECTION

5.1 Water Supply System Route Selection with Flow Charts

First to be mentioned are the advantages and disadvantages of using steel pipes. The steel pipes
are widely used in water, electricity and chemical industry for the following reasons:

It is strong and resistant to high temperatures

Highly efficient
Higher mass flow rate
Easier to install and its flexible
Resistant to natural disasters
Resistant to bacteria
Handles high pressure and water loads
100% recycled

However; there are some disadvantages of the steel pipes as well, such as:

Difference in heat transfer

Poor thermal conductivity
More expensive
Very difficult to fabricate
Difficult to repair/re-work

Secondly, for the determination of the unit prices of steel pipes, the website www.birimfiyat.net
is used. With the item numbers given, all data are collected respectively to the diameters of the
steel pipes (80mm to 700mm). One example of data sheet is illustrated as follows:

23
 Table 12: Unit Price Table of 200 mm diameter steel pipe

Then, to find ditch width and depth calculations, the standards used in Provincial Bank
Specification are illustrated as follows:

For D < 40 cm

For Bevelled Ditches : D+2x20 (cm)

For Braced Ditches : D+2x20+2x5 (cm)

For 40 cm <D < 70 cm

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 For 60 sloping Bevelled Ditches : D+2x20 (cm)

For 60 steep For Bevelled Ditches: D+2x35 (cm)

For Braced Ditches : D+2x35+2x5 (cm)

For D >70 cm

For 60 sloping Bevelled Ditches : D+2x45 (cm)

For 60 steep For Bevelled Ditches: D+2x60 (cm)

For Braced Ditches : D+2x60+2x5 (cm)

If more than one pipe must be placed in the same ditch, there should be 20 cm
gap between each pipe.
If ditch depth is smaller than 1.75 m

Depth: 0.60 cm

If ditch depth is larger than 1.75 m

Depth cannot be smaller than 0.80 cm.

Moreover, there are some factors that must be considered in the selection of the optimal
transmission line route for the pipelines such as;

Cost efficiency
Environmental impacts
Pipeline integrity
Public safety
Land-use Constraints

In fact, there is a significant number of specific factors that affects the line route but these are the
most important factors that will be used.

25
While dealing with the routes of transmission pipelines, available side-roads and highways are
taken into consideration in order to avoid excessive earthworks of piping and choose most
economical route.

For the water supply of tanks, three cases are considered:

Case 1: Both villages are supplied from only one nearest source. NS for Halhalca, and
GW for ehitler.
Case 2: Source 1 fully distributes its water to both villages, and the remained demand is
supplied from GW.
Case 3: KTP itself has capability to fulfil the demands of two villages, thus it is
considered as the third case

These is a significant number of abbreviations used in the selection of transmission line route.

GW: Groundwater

KTP: Karalar Treatment Plant

NS : Natural Source

Table 13: Possible Transmission Line Routes

Case 1 V consumption OGT(l/s) Source

(m/d)
WT1 4,695.84 54.35 GW
WT2 10,812.96 125.15 KTP
WT3 8,042.976 93.09 KTP
WT4 4,347.648 50.32 NS
WT5 11,585.376 134.09 NS

Case 2 V consumption OGT(l/s) Source

(m/d)
WT1 4,695.84 54.35 GW
WT2 10,812.96 125.15 KTP
WT3 8,042.976 93.09 KTP
WT4 4,347.648 50.32 KTP
WT5 11,585.376 134.09 KTP

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 Case 3 V consumption OGT(l/s) Source
(m/d)
WT1 4,695.84 54.35 KTP
WT2 1,0812.96 125.15 KTP
WT3 8,042.976 93.09 KTP
WT4 4,347.648 50.32 NS
WT5 11,585.376 134.09 NS
5.2 Water Supply System Diameter Selection
5.2.1 Force Main Pipelines
5.2.2 Gravity Pipelines
5.2.3 Both Force Main and Gravity Pipelines
5.2.4 Selected Diameters of All Possible Transmission Lines
5.3 Determination of Optimal Route of Transmission Line
5.3.1 Determination of Pipes and Ditch Costs
5.3.2 Comparison of Total Cost of the Possible Routes of Transmission Lines
Based On Cost Per Meter
5.3.3 Estimating Operations and Maintenance Costs for Final Decision
5.3.4 Estimating Unit Water Cost for Final Decision
6- HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM
6.1. Control Equipment
6.2. Design Criteria of Transmission Line
6.3 Calculation of Hydraulic Loss
7- INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM PIPELINES
7.1 Placement Criteria of Pipes
8- SUMMARY and CONCLUSION
9- REFERENCES
10- APPENDICES
10.1 Pipes with their Per Meter Costs
10.2 Flowchart of the Selected Route
10.3 Profiles of transmission lines of the selected route CASE-1 ROUTE-1
10.4 Schematic Profiles of transmission lines of the selected route CASE-1 ROUTE-1

27