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COLUMNS BY JACKETING
Joo Duarte Snica Caeiro
Department of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Earth Resources, IST, University of Lisbon
1 INTRODUCTION
The need to reuse existing buildings, especially for economic and security reasons, led to the need to
seek even more efficient means of rehabilitation, instead of the total demolition of the infrastructure. It
is therefore natural that the concept of structural reinforcement keeps appearing, increasingly, in the
current language of construction. The reinforcement of columns can be accomplished using different
techniques, where one can be more advantageous than other depending on the economical,
architectural and technical factors. This study focuses exclusively on strengthening columns by adding
an additional layer of reinforced concrete.
In the present work, it is presented an alternative of numerical modeling, using the finite element method
program ADINA, of a set of laboratory tests previously conducted by Dr. Eduardo Jlio in his Ph.D.
Thesis [1], where he studied the influence of the interface on the behavior of reinforced columns with a
new jacket of reinforced concrete. For this study it was chosen to model the slow monotonic test related
to the non-jacketed column M1G1 and to the monolithically jacketed column. After a large range of
attempts on finding a stable model by changing the convergence tolerance, the number of iteration
steps, the type of analysis of structures and a lot of more properties found on ADINA [2], two numerical
models were created and fully validated with the laboratorial results, one non-jacketed and another one
jacketed,
After that, it is showed a set of parametric studies, using one of the previous numeric models and
changing some properties, where it is analyzed the influence of:
1) Size of the diameters of the steel rebar used in the additional concrete layer by creating two
more numerical models and comparing its results;
2) Height of the additional concrete layer by creating two more numerical models and
comparing its results;
3) Concrete resistance used in the additional concrete layer by creating two more numerical
models and comparing its results;
The purpose of this thesis is to increase the knowledge we have concerning reinforcement of old
structures, in this case particularly jacketing of columns. Besides that by developing this study, it is given
a calibrated numerical model of a jacket column that can be changed to study even more important
parameters.
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2 CONCRETE COLUMNS REINFORCED BY JACKETING
2.1 Introduction
Column jacketing is a type of structural reinforcement where the initial columns cross section is
increased by adding a new concrete layer surrounding it [3]. By doing this the resistance of the column
to vertical and horizontal forces is enlarged.
This reinforcement can be used when we wish to correct anomalies from the structures project,
construction errors and natural wear or when we want to increase the capacity load of the structure by
changing its type of utility.
After a long research, we can resume the following parameters as the most important when
strengthening a columns by adding a new layer:
1) Roughness of the interface between the initial column and new layer. It depend on the type
of treatment used at the surface of the initial column, such as sandblasting, applying epoxy
resins or even leaving the surface with no treatment at all;
2) Applying steel connectors between initial column and new layer;
3) Height and thickness of the adding layer;
4) Type of steel rebar used in the jacketing;
5) Capacity load of concrete used in the adding layer.
6) After a long research, we can resume the following parameters as the most important when
strengthening a columns by adding a new layer:
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In this experiments, for each specimen, a lot of information was collected such as yield load, maximum
load, ultimate load, concrete cracking and concrete crush. However, for the numerical calibration it was
only used the horizontal load versus applied displacement curves of models M1G1 (Figure 1) and M3G1
(Figure 2).
100 M1G1
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Displacement (mm)
100 M3G1
80
Horizontal Load (kN)
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Displacement (mm)
Figure 2: Horizontal load versus applied displacement curves of Model M3G1
The most important conclusions that were taken in these tests were:
1) All reinforced column specimens showed a monolithic behaviour, regardless of which type
of interface treatment was used, except for model M2G1;
2) It was not possible to get the pretended non-stick strengthening in model M2G1;
3) The fact of strengthening of the column occurred after or before the application of the axial
load is indifferent;
4) The capacity load of the jacketed models is far larger than the non-reinforced model (M1G1);
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When using it in structures analysis, FEM is based on the definition of a kinematically admissible
approach for the displacement field by using continuous functions that are easy to impose the necessary
compatibility conditions. Once we have an approximation of the displacement field, it is easy to get the
static field (stresses and strains) by using the constitutive and compatibility relations. In the few cases
where the equilibrium conditions are satisfied in all the points of the structure, the approximate solution
is the exact solution of the problem.
The main steps of FEM to solve physical and geometrically linear problems are as follows [4]:
1) Domain division;
2) Identification of independent displacements and corresponding nodal forces;
3) Approach definition to the displacement field for each element of the mesh;
4) Development of the stiffness matrix and vector of equivalent nodal forces for each element of
the mesh;
5) Development of the global equilibrium equation of the structure;
6) Resolution of the system of equations and respective calculation of the independent
displacements;
7) Determination of nodal displacements and deformations of the elements;
8) Determination of stresses for each elements, based on the compatibility conditions and
constitutive relations;
9) Critical analysis for the obtained solution. The quality of the solution can be obtained by
checking the equilibrium conditions.
However, when material have a non-linear mechanical behavior, MEF requires the use of incremental
and iterative techniques whose presentation is not within the scope of this dissertation. More details can
be found in [5].
3.1.1 Geometry
The following dimensions were assumed:
1) Initial Column 0,20m x 0,20m x 1,35m;
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2) Additional Layer Thickness of 3,5mm and height of 0,90 m;
3) Base Support 1,00m x 1,00m x 0,40m
4) Initial Longitudinal Rebar 610;
5) Initial Transverse Rebar 6//0,15
6) Additional Longitudinal Rebar 610;
7) Additional Transverse Rebar 6//0,075
The cross section of the column reinforced by jacketing is shown in Figure 3
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3.1.5 Type of analysis
ADINA offers a wide range of type of analysis. In this study, two of those options were considered valid:
1) Static Analysis The user controls the value of applied displacement, respective time step and
the convergence tolerance. To simulate these models, it was considered a maximum
displacement of 20mm and 100 time steps.
2) Collapse Analysis The program controls the value of applied displacement and respective
time step so that it can extract the most accurate results with the lowest convergence problems.
Figure 4: Horizontal Force vs Displacement of M1G1 and non-reinforced linear numerical model
In Figure 5 by checking the stress distribution results we can see that traction appears in the same
surface as the applied displacement and that compressions appears in the surface in front of the applied
load, as it was expected.
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3.3 Development and Validation of Non-Reinforced Model
We started to get a lot of convergence problems in ADINA when we introduced the non-linear properties
in concrete. So it was developed a lot of attempts to find a stable model by changing his type of mesh
(Detailed Mesh or Simpler Mesh), concrete constitute law (Concrete or DF-Concrete) and type of
analysis (Static of Collapse). It was conclusive that if we create a model with a Simpler Mesh, DF-
Concrete Material and Collapse Analysis, the results extracted would be similar to model M1G1.
In Figure 6 we can see that the similarity between the numerical model and the experimental model
M1G1. So the non-reinforced column was considered validated with the laboratorial results.
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16,00 18,00 20,00
Displacement [mm]
Figure 6: Horizontal Force vs Displacement of M3G1 and reinforced numerical model
In Figure 7 we can also see that numerical models experienced concrete cracking and concrete crushing
in the exact place it was supposed to appear. So even in this aspect, model revealed good results.
Figure 7 : Comparison, between M1G1 and non-reinforced numerical model, of concrete cracking propagation (Left) and
concrete crushing (Right)
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Numerical Reinforced Model Laboratorial Model M3G1
120
100
Horizontal Load [kN]
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Displacement [mm]
Figure 8: Horizontal Force vs Displacement of M3G1 and reinforced numerical model
Another important result that ADINA can import from reinforced concrete models is the stress distribution
in the steel, as seen in Figure 9. It is also presented in the same Figure the distributed stress in concrete.
For both stress distributions, the numerical model gave satisfactory results.
Figure 9: Stress distribution on steel rebar (Left) and on concrete (Right) of reinforced jacketed numerical model
4 PARAMETRIC STUDIES
As already told, the second goal of this thesis was to change the validated reinforced jacketed numerical
model and to conduct a series of parametric studies.
So for each parametric studies, two more models were created.
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In Figure 10 we can clearly see the difference of results for each numerical model when comparing the
behaviour of jacketed columns with different sizes of steel rebars reinforcement. In this matter, it was
conclusive that the capacity load of the jacketed columns is strictly dependent on the size of the steel
rebars reinforcement jacket.
Model with steel rebar of 10 mm (Longitudinal) and 6 mm (Transverse)
Model with steel rebar of 12 mm (Longitudinal) and 10 mm (Transverse)
Model with steel rebar of 16 mm (Longitudinal) and 12 mm (Transverse)
120
Horizontal Load [kN]
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20
Displacement [mm]
Figure 10: Horizontal load vs displacement of numerical models with different rebar sizes of additional layer
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Displacement [mm]
Figure 11: Horizontal load vs displacement of numerical models with different jacketings height
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In Figure 12, we can see that there is no significant difference between the behaviour of each column,
especially when comparing models with 60MPa and 80MPa of concretes resistance. If we consider the
costs of high-resistance concretes we can assume that if we want to increase the columns capacity
load, the reinforcement concretes resistance isnt the most important parameter to be considered.
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Displacement [mm]
Figure 12: Horizontal load vs displacement of numerical models with different reinforcement concretes resistance
5 FINAL CONCLUSIONS
5.1 Conclusions
With the completion of this work, the most important results, from developing all the numerical models
and the from the collected results of the parametric studies, were the following:
1) ADINA can easily simulate reinforced concrete initials properties. However, if we want to go
further and study the non-linear properties of concrete when subjected to high displacement
values, ADINA starts to generate non-convergence problems. So we can conclude that ADINA
can be a good option to simulate the initial properties of reinforced concrete still need
improvements for high values of displacements.
2) ADINA shows a lot of interesting and practical properties of reinforced concrete such as
cracking, crush, stress distribution in concrete (both traction and compression) and stress
distribution in steel rebar.
3) By increasing the diameters size of rebar of the additional layer, the capacity load of the
monolithic column highly increases. In this case, by changing the diameters from 10 mm
(longitudinal rebar) and 6 mm (transverse rebar) to 12 mm and 10 mm, respectively, the capacity
load of the column increases by 21%. If we go even further and change to 16mm and 12mm,
respectively, the capacity load of the jacketed column increases by 61%.
4) By decreasing the height of the additional layer, the capacity load of the monolithic column slight
decreases. In this case, by changing the height of the additional layer from 90 cm to 60 cm, the
capacity load decreases by 6%. If we go even further and decrease to 30 cm height, the capacity
load of the column decreases by 37%. However, by checking the stress distributed diagram of
this numerical model, we can conclude that by lowering the additional layer this leads to a
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concentration of large values of compressions in the the reinforcement layer, which is not
recommended.
5) By increasing the resistance of the concrete of the additional layer, the capacity load of the
monolithic column slight increases. In this case, by changing the resistance of concrete of the
additional layer from 35 MPa to 60 MPa, the capacity load of the column increases by 13%. If
we go even further and increase to 80 MPa, the capacity load of the column increases by 27%.
However, due to the large prices of the high-resistance concretes, the choice of this type of
concrete doesnt pay the increase of strength that the reinforced column gets.
6 REFERENCES
[1] Jlio E.S., A influncia da interface no comportamento de pilares reforados por
encamisamento de beto armado, Faculdade de Cincias e Tecnologia, Universidade de
Coimbra, 2001.
[3] Gomes A., Appleton J., Reforo de estruturas de beto armado por encamisamento das
seces, Revista Portuguesa de Engenharia Civil
[5] Zienkiewicz O.C., Taylor R.L., ZHU J.Z., Finite Element Method: Its Basis and
Fundamentals, Sixth Edition
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