Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Growing Perpetuity
In general, if the interest rate promised by the bank is r, and you were to put r 2C g into the
bank and initially withdrew C at the end of the first period and then let your withdrawals grow
at a rate of g per annum, you could do this forever. The reason is that the principal amount
would grow at exactly the rate g, thereby financing the future growth in withdrawals. To see
this explicitly, consider what happens at the end of the first period:
C C (1 1 r ) 2 C (r 2 g ) C
(1 1 r ) 2 C 5 5 (1 1 g )
r2g r2g r2g
At the end of the second period the principal remaining will be:
C (1 1 g ) C (1 1 g )[(1 1 r ) 2 C (r 2 g )] C (1 1 g )2
(1 1 r ) 2 C (1 1 g ) 5 5
r2g r2g r2g
At the end of the third period the principal remaining will be:
C (1 1 g )2 C (1 1 g )2 [(1 1 r ) 2 (r 2 g )] C (1 1 g )3
(1 1 r ) 2 C (1 1 g )2 5 5
r2g r 2g r 2g
2 Chapter 4 Real Options
Clearly, at the end of N periods the remaining principal would have grown to
C (1 1 g )N
r2g
which is exactly the correct growth rate to finance the required withdrawal of C (1 1 g )N at
the end of the next period (N 1 1):
C (1 1 g )N C (1 1 g )N [(1 1 r ) 2 (r 2 g )] C (1 1 g )N11
(1 1 r ) 2 C (1 1 g )N 5 5
r2g r2g r2g
So the law of one price demands that if the interest rate is r, a growing perpetuity that pays C,
growing at rate g , r forever, must have a present value of
C C (1 1 g ) C (1 1 g )2 c C
PV 5 1 2 1 3 1 5 (4A.4)
(1 1 r ) (1 1 r ) (1 1 r ) r 2 g
C `
C (1 1 g )n21
5 1 a
1 1 r n52 (1 1 r )n
C 1 `
C (1 1 g )n
5
11r
1 a (1 1 r )n
1 1 r n51
`
C 1 C
5
11r
1 a
1 1 r n51 (1 1 R )n
(4A.6)
Now the summation in the second term is the present value of a regular perpetuity with
interest rate R and payment C. Applying the formula for present value of a regular perpetuity
we get:
`
a b
C 1 C C 1 C
PV 5
11r
1 a
1 1 r n51 (1 1 R )n
5
11r
1
11r R
(4A.7)
Chapter 4 Web Appendix 3
C
11r
C 1
PV 5 1
11r 11r 21
11g
a1 1 b
C 11g
5
11r r 2g
a b
C r2g111g
5
11r r 2g
C
5 (4A.8)
r2g
0 1 2 N N1 N2
... ...
C C (1 g ) C (1 g )N 1 C (1 g )N C (1 g )N 1 ...
C (1 g )N C (1 g )N 1 . . .
difference: C C (1 g ) . . . C (1 g )N 1 0 0 ...
Both perpetuities grow at rate g, but note that the first cash flow of the second perpetuity is
C (1 1 g )N . The timeline also shows the difference between the cash flows of these two per-
petuitiesit is precisely the N-period growing annuity we are trying to value. By the Law of
One Price, the present value of an N-period growing annuity must be the difference between
the present values of the two growing perpetuities. So to get the value of the annuity we simply
subtract the present value of the two perpetuities. The present value of the first growing per-
petuity (the one that begins today) is r 2C g .
To value the second perpetuity we first pretend that we are currently in period N. Recall
that the first payment Nis C (1 1 g )N , so applying the formula we get the present value in
C (1 1 g )
period N to be r 2 g . We then use the second rule of time travel to find the value today.
That is, discounting N-periods we get:
C (1 1 g )N
11g N
a b
r2g C
N 5 (4A.9)
(1 1 r ) r2g 11r
4 Chapter 4 Real Options
By the Law of One Price, the present value of the annuity is given by the difference in the
values of these two perpetuities:
PV 5 PV of a growing perpetuity that begins today
2 PV of a growing perpetuity that begins in period N
11g N
a b
C C
5 2
r2g r2g 11r
11g N
a1 2 a b b
C
5 (4A.10)
r2g 11r