1 Oral Communication Exam Reviewer

LESSON 1: NATURE OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Skills of Human Communication
1. Self-Presentation Skills
2. Relationship Skills
3. Interviewing Skills
4. Group Interaction and Leadership Skills
5. Presentation Skills
6. Media Literacy Skills

The Process of Communication

Communication occurs when you send or receive messages and
when you assign meaning to another persons signals. All
human communication is distorted by noise, occurs within a
context, has some effect, and involves some opportunity for
feedback.

Communication Context
1. Physical Context
2. Cultural Context
3. Social Psychological Context
4. Temporal Context

LESSON 2: ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

Elements of Communication
1. Sender/Source
2. Message
a. Meanings
b. Symbols
c. Encoding
d. Decoding

3. Channel
4. Receiver/Interpreter
5. Context
a. Physical Context
b. Social Context
c. Cultural Context
d. Psychological Context
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e. Historical context
6. Noise
a. Physical Noise
b. Psychological Noise
i. Internal Noise
ii. Semantic Noise
7. Feedback

LESSON : COMMUNICATION MODEL

Models of Communication conceptual model used to explain human
communication process
-purpose is to offer visual representation of a concept
1. Aristotles Model of Communication (linear model)

Five Primary Elements

a. Speaker
b. Speech
c. Occasion
d. Audience and Effect

2. Critical Elements of A Good Communicator

a. Ethos
b. Pathos
c. Logos

Criticisms Of Aristotles Model Of Communication

a. No concept of feedback one way speaker to audience
b. No concept of communication failure like noise
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c. Can only be used in public speaking

2. Lasswells Model of Communication
- Harold D. Lasswell
- action model / linear model / one way model of comunication
Components of Lasswells Model of Communication

a. Who
Meaning: The Communicator or Sender or Source of the
Message
Analysis: Control Analysis
b. Says What
Meaning: The Content of the Message
Analysis: Content Analysis
c. In which Channel
Meaning: The Medium or Media
Analysis: Media Analysis
d. To Whom
Meaning: The Receiver of the Message or an Audience
Analysis: Audience Analysis
e. With What Effect
Meaning: The Feedback of the Receiver to the Sender
Analysis: Effect Analysis

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Explanation of the different Components of Laswells Model

a. Control Analysis
b. Content Analysis
c. Media Analysis
d. Audience Analysis
e. Effect Analysis
Disadvantages and Criticisms of Lasswells Model
a. Does not include feedback, ignore possibility of noise
b. Very linear, does not consider barriers
c. Very general, only includes very traditional topics
d. Very simplistic
e. Propaganda-based, more focused on resulting outcome, used for
media persuasion
3. Shannon and Weavers Model of Communication
-1948, Shannon and Weaver > article Bell System Technical Journal
called A Mathematical Theory of Communication
-able to identify noise

a. Sender
b. Encoder
c. Decoder
d. Receiver
e. Noise (external noises only)

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Criticisms of Shannon-Weavers Model of Communication

a. One of the simplest model
b. Attracts academics of human communication and information
theorist
c. More effective in person-to-person
d. Based on Sender-Receiver, sender-primary role, receiver-
secondary role
e. Not a one-way process
f. Understanding noise will help solve the various problems in
communication

4. Schramms Model of Communication

-1954, Wilbur Schramm, Osgood
-two-way process
-Osgood and Schramms Model of Communication / Encode-Decode
Model

Different Components of Schramms Model:

a. Sender / transmitter
b. Encoder
c. Decoder
d. Interpreter
e. Receiver
f. Message
g. Feedback
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h. Medium
i. Noise

How Does Schramms Model Work?

Concepts of Schramms Communication Model

Main Concepts:
a. Field of Experience
b. Context of the Relationship
c. Context of Social Environment influencing the field of reference
d. Use of metaphors
e. Mental models
Advantages of Schramms Model of Communication:
a. Circular communication both parties can give their opinion
b. Dynamic, ever-changing model helpful in general practice
c. Sender and receiver interchange both r active
d. Semantic Noise helps in understanding problem that can occur
e. Feedback to know if the message is interpreted properly
f. Concept of Interpretation
g. Field of Experience helps to understand
h. Concept of context brings change in message value
Disadvantages of Schramms Model of Communication:
a. Cannot deal with multiple level of communication, complex
communication
b. Only two sources communicating, many sources complicates the
process
c. Message sent might be interpreted differently than intended

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5. Berlos Sender-Message-Channel-Receiver (SMCR)

-1963, David Berlo
-based on Shannon-Weavers Model of Communication
-described factors affecting components in communication

Four Components:
a. Sender
Communication Skills
Attitude
Knowledge
Social Systems
Culture
b. Message
Content
Elements
Treatment
Structure
Code
c. Channel
Hearing
Seeing
Touching
Smelling
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Tasting
d. Receiver
Same as the sender

Criticisms of Berlos SMCR Model:

a. No concept of feedback, effect is not considered
b. No concept of noise or barriers
c. Linear model of communication
d. Both people must be similar

LESSON 1: TYPES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Intrapersonal communication
Interpersonal communication
Small Group communication
Public communication
Mass communication
LESSON 2: PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Purposes of Communication:
1. To discover
2. To relate
3. To help
4. To persuade
5. To play
Functions of Communication
1. Physical Needs
2. Identity Needs
3. Social Needs

LESSON 3: PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATION

1. Communication is a package of signals
2. Communication is transactional
3. Communication is a process of adjustment
4. Communication accommodation
5. Communication involves content and relationship dimensions

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LESSON 4: BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Barriers to Effective Communication
1. Muddled messages
2. Stereotyping
3. Wrong Choice of Communication Channels
4. Length of Communication
5. Status/Role
6. Language
7. Lack of Feedback
8. Poor Listening Skills
9. Interruptions
10. Noise
11. Disabilities
12. Cultural Differences

Facilitation Communication
1. Have a positive attitude about communication.
2. Work at improving communication skills.
3. Include communication as a skill to be evaluated along all other
skills in each persons job description.
4. Make communication goal oriented.
5. Approach communication as a creative process rather that
simply part of the chore of working with people.
6. Accept the reality of miscommunication.

FIGHTING!! LABAN!!! POWER!!!!

@dannahchryss

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