Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies which have helped the proponents

in their study. They were able to gather information through the internet, books, and journals and

through research from other previous thesis.

Road Accidents

De la Cruz (2016) there were 76 documented cases of motorcycle related accidents. Of

these, 91% involved males and 9% involved females. Seventy one percent (71%) did not wear

helmets, of whom 36% were young adult males between the ages of 18-30 years. Those that wore

helmets had a total of 27 different facial fracture sites: 19% zygotic tripod fractures, 15% temporal

bone fractures and 11% with no fractures noted. Among those who did not wear helmets 75

fractures were noted. Twenty four percent (24%) were tripod fractures, 15% temporal bone

fractures and 12% maxillary fractures. Only one did not incur any fractures.

Liu, Liang, Rau, Hsu, & Hsieh (2015) motor cyclists are extremely vulnerable road

participants who are exposed to severe and often fatal injuries. They are reportedly 8 times more

likely to be injured per vehicle mile and 35 times more likely to die in a motor vehicle traffic crash

than are automobile passengers. These findings are of particular concern because the average age

of motorcyclists is increasing.

Consequently, the road accidents which involved motorcycles is more serious than expected. The

percentage which involves these accidents further strengthen the standing of the researcher to

develop a prototype which will lessen these accidents by forcing them to use protective head

equipment. The majority of motorcycle riders that do not wear helmets caused them to suffer

serious fractures.
Helmet

Helmet is a defensive covering for the head, one of the most universal forms of armor.

Helmets are usually thought of as military equipment, but they are also worn by firefighters,

miners, construction workers, riot police, and motorcyclists, players of several sports, and

bicyclists (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008).

Philippine Helmet Bill. According to the Republic Act No. 10054 under Senator Ramon

Bong Revilla Jr.s bill, all motorcycle riders the driver and back rider- must wear standard

protective helmets while driving motorcycles, whether on long or short drivers, at any time of the

day, in any type of road and highway/ Drivers of tricycles are exempted.

Any person caught not wearing the standard protective motorcycle helmet in violation of

this Act shall be punished with a fine of One thousand five hundred pesos (Php1, 500.00) for the

first offense; Three thousand pesos (Php 3, 000.00) for the second offense; Five thousand pesos

(Php5,000.00) for the third offense; and Ten thousand pesos (Php10,000.00) plus confiscation of

the driver's license for the fourth and succeeding offenses. Contributory

The lawmakers said that there are about 3.5 million motorcycles in the Philippines

comprising 45 percent of all registered vehicles in the country, and together with this is the

alarming statistics of growing incidents of road mishaps involving motorcycles.

He cited figures gathered by the Traffic Operations Center of the Metro Manila

development Authority (MMDA) from January to December 2008 revealing that motorcycles have

the fatality rate in road accidents with 106 motorcycles involved, or 28, 19 percent of the total fatal

accidents.
 The protection of the head is the main purpose of a helmet to avoid severe head injury that

may lead to death. In terms of motorcycle accidents, motorists should always wear a helmet for

protection of the head. By providing a helmet that would force the motorcycle driver to use the

researchers helmet. The facts are clear that head/brain injuries are the leading cause of deaths in

motorcycle accidents. In terms of protecting themselves and staying alive when crashes occur,

wearing a Department of Transportation compliant helmet each time they ride is the most

important step motorcycle riders can take.

Motorcycle Helmet

Ford (2009) said that a motorcycle helmet is a type of helmet (protection headgear) used

by motorcycle riders. The primary goal of a motorcycle helmet is motorcycle safety protect the

riders head during impact, thus preventing or reducing head injury and saving the riders life.

Some helmets provide additional conveniences, such as ventilation, face shields, ear protection

and intercom.

According to Rajesh (2011). The conventional motorcycle helmet has two principal

protective components: a thin, hard, outer shell typically made from polycarbonate plastic,

fiberglass or Kevlar and a soft, thick, liner usually made of expanded polystyrene or polypropylene

EPS foam. The purpose of the hard outer shell is to prevent penetration of the helmet by a pointed

object that might otherwise puncture the skull, and to provide structure to the inner liner so it does

not disintegrate upon abrasive contact with pavement. This is important because the foams used

have very little resistance to penetration and abrasion. The purpose of the foam liner is to crush

during an impact, thereby increasing the distance and period of time over which the head stops and

reducing its deceleration.

 Full- face motorcycle helmets Kayne (2012) said that this helmets cover the entire head

and most of the face. The hard shell extends from the brow over the cranium to the base of the

skull at the top of the neck. The shell rides forward along the cheekbones to encompass the jaws

and chins, leaving a wraparound view port. A Clear acrylic Visor slides over the view port to block

out wind, rain and dust and ease eye fatigue. Most full face motorcycles helmets are vented at the

chin and within the shell. Vents normal have sliding doors for use in cold weather. The inner shell

is highly padded and helmet has a chinstrap for securing. These motorcycle helmets are considered

the safest type of helmet to wear in terms of sheer protection, as they cover the widest are of the

head and face. A disadvantage is that they are the heaviest of all motorcycle helmets.

Three quarter shell motorcycle helmets. This style is similar to a full-face helmet, but it

does not wrap around the face. The shell extends from the brow over the cranium to the base of

the skull at the top of the neck. A chinstrap secures the helmet, sometimes in the form of a chin

cup. These motorcycle helmets are popular with police officers, as it is easy to communicate with

the helmet in place. Also, the helmet can be quickly removed without momentarily blocking the

vision, unlike a full-face helmet. However, three quarter shell motorcycle helmets still afford much

of the same protection as full-face helmets. For most part, people who prefer three quarter shell

helmets are those that rack up road miles on large full dress bikes, like the Harley Davidson road

King or the Honda Gold Wing. Headsets are often installed in three quarter shell motorcycle

helmets and used to communicate with other riders. (Kayne 2012).

Half shell motorcycle helmets. Often called beanie helmets, these are the least intrusive

style of motorcycle helmets, covering only the top half of the cranium. They weigh the least, do

not blocks the ears, and offer the least wind resistance. They also afford the least protection.
Those that ride cruisers like Haley Davidson Softails, FXR-series and Spotters, or older bikes like

Panheads, Knockheads and Shovelheads, usually wear half shell motorcycle helmets. This helmet

is commonly chosen by those who would not be wearing a helmet if it were not required by state

law. Riders of caf racers do not wear beanie helmets as they afford too little protection, and riders

of touring bikes normally want more protection for the long miles the log (Kayne 2012).

In accordance to the related literature and studies discussed, motorcycle helmet is used as

a safety gear for the rider. It will help the rider to prevent severe physical injuries that can cause

broken bones, etc. and worst case scenarios like death. Motorcycle helmet in this study will play

an important helmet that will use in this study will be a three-quarter shell motorcycle helmet.

Alcohol Beverage

An alcohol beverage is simply any drink that contains more than a minimal amount of

ethanol or ethyl alcohol. The rate at which alcohol is absorbed can be affected by a number of

factors. When taken into an empty stomach, may cause a spasm of the pylorus that will impede

passage into the small intestine, resulting in a slower overall rate of absorption. Other factors, such

as the emotional state of the drinker, may also affect the rate of absorption.

Philippines Anti-Drunk Driving law. According to the republic act no. 10586 the state shall

penalize the acts of driving under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs and other intoxicating

substances and shall inculcate the standards of safe driving and the benefits that may be derived

from it through institutional programs and appropriate public information strategies.

On the other hand, if proven to be subjugated under any alcohol test the on professional

drivers license of any person found to have violated Section 5 of this Act shall also be confiscated

and suspended for a period of twelve (12) months for the first conviction and perpetually revoked
for the second conviction. The professional drivers license of any person found to have violated

Section 5 of republic act no. 10586 shall also be confiscated and perpetually revoked for the first

conviction. The perpetual revocation of a drivers license shall disqualify the person from being

granted any kind of drivers license thereafter.

In accordance to the related literature and studies discussed, alcohol beverage is is usually

the reason of accidents that occurs on the road. The researchers will study the level at which a

person become drunk. Side effects such as slow reflexes, slow muscle function, and the ability to

judge the motor vehicles position on the road. With this the researchers will be able to set a level

that will trigger the analyzer if a person is under the influence of alcohol.

Motorcycle

Cromer (2008) said that a motorcycle is any two-wheeled or, less commonly, three-

wheeled motor vehicle, usually propelled by an internal-combustion engine. Motorcycles are

produced with both two-stroke-and-four-stroke-cycle engines and with up to four cylinders. Most

are air-cooled, though a few are water-cooled. Engines are generally limited to displacements

about 1,800 cc. the smallest designs, termed mopeds (from motor pedal), have very small

engines (50cc) with fuel economies of as much as 2.4 liters per 100km (100 miles per gallon).

Such units are not permitted on limited-access public roads because of their low speed capability.

In order of increasing power capacity and engine displacements, the other five classifications are

child bikes, trail bikes, and road bikes, touring bikes, and racing bikes. A subcategory of racing

bikes is known as superbikes. These are motorcycles that displace more than 900cc and in which

the seat is tilted forward so that the rider is hunched over the frame, creating a more aerodynamic

profile.
 Cocco (2005) stated that motorcycle frame is often of steel, usually a combination of tubes

and sheets. The wheels are generally aluminum or steel rims with spokes, although some cast

wheels are used. Graphite, composite, and magnesium parts are increasingly in use because of

their high strength-to-weight characteristics. Tires are similar to those used on automobiles but are

smaller and rounder to permit leaning to lower the center of gravity in turn without losing traction.

The gyroscopic effect of motorcycle wheels rotating at high speed significantly improvers stability

and cornering ability. Interia and steering geometry are also significant factors. Front-wheel

suspension is provided by coil springs on a telescopic fork; rear-wheel springs are often mounted

on shock absorbers similar to those used in automobiles.

Transmissions on motorcycles typically have four to six speeds, although small bikes may

have as few as two. Power is normally transmitted to the rear-wheel sprockets by a chain though

occasionally belts or shafts are used.

The clutch and throttle, which control engine speed, are operated by twist-type controls on

the handgrips. The front-wheel brake is controlled by a lever near the handgrip; the rear- wheel

brake is engaged by a foot pedal. Except on veru small machines, the front brake is usually of the

hydraulic disk type. The rear brake may be disk or drum. The kick starter has been mostly replaced

by an electric push-button starter.

According to the definition stated in the studies, motorcycle is a two-wheeled vehicle that

is used for transportation purposes. A motorcycle is important equipment necessary for conducting

this prototype. The motorcycle in this study will be enhanced and installed with a receiver module

connected to the helmets that includes the transmitter module.

Ignition

Basshuysen (2004) said that in the gas phase, ignition is the process of starting radical

reactions until a self-sustaining flame has developed. For a solid particle, ignition occurs when the

energy produced by the combustion increases the temperature of the particle to a value much

higher than that of the particles surroundings.

From the book of Puskar entitled Fuel and Combustion Systems Safety published by

Wiley, in 2012 expounded that ignition is a rapid chemical oxidation reaction that takes place

between fuel and oxygen to produce a carbon dioxide heat, water, and visible light. Another

common oxidation reaction occurs when iron or steel rusts. However, this is a slow oxidation

reaction. Ignition is like a very rapid rusting of fuel since the oxygen and fuel molecules combine

very quickly when ignition occurs.

As part of the study, knowing the principle of ignition of the motor will help the device

fabrications that will be placed in the motorcycle ignition system.

Ignition System

Puskar (2012) stated that an ignition system is a system for igniting a fuel-air mixture. It is

best known in the field of internal combustion engines but also has other applications, e.g, in oil-

fixed and gas-fired boilers. The earliest internal combustion engines used flame, or a heated tube,

for ignition but these were quickly replaced by system using an electric spark.

Most four-stroke engine have used a mechanically timed electrical ignition system. The

heart of the system is the distributor. The distributor contains a rotating cam driven by the engines

drive, a set of breaker points, a conductor, a rotor and a distributor cap. External to the distributor
is the ignition coil, the spark plugs and wires linking the distributor to the spark plugs and ignition

coil.

The system is powered by a lead-acid battery, which is charged by the cars electrical

system using a dynamo or alternator. The engine operates contact breaker points, which interrupt

the current to an induction coil known as the ignition coil.

The ignition coil consists of two transformer windings sharing a common magnetic core

the primary and secondary windings. An alternating current in the primary induces alternating

magnetic field in the coils core. Because the ignition coils secondary has far more windings than

the primary, the coil is a step-up transformer which induces a much higher voltage across the

secondary windings. For an ignition coil, one end of windings of both the primary and secondary

are connected together. This common points is connected to the battery (usually through a current-

limiting ballast resistor). The other end of the primary is connected to the points within the

distributor, the other end of the secondary is connected, via the distributor cap and rotor, to the

spark plugs.

The ignition firing sequence begins with the points (or contact breaker) closed. A steady

charge flows from the battery, through the current limiting resistor, through the coil primary, across

the closed breaker points and finally back to the battery. This steady current produces a magnetic

field within the coils core. This magnetic field forms the energy reservoir that will be used to

drive the ignition spark.

As the engine turns, so does the cam inside the distributor. The points ride on the cam so

that as the engine turns and reaches the top of the engines compression cycle, a high points in the

cam causes the breaker points to open. This breaks the primary windings circuit and abruptly
stops the current through the breaker points. Without the steady current through the points, the

magnetic field generated in the coil immediately and rapidly collapses. This change in the magnetic

field induces a high voltage in the coils secondary windings.

At the same time, current exist in the coils primary winding and begins to change up the

capacitor (condenser) that lies across the now-open breaker points. This capacitor and the coils

primary windings from an oscillating LC circuit. This LC circuit produces a damped, oscillating

current which bounces energy between the capacitors electric field and the ignition coils

magnetic field. The oscillating current in the coils primary, which produces as oscillating

magnetic field in the coil, extends the high voltage pulse at the output of the secondary windings.

The high voltage thus continues beyond the time of the initial field collapse pulse. The oscillation

continues until the circuits energy is consumed.

The ignition coils secondary windings are connected to the distributor cap. A turning rotor,

located on the top of the beaker cam within the distributor cap, sequentially connects the coils

secondary windings to one of the several wires leading to each cylinders spark plug. The

extremely high voltage from the coils secondary often higher than 1000 volts causes a spark

to form across the gap of the spark plug. This, in turn, ignited the compressed air-fuel mixture

within the engine. It is the creation of this spark which consumed the energy that was originally

stored in the ignition coils magnetic field. (Puskar 2012)

By means of the data gathered above, ignition system of the motorcycle engine becomes

clearer to the proponents. This system is included in this study wherein the motorcycle uses engine

that needs to be ignited. By the help of the studies above, the proponents had an idea on the proper

placements of the device in the motorcycles ignition system.

Microcontroller

Crisp (2004) said that a microcontroller (MCU) is a computer-on-a-chip used to control

electronic devices. It is a type of microprocessor emphasizing self-sufficiency and cost-

effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in PC). A typical

microcontroller contains all the memory and interfaces needed for a simple application, whereas a

general-purpose microprocessor requires additional chips to provide these functions.

The integration drastically reduces the number of chips and the amount of wiring and PCB

space that would be needed to produce equivalents system using separate chips and have proved

to be highly popular to embedded systems since their introduction in the 1970s. Microcontrollers

are employed in automatically managed inventions and appliances like-power tools, implantable

medical device, automobile engine control systems, Office machines, remote controls appliances,

toys and many more embedded systems. By dipping the size and expenditure in comparison to a

design that make use of a different micro-processor. I/O devices and memory, micro-controllers

formulate a inexpensive in digitally control more and more appliances and operations.

Microcontroller will be the main component in this study. It will contain the program this

study will conduct. The proponents included the microcontroller in the design in act as the brain

of the circuit. It contains the program that will activate the system.

Based on these references, the researchers have found that a microcontroller can store memory and

programmable input/output peripherals that is an essential element of the circuit. And with that,

the researchers have chosen a kind of microcontroller that will best fit the study and its objectives,

and one of the most commonly used and relied on microcontroller is the Arduino.
 This study has ensured the researchers of the use of microcontroller as a reliable way to

develop the prototype. The study about microcontroller helped the researchers to better understand

the function and uses of microcontroller. The microcontroller is the key components for the whole

input and output of the study. As being the most important component, it is also the best broadest

component that needs to be studied by the researchers of its complexity.

Radio Frequency

Based from Wiley (2001), a radio frequency (RF) is a form that refers to alternating current

(AC) having characteristics such that, if the current is input to an antenna, an electromagnetic (EM)

field is generated suitable for wireless broadcasting and/or communications. These frequencies

cover a significant portion of electromagnetic radiation spectrum, extending from nine kilohertz

(9kHz), the lowest allocated wireless communications frequency (its within the range of human

hearing), to thousands of gigahertz. (GHz).

When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, it gives the electromagnetic field that

propagates through space. The field is sometimes called an RF field, in less technical it is a radio

wave. Any Rf field has a wave length that is inversely proportional to the frequency. In the

atmosphere or in outer space. If f is the frequency in megahertz and s is the wavelength in meters,

then: s=300/f

The frequency of an RF signal is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the EM field

to which it corresponds. At 9 kHz, the free-space wavelength is approximately 33 kilometers (km)

or 21 miles (mi). At the highest radio frequencies, the EM wavelengths measure approximately

one millimeter (1mm). As the frequency is increase beyond that of RF spectrum, EM energy takes

the form of infrared (IR), visible, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays.
 Many types of wireless devices make us of RF fields. Cordless and cellular telephone, radio

and television broadcast stations, satellite communication systems, and two-way radio services all

operate in the RF spectrum. Some wireless devices operate at IR or visible-light frequencies,

whose electromagnetic wavelengths are shorter that those of RF fields. Examples include most

television-set remote control boxes, some cordless computer keyboards and mice, a few wireless

hi-fi stereo headsets.

According to Coleman (2004), the RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands.

With the exception of the lowest-frequency segment, each band represents an increase of

frequency corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of 10). The tables depicts the eight bands

in the RF spectrum, showing the frequency and bandwidth ranges. The SHF and EHF bands are

often referred to as the microwave spectrum.

The researchers will be able to identify the basic characteristics of radio frequency. It will

be of great significance to the proponents that will be used in this study.

Radio Frequency Module

Dye (2004) stated that a radio frequency (RF) module is usually a small electronic device

use to transmit and/or receive radio signals between two devices. In an embedded system it is often

desirable to communicate with another device wirelessly. This wireless communications may be

accomplished through optical communications or through Radio Frequency communications. For

many applications the medium of choice is RF since it does not require line of sight. RF

communications incorporate a transmitter and/or receiver.

RF modules are widely used in electronic design owing to the difficulty of designing radio

circuitry. Good electronic radio design is notoriously complex because of the sensitivity of radio
circuits and accuracy and layout required to achieve operation on a specific frequency. In addition,

reliable RF communication circuit requires careful monitoring of the manufacturing process to

ensure that the RF performance is not adversely affected. Finally radio circuits are usually subject

to limits on radiated emissions, and require Conformance testing and certification by a

standardization organization such as European telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) or

Federal Communications Commission (FCC). For these reasons, design engineers will often

design a circuit for an application which requires radio communication and then drop in a pre-

made radio module rather than attempt to discrete design, saving time and money on development.

According to Egan (2003). RF Modules are often used in consumer applications including

wireless alarm systems, garage door openers, industrial remote controls wireless home automation

systems and smart sensor applications. Due to RF modules not requiring line-of-sight operation,

they are often used instead of infrared remote controls. A module is a self-contained component

of a system, which has a well-defined interface to the other components. An RF module is a

functional integration of semiconductor devices. There are many different types of RF modules

like WLAN Module, Zigbee Module, Bluetooth Moule, Bluetooth Accessories, GPS Module,

Proprietary RF Module, RFID Module or UHF Module with several different parameters including

module, data range, range, RF band, certification, and power consumption.

Bluetooth. Egan (2003) stated that Bluetooth is a specification for the use of lowe-power

radio communications to link phones, computers and other network devices over short distance

without wires. The name Bluetooth is borrowed from Harald Bluetooth, a king in Denmark more

than 1,000 years ago. Bluetooth technology was designed primarily to support simple wireless

networking of personal consumer devices and peripherals, including cell phones, PDAs, and
wireless headsets. Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth over short distances, typically 10

to 30 feet (10 meters). Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than 1 Mbps.

By definition stated on the related literature and studies radio frequency module is a device

use to transmit and receive data. In this study the usage of RF module is one of the important

factors needed in conducting this study to trigger the ignition system of the motorcycle. The

motorcycle will be enhance and install with RF module. Transmitter with be the helmet and the

receiver will be the motorcycle.