Case Study Report

UDM 714: Urban Environment
CASE STUDY: BUKIT GASING, PETALING JAYA / KUALA LUMPUR
1.0 Introduction
1.1. Global Environment
The green cover is rapidly shrinking on Planet Earth and the pollution levels are
rising. Well, today, humans have to combat many such manmade effects that
have harmed the Mother Nature in many ways over the years. Alarming climatic
changes, deforestation, destruction of habitat and extinction of species, rising
pollution levels are only some of the current environmental issues we are faced
with today.
With the growing population even the problems are increasing and of late they
have taken a demonic size, which is commanding expert attention to be solved.
There are problems like Air Pollution, Drinking water pollution, Global warming,
Hazardous Waste, Ozone Depletion and many others, which makes the list
endless. As globalization paves its way across the world these problems no
longer remain local problems but become international issues and there are
numerous causes of these problems, some of which are created by man and
can also be controlled by man.
Years of thoughtless exploitation of nature by man has resulted in the effects

staring right in our face now. The truth, that in the bid to improve our lives, we
have put our own survival to stake, has finally hit us hard. Now as more and
more studies and researches are being carried out to understand how humans
affect the environment, an increasing number of people are awakening to the
fact that the well-being of the environment and survival are intricately woven
into each other.
Today, many urban areas in are faced with excessive population, along with the
pressure of unplanned economic development, industrialization, and vehicular
emissions. This has led to considerable rise in urban pollution, affecting air, water,
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and land. Air pollution has increased rapidly in many cities and metropolises,
especially due to vehicular traffic and industrial emissions.
Secondly, the urban areas are growing at an alarming rate, and the cost of
building and maintaining air quality, water and energy needs for residents has
created a seemingly impossible challenge. Cities need to incorporate
ecological principles into better urban planning and development. Trees are the
lungs, water filters, and air conditioners of our cities. Cities need to build
Image 1: Global major problems. Source: The Art of Teaching Science, 2010
according to natures laws and rise above the financial, ecological and social
tides of urban growth.
International bodies such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) were formed in 1988 to study the risk of environment degradation due to
human activity. In the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, industrialized nations agreed to
cut down their emissions of greenhouse gases considerably by 2012. Even the
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G8 committee that began as a response to the 1937 oil crisis and was primarily
concerned with the economic issues of the member nations, now unfailingly
have something related to the environment in their summits.
1.2. Urban Forest Value in Urban Environment
Nowadays, more than two thirds of the world population live in urban areas,
and partly because of that, the quality of the urban environment is increasingly
recognized to be a key ingredient of the economic regeneration of most major
cities. In forestry, it now seems that the emphasis in forestation is very often on
multipurpose projects and in urban fringe areas where outdoor recreation and
landscape amenity play a major role.
Trees have an impact on the abiotic and social aspects of a city's environment
and urban forests influence people's perception of the city, as well as provide
recreational opportunities and increase the wildlife.
These influences, which are sometimes combined with wood production, make
the urban areas particularly important. Therefore, sustainability of forest stands
and urban trees are important to the rapidly growing number of urban
inhabitants.
Urban forestry is one of the most used terms in relation to trees in or near the
urban environment. But urban forestry has had difficulties in finding a final
definition. The difference between arboriculture and forestry may be seen as the
difference between whether the maintenance is carried out on the individual
tree (arboriculture) and the stand of trees (forestry).
Nevertheless, trees are the most important natural element in the urban
landscape. Development of urban forestry therefore must be regarded as a
common responsibility.
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1.3. Environmental Issues in Malaysia
Environmental awareness is building up in Malaysia and with the 9th Malaysia

Plan 2006-2010 the Malaysian government has placed further emphasis on
preventive measures to mitigate and minimise negative environmental effects
at source, to intensify conservation efforts and to ensure a sustainable
development of both the exhaustible and the renewable energy resources.
The past decade of rapid economic growth and industrialization has caused
serious environmental challenges in Malaysia. The most prominent at the
moment are considered to be air pollution from industrial emissions, solid waste
management, ensuring long-term sustainability of the water supply and
sewerage services industry and overall improvements of energy efficiency to re-
establish a clean Malaysia.
Effort such as between Denmark and Malaysia, co-operated in the area of

environment protection since 1994, and more than 100 projects have been
carried out. Danish support to the Malaysian energy sector under Danida, has
greatly contributed to the Malaysian view of Denmark as a country with cutting-
edge knowledge and technology within energy efficiency, particularly within
manufacturing and consumer products. Energy saving in the industry, therefore,
holds a major potential for Danish companies in Malaysia.
Environmental awareness is slowly building up in government and in consumers

minds, and the demand for actions in relation to visible problems is growing.
There is a need to improve the energy efficiency, to further develop waste
management and recycling as well as to use renewable energy to re-establish a
clean country.
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2.0 Definition
2.1. Environment
Environment may be defined as the complex of climatic, biotic, social and
edaphic factors that acts upon an organism and determines its form and
survival. It, therefore, includes everything that may directly affect the
metabolism or behavior of a living organism or species, including light, air, water,
soil, and other living beings.
2.2. Urban Environment
An urban environment is characterized by higher population density and vast

human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban areas may be
cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural
settlements such as villages and hamlets.
Urban environment are created and further developed by the process of

urbanization. Measuring the extent of an urban area helps in analyzing
population density and urban sprawl, and in determining urban and rural
populations (Cubillas 2007).
2.3. Urban Forest
An urban forest is a forest or a collection of trees that grow within a city, town or
a suburb. An urban forest can be defined by its placement in or near urban
areas and by its multi-functional aspects given shade, amenity values, etc.
In a wider sense it may include any kind of woody plant vegetation growing in
and around human settlements. In a narrower sense (also called forest park) it
describes areas whose ecosystems are inherited from wilderness leftovers or
remnants. Care and management of urban forests is called urban forestry.
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2.4. Urban Forestry
Urban forestry is the careful care and management of urban forests, i.e., tree
populations in urban settings for the purpose of improving the urban
environment.
Therefore, urban forestry can be defined as: planning, design, establishment

and management of trees and forest stands with amenity values, situated in or
near urban areas.
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3.0 Forest Importance in Urban Setting
In many countries there is a growing understanding of the importance of the

natural ecology in urban forests. There are numerous projects underway aimed
at restoration and preservation of ecosystems, ranging from simple elimination of
leaf-raking and elimination of invasive plants to full-blown reintroduction of
original species and riparian ecosystems.
Urban forests play an important role in ecology of human habitats in many ways:
they filter air, water, and sunlight, provide shelter to animals and recreational
area for people. They moderate local climate, slowing wind and stormwater,
and shading homes and businesses to conserve energy. They are critical in
cooling the urban heat island effect, thus potentially reducing the number of
unhealthful ozone days that plague major cities in peak summer months.
The benefits of urban trees are many, including beautification, reduction of the
urban heat island effect, reduction of stormwater runoff, reduction of air
pollution, reduction of energy costs through increased shade over buildings,
enhancement of property values, improved wildlife habitat, and mitigation of
overall urban environmental impact.
3.1. Socio-culture Growth
The presence of trees reduces stress, and trees have long been seen to benefit
the health of urban dwellers. The shade of trees and other urban green spaces
make place for people to meet and socialize and play.
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Image 2: Urban Trees Importance. Source: Guelph Urban Forest Friends, 2010
According to Edward 1984 in his book The Biophilia Hypothesis; he argues that
people are instinctively drawn to nature. This shows that human cannot be
separated with nature even in urban settings.
While in Attention Restoration Theory by Rachel 1980 nature demonstrate

tangible improvements in medical, academic and other outcomes, from access
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to nature. Proper planning and community involvement are important for the
positive results to be realized.
Trees provide nesting sites and food for birds and other animals. People
appreciate watching, feeding, photographing, painting urban trees, and
wildlife. Urban trees and wildlife help people maintain their connection with
nature.
There is growing evidence that trees help reduce air pollutants that can trigger
asthma and other respiratory illnesses thus improved the health lifestyle. Green
spaces also encourage physical activity thus promote a healthy habit for any
city-dweller.
3.2. Economic benefits
The economic benefits of trees have been understood for a long time. Recently,
more of these benefits are becoming quantified. Quantification of the
economic benefits of trees helps justify public and private expenditures to
maintain them. One of the most obvious examples of economic utility is the
deciduous tree planted on the south and west of a building. The shade shelters
and cools the building during the summer, but allows the sun to warm it in the
winter after the leaves fall.
A significant link exists between the value of a property and its proximity to
parks, greenbelts, and other green spaces where it increased the land and
property value. Research done by UNDP indicated that consumers value a
landscaped home up to 11.3 percent higher than its base price.
The USDA 'Guide" notes on page 17 that "Businesses flourish, people linger and
shop longer, apartments and office space rent quicker, tenants stay longer,
property values increase, new business and industry is attracted" by trees. The
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greening of business districts increases community pride and positive perception

of an area, drawing customers to the businesses.
The physical effects of treesthe shade (solar regulation), humidity control, wind
control, erosion control, evaporative cooling, sound and visual screening, traffic
control, pollution absorption and precipitationall have economic benefits.
3.3. Air pollution reduction

As cities struggle to comply with air quality standards, the ways that trees can
help to clean the air should not be overlooked. The most serious pollutants in the
urban atmosphere are ozone, nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfuric oxides (SOx) and
particulate pollution. Ground-level ozone, or smog, is created by chemical
reactions between NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the
presence of sunlight. High temperatures increase the rate of this reaction.
Vehicle emissions, emissions from industrial facilities, gasoline vapors, and
chemical solvents are the major sources of NOx and VOCs. Particulate pollution,
or particulate matter (PM10 and PM25), is made up of microscopic solids or
liquid droplets that can be inhaled and retained in lung tissue causing serious
health problems. Most particulate pollution begins as smoke or diesel soot and
can cause serious health risk to people with heart and lung diseases and
irritation to healthy citizens. Trees are an important, cost-effective solution to
reducing pollution and improving air quality.
3.4. Trees reduce temperatures and smog
With an extensive and healthy urban forest air quality can be drastically
improved. Trees help to lower air temperatures and the urban heat island affect
in urban areas (see: 'Trees are energy savers' for more information on this
process). This reduction of temperature not only lowers energy use, it also
improves air quality, as the formation of ozone is dependent on temperature.
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As temperatures climb, the formation of ozone increases.

Healthy urban forests decrease temperatures, and reduce the formation
of ozone.
Large shade trees can reduce local ambient temperatures by 3 to 5 C
Maximum mid-day temperature reductions due to trees range from 0.04
C to 0.2 C per 1% canopy cover increase.
Such research conducted in Sacramento County, California, it was estimated

that by doubling the canopy cover to five million trees would reduce summer
temperatures by 3 degrees. This reduction in temperature would reduce peak
ozone levels by as much as 7% and smoggy days by 50%.
3.5. Lower temperatures reduce emissions in parking lots
Temperature reduction from shade trees in parking lots lowers the amount of
evaporative emissions from parked cars. Unshaded parking lots can be viewed
as miniature heat islands, where temperatures can be even higher than
surrounding areas. Tree canopies will reduce air temperatures significantly.
Although the bulk of hydrocarbon emissions come from tailpipe exhaust, 16% of
hydrocarbon emissions are from evaporative emissions that occur when the fuel
delivery systems of parked vehicles are heated. These evaporative emissions
and the exhaust emissions of the first few minutes of engine operation are
sensitive to local microclimate. If cars are shaded in parking lots, evaporative
emissions from fuel and volatilized plastics will be greatly reduced.
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Cars parked in parking lots with 50% canopy cover emit 8% less through
evaporative emissions than cars parked in parking lots with only 8%
canopy cover.
Have positive effects trees have on reducing temperatures and
evaporative emissions in parking lots.
"Cold Start" emissions
The volatile components of asphalt pavement evaporate more slowly in shaded

parking lots and streets. The shade not only reduces emissions, but reduces
shrinking and cracking so that maintenance intervals can be lengthened. Less
maintenance means less hot asphalt (fumes) and less heavy equipment
(exhaust). The same principle applies to asphalt-based roofing.
3.6. Active pollutant removal
Trees also reduce pollution by actively removing it from the atmosphere. Leaf
stomata, the pores on the leaf surface, take in polluting gases which are then
absorbed by water inside the leaf. Some species of trees are more susceptible
to the uptake of pollution, which can negatively affect plant growth. Ideally,
trees should be selected that take in higher quantities of polluting gases and are
resistant to the negative affects they can cause.
A study across the Chicago region determined that trees removed

approximately 17 tonnes of carbon monoxide (CO), 93 tonnes of sulfur dioxide
(SO2), 98 tonnes of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and 210 tonnes of ozone (O3) in
1991.
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3.7. Carbon sequestration

Urban forest managers are sometimes interested in the amount of carbon
removed from the air and stored in their forest as wood in relation to the amount
of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere while running tree
maintenance equipment powered by fossil fuels.
3.8. Interception of particulate matter
In addition to the uptake of harmful gases, trees also act as filters intercepting
airborne particles and reducing the amount of harmful particulate matter. The
particles are captured by the surface area of the tree and its foliage. These
particles temporarily rest on the surface of the tree, as they can be washed off
by rainwater, blown off by high winds, or fall to the ground with a dropped leaf.
Although trees are only a temporary host to particulate matter, if they did not
exist, the temporarily-housed particulate matter would remain airborne and
harmful to humans. Increased tree cover will increase the amount of particulate
matter intercepted from the air.
Large evergreen trees with dense foliage collect the most particulate
matter.
The Chicago study determined that trees removed approximately 234
tonnes of particulate matter less than 10 micrometres (PM10) in 1991.
Large healthy trees greater than 75 cm in trunk diameter remove approximately

70 times more air pollution annually (1.4 kg/yr) than small healthy trees less than
10 cm in diameter (0.02 kg/yr).
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4.0 Threats to Urban Forest
Anthropogenic factors that can affect urban forest include urban sprawl,
human-caused forest fires, acid rain, invasive species, and the slash and burn
practices of agriculture or shifting cultivation.
Recent research has shown that urban trees benefit communities economically,
socially and environmentally. But trees in urban environments face harsh
growing conditions. Heavier traffic patterns have increased the demands for
road construction and have changed the growing conditions for many roadside
trees.
Pollution from traffic has a strong detrimental impact on urban trees. In urban
situations along streets and roads, and on building sites, soils can be
impenetrable to root growth due to compaction. Compaction will restrict water
and oxygen available to roots, and cause water logging which may kill roots
with poor drainage conditions. Tree roots impeded by compacted soil have a
strong tendency to grow into utility lines causing obstruction of these. Regular
maintenance of utility lines causes severe damage to tree roots both inside and
outside the lines.
Furthermore, soil may lack sufficient nutrients when it consists of waste products
left by the building industry. The urban growing conditions may also be impeded
due to shading effects, wildlife, de-icing salt, collisions with vehicles, vandalism,
etc.
Healthy trees withstand these pressures better than stressed trees and good
growing conditions will help the trees to return benefits to the community. The
harsh urban growing conditions have caused the vitality of urban trees to fall
drastically during the last 30 - 40 years. The average lifespan for a newly planted
street tree is as low as 7 - 15 years.
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5.0 Urban Forestry as a Management Tools
Urban forestry is the integrated biophysical management of urban forest

ecosystems that improve the quality of life for all urban dwellers. This includes the
art, science and technology of managing trees and forest resources as an
integral part of urban ecosystems for environmental, social, economic and
aesthetic benefits. In other word it refers to the careful care and management
of urban forests, i.e., tree populations in urban settings for the purpose of
improving the urban environment.
The scientific study of forest species and their interaction with the environment is
referred to as forest ecology, while the management of forests is often referred
to as forestry. Forest management has changed considerably over the last few
centuries, with rapid changes from the 1980s onwards culminating in a practice
now referred to as sustainable forest management. Forest ecologists
concentrate on forest patterns and processes, usually with the aim of
elucidating cause and effect relationships. Foresters who practice sustainable
forest management focus on the integration of ecological, social and
economic values, often in consultation with local communities and other
stakeholders.
Urban forestry advocates the role of trees as a critical part of the urban
infrastructure. Urban foresters plant and maintain trees, support appropriate tree
and forest preservation, conduct research and promote the many benefits trees
provide. Urban forestry is practiced by municipal and commercial arborists,
municipal and utility foresters, environmental policymakers, city planners,
consultants, educators, researchers and community activists.
Urban forest is a valuable environmental asset made up of street trees, park

trees, and trees on public, private and commercial land. Trees enrich and
improve our environment and dramatically increase the overall quality of life.
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The benefits provided by trees are numerous and diverse, therefore,

coordination among federal, state, and local government, non-profit
organizations, and educational institutions will be essential to effectively plan for
and manage our urban forest resources in coming decades.
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6.0 Case Study: Bukit Gasing, Petaling Jaya

6.1. Background
Bukit Gasing forest park is an urban green lung on life support, but it's still one of
Kuala Lumpur's best nature walks. Once a rubber plantation and left idle for 50
years, the course of nature has overtaken the hillsides to produce a lush
secondary forest brimming with woody herbs and large tropical trees.
This place is easily accessible through the Federal Highway. It's very convenient
for those living in KL and easy to find too.
A series of intermingled forest trails traverse the narrow hill ridges to provide
excellent paths for walking for exercise. Most people come to the park to get a
dose of nature while getting fit on uphill climbs and brisk walks.
With nature sounds and a shady forest canopy overhead, the exercise hours
really are a walk in the park. The footpaths are well travelled and fairly well
marked. There are two main sections to Bukit Gasing Forest Park.
The main entrance area (south) consists of a network of short trails, a watch
tower and two wooden bridges over a small stream. These trails are not too
difficult and offer good exercise for teenagers and kids.
A long ridge trail takes you to the north end where a loop trail takes you to the
suspension bridge and an alternative exit on the residential road back to the
main entrance.
A steep drop that cuts the terrain abruptly provides a hard climb up or down.
But you can choose to avoid this part of the path.
Surrounded by houses and squeezed in by development projects, this popular
forest park is under threat. Several citizen and environmental groups fight to
keep the bulldozers out and protect this green oasis amid the concrete jungle.
So first find time to get in shape with nature and then find time to assist the
conservation cause.
6.2. Importance
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6.3. Issues
6.4. Recommendation
In ensuring the existence of Bukit Gasing thus achieving sustainable urban forest
it is depending upon community cooperation, quality care, continued funding
and personal involvement. It is created and maintained through shared vision
and cooperation with a focus on maximizing benefits and minimizing costs. The
implementation of a model for urban forest sustainability would further redirect
the traditional orientation of urban forest management away from municipal
trees to the mix of public and private trees.
Achieving sustainability for urban forests involves meeting each of following
criteria based on J.R. Clark Urban Forest Sustainability Model.
6.4.1. Vegetation Resource

The vegetation resource is the engine that drives urban forests. Its composition,
extent, distribution, and health define the limit of benefits provided and costs
accrued. As dynamic organisms, urban forests (and the trees that form them)
change over time as they grow, mature and die. Therefore, sustainable urban
forests must possess a mix of species, sizes and ages that allows for continuity of
benefits while trees are planted and removed as follows:
Canopy Cover Achieve appropriate climate benefits the surrounding
communities.
Age Distribution - A mix of young and mature trees is essential if canopy
cover is to remain relatively constant over time. To insure sustainability, an
on-going planting program should go hand in hand with the removal of
senescent trees.
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Species Mix - Species diversity is an important element in the long-term

health of urban forests.
Native Vegetation - Where appropriate, preserving native trees in a
community adds to the sustainability of the urban forest. Native trees are
well-adapted to the climate and support native wildlife.
The vegetation resource of a sustainable urban forest is one that provides a

continuous high level of net benefits including energy conservation, reduction of
atmospheric contaminants, enhanced property values, reduction in storm water
run-off, and social well-being.
There are costs associated with the accrual of these benefits. Dead, dying and
defective trees may fail and injure citizens or damage property. Some species
may pose a health risk from allergenic responses. Others may compete with
native vegetation and limit the function of naturally occurring fragments and
systems.
6.4.2. Community Framework

A sustainable urban forest is one in which the all parts of the community share a
vision for their forest and act to realize that vision through specific goals and
objectives. It is based in neighborhoods, public spaces and private lands.
At one level, this requires that a community agree on the benefits of trees and
act to maximize them. On another level, this cooperation requires that private
landowners acknowledge the key role of their trees to community health. Finally,
in an era of reduced government service, cooperation means sharing the
financial burden of caring for the urban landscape.
For this criteria, following aspects must be take into considerations:
Public Agency Cooperation - Requires involvement of the city council and
city commissions which operate with common goals and objectives.
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Involvement Of Large Private And Institutional Landholders - Large private

landholders embrace city wide goals and objectives through specific
resource management plans.
Green Industry Cooperation - The green industry operates with high
professional standards and commits to city-wide goals and objectives.
Neighborhood Action - At the neighborhood level, citizens understand
and participate in urban forest management. Since the many urban trees
are on private property (residential or commercial), neighborhood action
is a key to urban forest sustainability.
Citizen - Government - Business Interaction - All constituencies in the
community interact for the benefit of the urban forest. Having public
agencies, private landholders, the green industry and neighborhood
groups all share the same vision of the city's urban forest is a crucial part of
sustainability.
General Awareness Of Trees As A Community Resource - Fundamental to
the sustainability of a city's urban forest is the general public's
understanding of the value of its trees.
Regional Cooperation - Provide for cooperation and interaction among
neighboring communities neighboring communities and regional groups.
6.4.3. Resource Management

In many ways, this component is not simply management of the resource but
the philosophy of management as well. On one hand, specific policy vehicles to
protect existing trees, manage species selection, train staff and apply standards
of care focus on the tree resource itself. In contrast, acceptance of a
comprehensive management plan and funding program by city government
and its constituents allows shared vision to develop.
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City-Wide Management Plan - Develop and implement a management

plan for trees on public and private property.
Funding - Develop and maintain adequate funding to implement a city-
wide management plan.
Staffing - Employ and train adequate staff to implement a city-wide
management plan.
Assessment Tools - Develop methods to collect information about the
urban forest on a routine basis.
Protection Of Existing Trees - Conserve existing resources, planted and
natural, to ensure maximum function.
Species And Site Selection - Provide guidelines and specifications for
species use; on a context-defined basis.
Standards For Tree Care - Adopt and adhere to professional standards for
tree care.
Citizen Safety - Maximize public safety with respect to trees.
Recycling - A sustainable urban forest is one that recycles its products by
composting, reusing chips as mulch and/or fuel and using wood products
as firewood and lumber.
Cities must recognize that management approaches will vary as a function of

the resource and its extent. Management of the urban forest must exist in
connection to the larger landscape (such as adjacent forests). For example,
maintenance of intact riparian corridors requires the cooperation of the
managing agency of the stream.
7.0 Conclusion
The planet Earth is a gift to us by God. It is sustained life for millions of years, be it
in any form. Resources on which we thrive have been in abundance. But as
human pushes forward for more and more, we has forgotten the importance of
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saving our planet so that its resources last for millions of years more. Urbanization,
pollution, and other related activities have contributed to environmental
hazards, global warming, and depletion of the planets resources.
Today, we can see only walls, buildings, cars, large signs/hoardings, tar roads,
runways and concrete instead of plants, gardens, or trees. Trees are
disappearing from our surroundings faster than we can imagine. There is a
dramatic loss of urban trees on public land, and street trees in particular.
Sometimes, even if replacements are planted, they are often species of trees
that will not become large. These are of no benefits to the ecological system.
We are used to having clean looks and pure finishes (houses, cars etc), and a
polished lifestyle. But we never take care of nature. We are the only ones
responsible for the imbalance of nature.
References
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UDM 714: Urban Environment

CASE STUDY: BUKIT GASING, PETALING JAYA / KUALA LUMPUR

Years of thoughtless exploitation of nature by man has resulted in the effects

1.2. Urban Forest Value in Urban Environment

1.3. Environmental Issues in Malaysia

Environmental awareness is building up in Malaysia and with the 9th Malaysia

Effort such as between Denmark and Malaysia, co-operated in the area of

Environmental awareness is slowly building up in government and in consumers

2.2. Urban Environment

An urban environment is characterized by higher population density and vast

Urban environment are created and further developed by the process of

2.3. Urban Forest

2.4. Urban Forestry

Therefore, urban forestry can be defined as: planning, design, establishment

3.0 Forest Importance in Urban Setting

In many countries there is a growing understanding of the importance of the

3.1. Socio-culture Growth

While in Attention Restoration Theory by Rachel 1980 nature demonstrate

3.2. Economic benefits

greening of business districts increases community pride and positive perception

3.3. Air pollution reduction

3.4. Trees reduce temperatures and smog

As temperatures climb, the formation of ozone increases.

Such research conducted in Sacramento County, California, it was estimated

3.5. Lower temperatures reduce emissions in parking lots

The volatile components of asphalt pavement evaporate more slowly in shaded

3.6. Active pollutant removal

A study across the Chicago region determined that trees removed

3.7. Carbon sequestration

3.8. Interception of particulate matter

Large healthy trees greater than 75 cm in trunk diameter remove approximately

4.0 Threats to Urban Forest

5.0 Urban Forestry as a Management Tools

Urban forestry is the integrated biophysical management of urban forest

Urban forest is a valuable environmental asset made up of street trees, park

The benefits provided by trees are numerous and diverse, therefore,

6.0 Case Study: Bukit Gasing, Petaling Jaya

6.4.1. Vegetation Resource

Species Mix - Species diversity is an important element in the long-term

The vegetation resource of a sustainable urban forest is one that provides a

6.4.2. Community Framework

Involvement Of Large Private And Institutional Landholders - Large private

6.4.3. Resource Management

City-Wide Management Plan - Develop and implement a management

Cities must recognize that management approaches will vary as a function of

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