SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR IN QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

SOFTWARE APPLICATION FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING (CSC 60603)

ASSIGNMENT 1: GROUP REPORT

NAME STUDENT ID

Ee Hui Teng 0322548

Lim Hong Wei 0322741

Loo Siah Mong 0321995

Pui Chun Shian 0323740

Tan Jia San 0322406

Yip Xiao Jung 0323852

Table of Content

Part Title Pages

Introduction 2

A 1.1 Vico Office Takeoff Manager Software 3-8

1.1.1 Function of Vico Office Takeoff Manager
1.1.2 Limitation of Vico Office Takeoff Manager
9-10
1.2 Cost X
1.2.1 Function of Cost X
1.2.2 Limitation of Cost X
1.3 Buildsoft Cubit 11-12
1.3.1 Function of Buildsoft Cubit
1.3.2 Limitation of Buildsoft Cubit
1.4 Cubicost (Glodon)
13-15
1.4.1 Function of Cubicost
1.4.2 Limitation of Cubicost

1.5 Summary 15-16

B 2.1 BIM 17-19

2.1.1 Preparation Stage
2.1.2 Design Stage
2.1.3 Pre-construction Stage
2.1.4 Construction Stage
2.1.5 Post Construction Stage

2.2 CAD 20-23

2.2.1 Preparation Stage
2.2.2 Design Stage
2.2.3 Pre-construction Stage
2.2.4 Construction Stage
2.2.5 Post Construction Stage

2.3 Manual Measurement 24-26

2.3.1 Preparation Stage
2.3.2 Design Stage
2.3.3 Pre-construction Stage
2.3.4 Construction Stage
2.3.5 Post Construction Stage

1
Introduction
Moving forward to the 21st century, the age of Building Information Modeling (BIM) has come.
BIM describes the process of designing a building collaboratively using one coherent system of computer
models rather than as separate sets of drawings.This system is often adopted by construction companies to
improve the 3 most important aspects to their projects, namely time, cost, and quality. BIM covers the
whole construction lifecycle from the briefing stage all the way to the operation and maintenance of a
building. Generally, the application of BIM is divided into 3 levels, starting from Level 1 with minimal
collaboration between parties up to Level 3, where all parties collaborate on the same model and share the
same data on the same repository.
As the industry shifts towards the massive use of BIM softwares for construction, the industry
professionals, including the Quantity Surveyor, has taken a step forward to fully utilise the benefits that
can be obtained from BIM. Several BIM QS softwares on the market can now enable a QS to easily take
off quantities and estimate the project costs from any drawings or models available. As BIM is more than
3D-CAD, information such as Schedules and Cost plans can be included in the files. Undoubtedly what
BIM brings is a complete transformation by helping a construction project move from the design desks to
physical reality. It prunes redundant data, erases communication lag and noise, maintains updated
information, brings operational efficiency, improves coordination among departments and gives an
overall efficiency to the whole lifespan of the project. With large infrastructural projects BIM is a must.
So in this report, we look into massive BIM QS softwares that are available in the market and
analysed their respective functions and limitations. In our opinions, these 4 softwares not only well versed
in the BIM industry compared to others, we are also well exposed to these softwares in terms of
understanding level and functionality of the softwares.

Vico Office Takeoff Manager

CostX
Buildsoft cubit
Cubicost (Glodon)

From these 4 softwares available, a detailed comparison on the functions and limitations as well
as how well it works on measurements will be conveyed through this report.

2
1.1 Vico Office Takeoff Manager

Vico Office is a purpose-built software for construction, provides an integrated BIM workflow
for construction which enables users to perform functions such as extending basic 3D model with
constructability analysis and coordination, 4D location-based scheduling and production control, 5D
estimating, quantity takeoff and layout. Vico Office is designed in a modular way which allows a
consistent and easy use in order to maximize efficiency and achieving the needs of various construction
process trades and stages.

By utilizing Vico Office, building owners and general contractors are able to work together more
efficiently, enhance predictability, manage cost as well as lowering risk and optimizing workflow on
large, complex building projects. Vico Office also provides flexibility in modelling, scheduling and
estimating for project teams and are still able to work together with all stakeholders in terms of
coordination, budgeting and project control.

3
1.1.1 Functions
2D to 3D Change Management

Vico Document Controller allows 2D drawings to be converted into 3D models. This feature is also able
to identify the changes of 2D and 3D versions as well as comparing the coordinated 3D model to 2D
contract documents for final checking.

3D BIM for Visualization

Vico Office performs well with practical BIM authoring tools such as Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft
ArchiCAD and Tekla Structures including additional import softwares such as Google SketchUp, 3D
DWG, CAD Duct and IFC files.

4
3D BIM for Clash Detection

Vico Constructability Manager enables the project team to identify constructability problems in the
planning process by providing integrated solutions for clash detections and coordination resolution.

3D BIM for Layout

Vico Layout Manager offers a precise analysis of virtual model critical points matching to job site's
physical points. This feature also offers speedy installation and remove costly rework.

5
3D BIM for Quantity Takeoff

Vico Takeoff Manager provides more precise, up to date schedules, estimating and cost planning. With its
unique geometry analysis algorithm, this feature scans a 3D models content and automatically generates
take of items with a set of construction-caliber quantities off the 3D model.

4D BIM for Scheduling and Production Control

Vico LBS Manager - functions to divide the project into work locations which allows smooth flow of
work without interference.

Vico Schedule Planner - utilizes BIM model elements to generate construction schedules and
associating them with the corresponding resources, materials and labor.

6
 Vico Production Controller - manages on-site production and planning schedules during the build
phase. This feature provides sufficient time for forecasting schedules to identify problems.

Vico 4D Manager - a 4D simulation presentation tool for the construction team which provides the
team with a clear 3D visualization of the project timeline.

5D BIM for Estimating

Vico Cost Planner - a strong model-based cost estimating solution. This feature uses Vico Takeoff
Manager to provide a precise estimation within a short period of time which ensures the project does
not exceeds its budget.

7
 Vico Cost Explorer - enables project team to visualize the elements of the projects that are affecting
the changes in the cost in order to keep track of the budget. It is also the first model-based budgeting
application.

Construction Management Report

Vico Office Client forms the foundation of Vico Office Suite. This feature enable information to be
communicate across the project team, delivers constructability reports, provide cost and resource loaded
schedules, cash flow reports, cost estimates and proposed design changes.

1.1.2 Limitations of Vico Office

Vico Office allows only one model file to be used at one time because when two models are
placed together, Vico Office is unable to detect any collisions automatically. Hence, this will require more
time to complete the 3D model.

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1.2 CostX

CostX is an exciting software innovation developed by award winning software designers and
construction industry professionals. It allows non-CAD users to measure from PDF or CAD files without
running CAD software, and, dependent upon the version of CostX being used, create detailed workbook
documents such as estimates, cost plans, bills of quantities or tenders all within a fully integrated,
paperless, electronic environment. A powerful and flexible report writer allows professional quality
output to be produced and issued either as paper documents or electronic files.

1.2.1 Functions of CostX

Auto-revisioning
This is one of the unique functions of CostX where it has the ability to compare and review the
contemporary drawings with the previous one and highlight the changes that is being made. This function
allows the user safe plenty of time and fastens the work. Auto- revisioning function will continue by
creating an audit trail likewise revises the previous quantities and workbooks as well as updating the latest
quantities.

Subcontractor Comparison
Subcontractor comparisons workbooks can be generated in CostX allow the user to compare with the
subcontractors information. Subcontractor Comparison system able to link the report and quotation detail
of every subcontractor and allow the user have better view and make comparison with one another about
the cost and quality.

9
Able to support various files types
By using CostX, it can support scanned, PDF or CAD drawings and 3D models/BIM without the need to
buy CAD software. Not only that, it also supports various drawing file formats such as, SKP, SWG,
DWF, DGN and IFC. This allows quantity surveyors to extract quantities and measure through existing
project drawings since it is compatible with any industry standard drawings including Revit support and
do on-screen measurement for taking-off quantities. Letting technology do its part in removing manual
entry tasks and the possibility of human error allows for a productive back office and streamlined process.

3D / BIM Takeoff
By using 3D taking off, it enables them to visualise their measurement in 3D, leveraging the latest
developments in automated take-off so that they can populate their cost plan. This allows the QS have a
more accurate estimate quantities and costs compare to traditional measurement. The database
information from 3D model view and 2D plans, sections and elevations can be utilize by QS to initiate
quantities mechanically and improve on the database quantities with additional measurement of 2D or 3D
drawing sheets. Besides that, 3D view helps users to visualize and understand the drawing have a general
idea of the building before build.

1.2.2 Limitations of CostX

Add-on Cost
In order to exploit the software to its full potential including its function, QS firms need to pay more for
other products like Cost XL.

Rebar detection
While measuring rebar in CostX, the main reinforcement bar of the beam or column could not be detected
by using the software. Bents for mesh fabric reinforcement (BRC) cannot be detected in CostX as well
hence the users will have to measure the length of fabric reinforcement of the whole beam or column
assuming it is the reinforcement bars.

10
1.3 Buildsoft Cubit

Cubit delivers a unique and natural solution for estimating building and construction projects. By
combining estimating and takeoff in one seamless software package, it will able to save us lots of time
and money, plus its ease of use means after an hour of training well be up and running.

1.3.1 Function of buildsoft cubit

Natural Estimating
Estimating and takeoff, one seamless process as Cubit is a specialised estimating system with flexible
functionality that allows us to estimate the way we wanted. Its the only application that seamlessly
integrates takeoff with estimating for an all-in-one solution that called Natural Estimating. Its all laid out
in one view, meaning the information is where we want it, when we need it.

3D Takeoff
Pinpoint accurate takeoff with a review from any angle. By tracing directly over imported plans, simple or
complex quantity takeoffs are performed quickly and accurately. See elements of the takeoff from any
angle in 3D, and use this as a cross-referencing tool to make sure we dont miss taking off any items, or to
check all your openings. Perform quantity takeoffs from PDF, CAD (DWG, DXF), BIM (DWFx), and
image files.

Price Lists
Use template price lists and jobs as the source for new estimates.Collect pricing information and save
them as template price lists (or even import supplier price lists) to control how the company prices jobs,
ensuring accuracy and maximising profitability. Go even further by creating template jobs that collate all
the common trades and items, making it easier to start next estimate, time and time again.

11
Job Analysis
Group similar information together to increase visibility over jobs. Code our estimate in a way that allows
us to sort data into different formats, giving us the ability to quickly analyse or breakdown a job by cost
code or material. For example, if you were asked the volume of concrete on a particular level of a multi
storey apartment block, this information can be achieved by coding the estimate by material. This handy
feature allows us split the job across different stages and budgets, and export more detailed estimates into
other workflows, like our Subcontractor Comparison Program, Microsoft Excel, and other third-party
applications.

Automatic Plan Revisions

Able to save countless hours estimating as revisions to plans are overlaid on an existing plan youve
already taken off. Not only that, it allows you to edit plans as part of the revision process.Within the
viewport, we can clearly see where the differences occur and update the takeoff to reflect any revisions.

1.3.2 Limitation of Buildsoft Cubit

Permanently deleted
The job file that had been created in Buildsoft will be permanently deleted when we do the amendment on
the existing data. Its mean the amendment that had been done cannot be called back. So the user must be
carefully in doing the amendment.

Typing errors
This software has not created to check or identify the typing errors like numbers or figure that already
type in. We have to use human skill to check the errors. For an example; we want to put 6.86m length but
we was type in 6.68m in the computer. So the figure will be wrong because its human errors. This
method of BQ preparation will need extra time to key-in the figure into the computer to avoid the
mistakes or errors.

Virus Attack
Virus attack is common problem to all the computer users especially using internet. The user should have
licensed anti-virus software so that the virus definition can be updated daily. The software can detect the
virus attack and quarantined or killed the virus and also protect the computer and system. The problem is
when no anti-virus was installed, the virus can attack the computer system and also all the content of the
computer. If this happen, the data may be lost and may be can not be recovered by any means.

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1.4 Cubicost (Glodon)

In Cubicost (Glodon), it is comprised of four individual BIM-based software products (TAS,

TRB, TME, TBQ) that are focused on different needs of quantity surveying business. All these four
products together virtually cover all general requirements in construction cost estimation business.
Moreover, BIM model and related data can be easily transferred between four products, bringing you the
most professional, efficient and accurate BIM cost estimation experience. Not only that, Cubicost
(Glodon) has established its international presence, with US, Finland and UK subsidiaries targeting the
European and American markets as well as Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia subsidiaries driving its
development in SEA markets such as Taiwan, Indonesia and Thailand. With that being said, Cubicost
(Glodon) may be the one of the best BIM softwares technology that is used by current Quantity Surveyor.

Cubicost Takeoff for Architecture and Structure (TAS)

Cubicost Takeoff for Rebar (TRB)

Cubicost TBQ (TBQ)

Cubicost Takeoff for Mechanical & Electric (TME)

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1.4.1 Functions of Cubicost (Glodon)
Quick modelling and BIM-based quantity takeoff
Build BIM model efficiently by identifying DWG, JPG, PDF or by tracking 2D drawings. Only one click
is needed to complete quantity takeoff based on model. Deals with variations quickly by only adjusting
model information and performing calculation again.

Professional, accurate and easy to check

Built-in local measurement methods, which has been proved by users from many countries. It can also
deduct automatically based on the relations among elements in BIM model to ensure calculation accuracy.
It has support viewing calculation basis and expressions to facilitate rapid result checking and less
calculation errors.

Various quantity reports

Cubicost has the ability to generate reports by floor, element type or other conditions. Unique Reversely
Check helps to trace the origin of quantities in BIM models, making it easy to check and modify
quantities. It can also provide a variety of report formats and support exporting Excel for different
requirements.

Teamwork high efficiency

Cubicost supports the rapid adjustment and reuse of BIM models, to reduce the working intensity and
greatly increase the efficiency of team collaboration.

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1.4.2 Limitations of Cubicost (Glodon)
Cost
The license to own Cubicost (Glodon) installed is extremely costly which resulted some of the smaller
Quantity Surveyor firm not being able to afford. Therefore alternatives like CostX or eTakeoff would be
their choice with a downside of having less functions compared to Cubicost (Glodon). Not only that,
when an update is released to implement new features of functions, a certain amount of fee must be paid
in order to update. This can cause commitment issue in the long run as the price can be far beyond than
the initial price of the product.

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1.5 Summary

Feature Glodon Cost X Buildsoft Cubit Vico Office

3D Model
Visualization

Simplicity

Auto-revisioning

Able to export into

others format

Able to read
different types of
drawings

Overall throughout our research, we conclude that Glodon BIM software has the best features
compared among the other software as BIM QS software. The reason why we chose this software as the
most user friendly and Glodons BIM software is internationally recognised and focuses on the entire
lifecycle of construction projects with the support of big data and internet finance services. Besides, this
software focused on different needs of quantity surveying business. All these four products together
virtually cover all general requirements in construction cost estimation business. Moreover, BIM model
and related data can be easily transferred between four products, bringing the most professional, efficient
and accurate BIM cost estimation experience. Most importantly it is the best solution for cost estimation,
which is different from traditional method as it enables data and model sharing among other popular
software from upstream to downstream in the industry.

But as a recommendation, we would suggest that BIM software will improvised in terms of
reducing the workflow of QSs in construction industry.

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2.1 Building Information Modelling (BIM)
2.1.1 Preparation / Briefing Stage
Benefits
Provide Visualization of Project
2D drawings are often hard to visualize and communicated due to imagination constraints. With Building
Information Modelling (BIM), various parties such as the client's, future occupants and site workers are
provided with a visual to know how a building will look like way before the project commences. This
enables the parties to have a better insight of the project.

Ability for Collaboration

Project data are readily accessible to parties such as architects, engineers, quantity surveyors and
contractors. Everyone can address any issues effectively and efficiently. Moreover, all parties are able to
input information and make necessary amendments quickly. Therefore, BIM provides the ability for
different parties to collaborate together.

Constraints
Cost of Software
Building Information Modelling (BIM) software are very costly and is a huge capital investment. This
investment is worthwhile only if it is being used to its fullest potential. Other than that, this expense is a
huge restriction for small companies who have difficulties to afford it.

Lack of Experts
BIM software are rather new to the industry, many were not exposed to it yet. Therefore, there are very
limited number of experts in the field. Moreover, it requires additional investment in time to train and
educate an individual to be an expert.

2.1.2 Design Stage

Benefits
Amendments Can Be Made Easily
Building Information Modelling (BIM) software links all data related to the construction together. All
components are interrelated to each other. Therefore, when a change is made, it automatically amend the
other related data. This saves time and minimise errors.

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Ability to Design Complex Projects
BIM is able to help in designing complex projects. A complex project consist of many different and
connected parts. With the aid of beams, any design complication and clashes can be detected easily.

Constraints
Requires Adaptation Period
As Building Information Modelling (BIM) is new to the industry, BIM users require a long period to
adapt and get used to functioning it. Extra time and effort is essential before one can fully operate
effectively it.

Incompatibility
Due to the high initial cost BIM, it may be a barrier for many especially small scale companies.
Therefore, many do not have the software. This makes it incompatible to be used if one of the parties
involved in the project do not own the software.

2.1.3 Pre-construction Stage

Benefits
Effective and Efficient
With the aid of Building Information Modelling (BIM), clashes of elements can be detected immediately
and with ease at early stage. It ensures all elements to be perfect fit for each other. This save cost and
minimise errors. As result, a better quality design is produced.

Time Saving
BIM is able to simplify the process of measurement and pricing as it features an automatic quantity taking
off and cost estimation. This will then save time and one can focus more on other tasks.

Constraints
Lack of Single Point of Responsibility
Any party that made a mistake will be difficult to be identified and the responsibility will be push to one
another. This is because BIM enables all parties to make any amendments easily without consent. This
results in the lack of single point of responsibility.

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2.1.4 Construction Stage
Benefits
Promote use of Prefabricated Components
Pre-fabricated components are components manufactured in controlled conditions. This ensures that
better quality product are produced. However, it is rarely used as it only has very minimal allowance for
errors which makes it important for all construction components to be perfect fit for each other if it is
used. This can be achieved by BIM thus promote the use of it.

Waste Reduction
With the use of BIM, the quantities extracted are very accurate which not only reduces time for
measurement, but also time for ordering. Not only that, it also reduces waste of storage space and labour
cost. Therefore, the usage of BIM can maximize waste reduction effectively and efficiently.

Constraints
Cost Variation
Despite all the benefits that BIM offers, BIM does not take external factors into consideration. As
example, BIM does not take the price fluctuation of materials throughout the construction period into
account. Therefore, extra effort is required to ensure that all these factors are being considered.

2.1.5 Post Construction Stage

Benefits
Data Management
One of the key feature of BIM is the ability to gather all project related data and store it together in one
place. Various information such as architectural drawings, structural drawings, building materials and
models can be kept in an ordering manner and tracked easily.

Constraints
High Maintenance
The world of information technology (IT) is constantly and rapidly changing so is BIM. BIM software are
continuously being updated to fulfil clients needs. Updates of software are fairly costly. In order to get
the most updated version of the software, users need to spend extra money from time to time.This results
in a high maintenance cost.

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2.2 Computer Aided Design ( CAD)
2.2.1 Preparation / Briefing Stage
Benefits
Provide the data base for manufacturing
Designers will include the data such as dimension, material and details of components in CAD when
creating the documentation for designing purpose. A 2D drafting tool is generally used to design diagrams
and input directions on the data.

Visualisation
With CAD, the size and resolution of the drawings can be changed as needed. It helps designer in
visualizing the final product that is to be made, it subassemblies and the constituent parts. The product can
also be given animation and see how the actual product will work, thus helping the designer to
immediately make the modifications if required.

Improve the quality of the design

CAD offers a large number of tools that help in carrying out through engineering analysis of the proposed
design. The tools help designers to consider large number of investigations. Since the software offers
greater accuracy, the errors are reduced and leading to better design.

Constraints
High initial cost
High expenses incurred to implement CAD which includes the cost of software itself, cost of computer
hardware, software updates and training cost for the workers.

Training is required
Training need to be conducted for the staff to ensure that they know how to use the software effectively
and efficiently.

Higher risk of loss of information

CAD software does not have a backup system so it cannot autosave projects . Hence, the users need to
save their work manually in order to safely back it up and prevent lost or corrupted information in the
software.

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2.2.2 Design Stage
Benefits
Higher accuracy of design
With CAD, you can use several methods to obtain exact dimensions. It can draw to scale to produce a
very accurate design. The designer must first decide the unit of measurement to be used , then draw the
model at 1 : 1 scale.

Easy to edit
When you are designing, there wil always the need to make alterations. With CAD, it will be much easier
to make any changes because you can fix the errors and modify the drawings easily. Instead of using
pencils, scales , compasses and other manual drafting tools. CAD has a variety of drawing tools that can
create straight lines, circles, curves and many more.

Constraints
Lack of standardisation in design
There are few methods of drawing the plans which are depends on the architect preferences. As different
methods will used, user cannot standardise the methods they need to use and it is very difficult to
standardize all architects to use the same method as they would not be aware of its effect towards quantity
surveyors.

Higher risk of loss of information

CAD software does not have a backup system so it cannot autosave projects . Hence, the users need to
save their work manually in order to safely back it up and prevent lost or corrupted information in the
software.

Requires update of skills

With every updates released, the users have to update their skills time to time to ensure that they can use
the software properly and efficiently. Therefore, this will consume more time and money.

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2.2.3 Pre-Construction Stage
Benefits
On-screen takeoff
CAD enables users to do on-screen takeoff from 2D and 3D drawings easily. Since CAD drawings are
produced according to the actual size, hence measurement produced will be accurate. Users can also
choose to measure any elements and several items can be measured together with one simple drawing.

Data managing
With CAD, it is able to manage data effectively by categorizing it into two categories such as graphic or
non-graphic. Graphic refers to drawings of the project and Non-graphic refers to data such as quantities
and specifications. Both data are grouped and arranged systematically. Cost data can be done in this stage
by using the data stored which is very convenient and save time compared to manual method.

Constraints
Unable to produce bill of quantities
CAD software is limited to taking-off only but not production of Bills of Quantities. Therefore, the data
has to be transferred manually or imported to other software to prepare BQ which consume more time.
Mistake tend to occur when transferring data from CAD to other software.

2.2.4 Pre-Construction Stage

Benefits
Improve communication process
CAD software improves communication processes due to the easier understanding of the design and
measurement. This can also reduce the misinterpretations and uncertainty in reading plans. CAD can
generate clear perspective views of a structure to provide accurate information.

Reduce confusion
By improving the communication process, ability of CAD to show design information clearly and
accurately, it reduces confusion. Also, the dimensions of the complex shapes of the layout can be
accurately defined without error.

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Increase the speed in measurement
CAD produces the sem-automatic ability to measure the quantities. Measurement is also more accurate as
CAD drawings are produced in actual size and errors in quantities due to usage of wrong scale will be
reduced.

Constraints
Limited measurement
As the drawings are in 2-dimensional, it is just for unit of measurement of 2D only. It is not able to
measure quantities that require three dimensions like volume, it can only measure two-dimensions.
Therefore, it may affect the comprehensiveness of the final quantities.

Higher expenses incurred on site

The use of CAD at construction site may require a computer, which means extra expenses may require for
a computer system. Hence, higher construction cost is needed.

2.2.5 Post Construction Stage

Benefits
Extension of information
3D CAD files provides information given in the Manual by visualising the various compartments of the
building to create a virtual reality view to client, including the hidden items such as wirings. This will
ease major maintenance works to be carried out accurately.

Commonly usable
CAD files can be read in a variety of software in the market today , most of them even provide free file
readers which is very convenient. The files will be universally accessible and usable by all parties,
including maintenance team.

Constraints
Limited information
CAD files only comprises of the building hardscape, there little to no information provided for the
softscape of a building, which includes the population density and designated space usage. Lack of
information leads to an inadequate of visualisation of the designated space usage.

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2.3 Manual measurement
2.3.1 Preparation Stage
Benefits
Cost
In the preparation/briefing stage of a project, using manual measurement can be very beneficial. This is
because manual measurement does not require any purchasing of any specialized software, like BIM or
CAD. Companies would only require purchasing paper, which is cheap when compared to purchasing
softwares.

Training
Furthermore, training is not required as even fresh graduates have plenty experience on manual
measurement. When using the software, training is required to ensure the software is fully utilized. Extra
cost is needed to teach them.

Constraints
Experience
During the preparation stage, a cost plan is required to be prepared. This is to help advise the clients about
the budgeting and any variations that may occur on the project. A QS will require cost data to produce the
cost plan. An inexperienced QS will have trouble due to the lack of previous projects.

2.3.2 Design Stage

Constraints
Changes
During the design stage, there can be many changes to the drawings. In this case, the QS will be required
to change their measurements in the taking off & dimension list. The changes might cause the QS to make
human errors due to the quick and the possible small, unnoticeable changes to the drawing.

Limitations
It is also much slower compared to the software due to the limitations of the human.

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2.3.3 Pre-construction Stage
Benefits
Data Security
When using manual measurement, any possibility of the files being corrupted or damaged due to
computer error, power loss & others will be nil due to every file being accessible even if there is no
power. Therefore, there will be no risk of losing the information due to any unforeseen circumstances.

Constraints
Human Error
During the pre-construction stage, the complexity of the projects will start to take shape due to the many
detailed drawings. There is a risk of miscalculating as we humans are not perfect and are prone to make
mistakes, especially due to external factors like emotion and distractions.

2.3.4 Construction Stage

Constraints
Error Identification
During the construction stage, any errors will be harder to spot as there is no tools to identify errors,
unlike the likes of the superior software. It t will take longer time to spot any errors, may cause delays.

Information
Manual measurement is also not able to provide the detailed information from the 4D, 5D & 6D.

2.3.5 Post Construction Stage

Benefits
Experience
The manual information is also very easy to understand, and does not require any knowledge of any
software. The reader must only know basic knowledge of construction and will be able to understand.
This is perfect for the senior QS which might not have much knowledge on the software.

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Constraints
Time
After the completion of the BQ, dimension sheet & taking-off list, time is needed to scan the documents
and print copies of it. Manual measurement also does not provide the information generated based on
project like BIM.

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