3rd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA - 2014

T-bar tests in soft and sensitive Swedish clays

R. Larsson, H. hnberg & D. Schlin
Swedish Geotechnical Institute, Linkping, Sweden

ABSTRACT: T-bar tests have become widely used for determination of undrained shear strength in
foremost offshore investigations. Its use on land has so far been more limited. Apart from evaluation of
the undrained shear strength from penetrations at a constant rate, evaluations of remoulded shear
strength from cyclic penetration tests have also been performed. Cyclic tests can also be used to investi-
gate how fast the shear strength is degraded with remoulding. For this purpose, T-bar tests have been
performed in Swedish clays, as part of a larger project concerning the breakdown of shear strength at
cyclic loading and deformations. The results have enabled a check of proposed methods for evaluation
of undrained and remoulded shear strength with regard to Swedish clays, including highly sensitive and
quick clays. The results indicate that the evaluation depends on several factors not taken into account
earlier.

1 INTRODUCTION

The T-bar test is a so-called full-flow penetration test in which the conical tip on a CPT probe has been
replaced by a horizontal cylinder (bar) with normally 40 mm diameter and 250 mm length. The method
has become used fairly widespread in mainly offshore investigations. The area of the probe is enlarged
10 times in relation to the CPT. The influence of errors due to the high water and total overburden pres-
sures at large water depths are in this way reduced to a tenth of those for the CPT. This is particularly
valuable in loose superficial sediments at the sea bottom in deep water.
The T-bar also provides the possibility to successively remould the soil by driving it up and down
within a certain depth interval and thereby observe the gradual degradation from the change in tip re-
sistance. This has been made in a number of investigations, mainly in order to obtain a measure of re-
moulded shear strength and sensitivity (e.g. Yafrate et al. 2009, Low et al. 2010).
In 2009, a project was started at the Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SGI, to study the degradation of
shear strength in cohesive soils during cyclic loading and large deformations (hnberg & Larsson
2012). The project was supported by the Swedish Transport Administration. As a part of the field inves-
tigations and sampling for laboratory testing, T-bar tests where preformed to investigate if this method
could indicate a corresponding behavior as shown in the laboratory tests or supplementary information.
The test sites where chosen with an emphasis on highly sensitive and quick clays whose shear strength
could be expected to be easily degraded. A total of 12 locations in the middle part of Sweden have been
included in this study.

449
2 T-BAR TESTS AND INTERPRETATION

T-bar tests (both static and cyclic) are performed at the same rate as CPTs, i.e. 20 mm/s. The length of
the depth intervals with cyclic tests have been given as at least 0.3 m but lengths of about 1 m are com-
mon. The number of cycles should be at least 10, where a minimum value of tip resistance is normally
assumed to have been reached, (e.g. DeJong et al. 2010). However, more cycles may lower the value
somewhat further (Lunne et al. 2003).
The undrained shear strength is evaluated from T-bar tests as follows:
q
cu = net
NTbar (1)

where
q net = qc [ V 0 u 2 (1 a)]
As
Ap
qc = measured T-bar tip resistance
V0 = total overburden pressure
u2 = pore pressure measured directly above the tip
a = net area factor measured on the probe area (i.e. the same as for the CPT)
As = rod cross-sectional area
Ap= probe cross-sectional area
As/Ap = 0.1 at a normal T-bar and common 36 mm diameter probe (CPT probe)

In similarity to Nkt for CPTs, NTbar depends on what undrained shear strength is referred to (i.e. aver-
age, active, passive or direct shear). Early theoretical studies using isotropic shear strength yielded NTbar
factors around 10-13 (Randolph et al 2000). Further analyses with advanced numerical methods yield-
ed NTbar of about 11-13 for undrained shear strength and NTbar,REM of about 13 for remoulded shear
strength (Randolph and Andersen 2006). Later analyses with FEM-simulations by Zhou & Randolph
(2009) have yielded an ideal NTbar of 9.89-9.95 for ideal plastic material and a normal roughness factor
of 0.2 without regard to rate effects and other factors. NTbar is considered to increase with increasing rate
of penetration whereas deformation softening (sensitivity) makes it decrease. A higher roughness in-
creases NTbar. Normally, except for certain quick clays, this would lead to somewhat higher real NTbar
values than the ideal.
Different investigations have been performed to obtain empirical NTbar values through comparisons
with other tests. The NTbar values have generally been found to be lower than the Nkt for CPTs (e.g. Low
and Randolph 2010, Low et al. 2010). The hitherto most commonly used NTbar value is 10.5, which was
recommended as an average by Randolph (e.g. 2004). A calibration against field vane tests by Veemees
et al (2006) yielded NTbar values between 10 and 12 for clay. A more detailed investigation by Lunne et
al (2005) with calibration against averages of undrained strength from active and passive triaxial tests
and direct simple shear tests showed NTbar between 10 and 13 with an average of 12. In a later study on a
larger data base, Low et al. (2010) recommended to use an NTbar of 10.5 to obtain shear strengths corre-
sponding to active triaxial tests and 12 to obtain values corresponding to the average strength. No rela-
tionship was found between NTbar and liquid limit or other properties but the database consisted of re-
sults from soils from different parts of the world, and hence local correlations cannot be discerned.
Remoulded shear strength and sensitivity are evaluated from cyclic T-bar tests, The evaluation has
mainly been calibrated against field vane tests, which often yield higher values of remoulded shear
strength than the fall-cone test in the laboratory, but in some cases also against the fall-cone. The results
have shown that higher NTbar,REM values must be employed for the remoulded shear strength as compared
to the NTbar values for the undisturbed undrained shear strength. Low et al (2010) recommended use of
NTbar,REM of 14 and 14.5 to obtain remoulded shear strengths corresponding to what is measured by field
vane tests and fall-cone tests, respectively.

450 2
 Investigations have indicated that the NTbar - and NTbar,REM - factors are affected by the sensitivity of
the soil. According to Yafrate et al. (2009), the factor NTbar,REM varies with sensitivity St with the follow-
ing relationship:

5.5
N TbarREM = 12 + 3
(2)
S
1 + t
6

which gives NTbar,REM values varying between 12 for non-sensitive clay and 17.5 for high-sensitive clay.
The sensitivity was proposed to be estimated from the net tip resistances in the first penetration, qin, and
in the last cycle, qrem, as follows:
1, 4
q
S t ,Tbar = in (3)
qrem

DeJong et al. (2011) have reported a corresponding expression for the variation of NTbar with sensitiv-
ity St, which instead yields NTbar values varying between 12 for non-sensitive clays and 5.5 for high-
sensitive clays. The basis for these relationships contains only a limited number of data for very high
sensitivities. No study has been found of how fast the clays are broken down (remoulded) during the cy-
cling process.

3 MATERIALS AND METHODS IN PRESENT STUDY

3.1 Type of soils
Twelve different test sites were involved in the investigations. The sites were chosen to cover clays with
different conditions at deposition, with low, medium and high plasticity and with sensitivities varying
from 10 to 253. In all, twenty-two different types of clay were investigated in the study. Details on the
test sites are given by hnberg and Larsson (2012).

3.2 Penetration tests

CPTs plus static and cyclic T-bar tests were carried out at each test site. The CPTs were performed ac-
cording to the international standard (ISO 2012) with higher demands for accuracy corresponding to the
recommendations by the Swedish Geotechnical Society for soft clays (SGF 1993) The T-bar tests were
performed using equipment with the recommended dimensions and according to the recommended prac-
tice by DeJong et al. (2010), see above. Since the soils at most sites could be expected to contain shells
and other embedded objects as well as stiffer and sometimes inclined layers, the T-bar tip was attached
to a 5-ton CPT-probe instead of a more sensitive probe adapted for the CPT in soft clay. This somewhat
affected the possibility to study relationships between tip resistance and sensitivity and remoulded shear
strength in the cyclic tests because the tip resistance often approached the inaccuracy that normally must
be accepted for this type of probe.
It was not possible to measure the tip resistance at both penetration and withdrawal with the equip-
ment at hand and only the tip resistances at downward strokes were registered.

451
4 RESULTS
4.1 Static tests
The curves for the T-bar penetration test results resembled those obtained in CPTs although the evaluat-
ed net tip resistances and generated pore pressures were generally lower than those measured in CPTs
nearby. Another general observation was that the net tip resistance did not increase with depth at the
same rate as the undrained shear strength. This suggested that the factor NTbar decreased with depth. In
the Swedish clays, the overconsolidation ratio and the liquid limit normally vary with depth. Figure 1
shows the results of T-bar tests in two profiles; one with a continuously decreasing liquid limit and one
with an almost constant liquid limit with depth. The reference undrained shear strength has been deter-
mined by CPTs evaluated according to SGI Information No. 15 (Larsson 2007) and verified by field
vane tests and direct simple shear tests. The shear strength from the T-bar tests in the figure were calcu-
lated with a constant NTbar of 11.5.
A direct comparison between the evaluated net tip resistance in the T-bar tests and the reference
(CPT or FVT) shear strength yielded NTbar-factors varying between 6.5 and 19. Experience from CPTs
(Larsson and hnberg 2003, 2005) has shown that the results in Swedish clays need to be corrected for
overconsolidation ratio according to the following:
0 .2
OCR
N kt = N kt ( OCR =1.3) (4)
1.3

where Nkt(OCR=1.3) is the cone factor at a normal overconsolidation ratio of about 1.3 in Swedish clays
classified as normally consolidated to slightly overconsolidated. No correction is made for overconsoli-
dation ratios below 1.3. The principles for CPTs and T-bar tests are similar and judging from the test re-
sults a corresponding correction with regard to overconsolidation ratio should be made to the results
from the T-bar tests.
cu, kPa cu, kPa
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25
0 0

2
2

4
4
Depth, m

Depth, m

6
8

8
10

12 10
cu CPT
qnetT-bar/11,5 cu CPT
14 qnetT-bar/11,5
12
a) b)

Figure 1. Example of results from T-bar tests without correction for OCR compared to undrained shear strength
from CPTs.
a) Mellsa with continuously decreasing liquid limit with depth
b) Linkping with almost constant liquid limit with depth
452 4
 The spread in NTbar-factors decreased considerably after such a correction. The variation was still
large, between 6.5 and 15.5, but had changed from an apparently random variation to a function that
could be clearly related to the liquid limit, as shown in Figure 2. Some of the spread in NTbar values in
Figure 2 may depend on an uneven quality and a certain spread of the reference shear strengths. No at-
tempts to even out the profiles have been made in this case but the values have been used as measured.
Nevertheless, there is a clear relationship which shows that the results from T-bar tests in Swedish clays
should be corrected (correlated) with regard to the liquid limit (wL) similar to the results from CPTs. Ac-
cording to the results a rough estimate of the NTbar-factor can be made as follows:

N Tbar ( OCR =1.3) 4.4 + 8.4 wL (5)

In the literature, the NTbar-factor has been proposed to vary with sensitivity. However, sensitivity
alone is not a good measure of the degradation of the strength that occurs when a T-bar tip passes the
level during a first penetration. Although the remoulding is large, there always remains a shear strength
that can be considerably higher than the completely remoulded shear strength according to the results
from the cyclic T-bar tests, which show that several penetrations are required to reach a fully remoulded
state. Laboratory investigations on how fast the shear strength is broken down during remoulding have
shown that this in principle becomes faster with decreasing liquid limit and increasing sensitivity (An-
dersen 2009, Larsson and Jansson 1982, Tavenas et al. 1983). However, for the interpretation of the re-
sults from the static T-bar tests no corresponding relationship for the NTbar-factor to that with the liquid
limit could be obtained with sensitivity. (There is a correlation between liquidity index and sensitivity
for Swedish clays, but no direct relationship between liquid limit and sensitivity.)

18

16

14
Mellsa CPT
12 Strngns FVT
Norrkping CPT
10
NTbar

Linkping CPT
Glborg CPT
8 Glborg FVT
Munkedal CPT
6 Fultaga FVT
Onsj FVT
4 Torpa FVT
Frstad CPT
2 sperd FVT
Kattleberg CPT
0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4 1,6
wL
Figure 2. Evaluated NTbar(OCR=1.3)-factors (after correction of NTbar for overconsolidation based on equation 4) as a
function of liquid limit (wL).

4.2 Cyclic tests

The remoulded shear strength is normally evaluated from the net tip resistance after the tip has been cy-
cled 10 times up and down at the actual level and the net tip resistance is assumed to have reached its
minimum, as shown in Figure 3.

453
 200
Kattleberg 8 m
qnet, % of max
qnet, kPa

150
qnet, kPa or %

100

50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Penetration No.

Figure 3. Example of reduction in net tip resistance in a cyclic T-bar test. Penetration No 1 corresponds to the first
penetration (down), i.e. no cycles; and Penetration No 10 to the 10th penetration (down).

The net tip resistances at the 10th penetration, qTbarREM, varied between about 6 and 60 kPa or about 2
to 20% of the original net tip resistance at the first penetration. It should be observed that the lowest val-
ues were of approximately the same size as the inaccuracy of the probe, which may be expected to have
contributed to the spread in the results. In spite of this, a clear trend could be found where the net tip re-
sistance increased approximately linearly with the remoulded shear strength determined by fall-cone
tests in the laboratory, as shown in Figure 4.
According to the results from the cyclic T-bar tests, a rough estimate of the remoulded shear strength
cu,REM in soft Swedish clays could be made from the following:

70

60

50
qTbarREM, kPa

40

30

20

10

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
Remoulded shear strength, kPa

Figure 4. Measured relationship between remoulded shear strength from fall-cone tests and net tip resistance dur-
ing the 10th downward penetration in cyclic T-bar tests.
454 6
 qTbarREM 12.8
cu , REM (6)
18.3

The relationship does not pass through the origin and indicates that a certain net tip resistance would
occur even at zero remoulded shear strength. This in turn suggests that an extra viscous resistance occurs
during penetration of the T-bar in addition to that created by the remoulded shear strength. As a result,
the factor NTbarREM decreases from very high values of several hundred in quick clays with very low re-
moulded shear strength to values that gradually approach those previously reported in the literature for
clays with higher remoulded shear strengths and lower sensitivities, as shown in Figure 5. The scatter at
high sensitivities depends partly on the measuring accuracy of the probe and partly on the very low re-
moulded shear strengths at high sensitivities. In the quick clays, the remoulded shear strength is often at
the border of what can be measured with ordinary geotechnical test equipment. The factor NTbarREM
could, based on the T-bar test results for soft Swedish clays, be roughly estimated from the following:

N TbarREM 14.5 + 0.8S t (7)

NTbarREM thus increases with increasing sensitivity similar to what has been proposed by Yafrate et al.
(2009), but the values obtained in this investigation are considerably higher. Since the remoulded shear
strength and the sensitivity can be related to the liquidity index and quasi liquidity index wN/wL (e.g. G-
ta-lv Committee 1962, Larsson and hnberg 2003, where wN is the natural water content) it was also
possible to link factor NTbarREM to these parameters.
The sensitivity (St) is the ratio between undisturbed and remoulded undrained shear strength
cu/cu,REM. Early on, it was suggested that St could be evaluated from cyclic T-bar tests as the net cone re-
sistance at the first penetration divided by the net cone resistance after 10 full cycles of remoulding
(Chung and Randolph 2004, DeJong et al. 2004). However, this does not correspond to the correct sensi-
tivity since the factors NTbar and NTbarREM for evaluation of undrained and remoulded shear strength dif-
fer. Yafrate et al. (2009) proposed an exponential relationship between this quotient and the sensitivity
(equation 3). None of these methods proved to be applicable to the results in the present investigation.

250

200

150
NTbarREM

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Sensitivity
Figure 5. Measured relationship between sensitivity from fall-cone tests in the laboratory and factor NTbarREM.

455
 The sensitivity has been compared to how much of the net tip resistance at the first penetration that
remains after the soil has been remoulded by 1 and 10 cycles (i.e. on the 2nd and 10th penetration down)
in the cyclic tests, respectively. In both cases there is a semi-logarithmic relation, as shown in Figure 6.
However, the scatter is too large for a direct evaluation of the sensitivity.
As pointed out above, the quotient between the net tip resistances in undisturbed and remoulded soil
is not a direct measure of the degradation in shear strength unless the factors NTbar and NTbarREM would
be equal. The relationship becomes further complex when these factors also vary in different ways. Ac-
cording to the relationships found in this investigation, the sensitivity evaluated from the measured net
tip resistances would be, as follows:

50
Remaining net tip resistance, %

40

30

1 cycle

20

10
10 cycles

0
1 10 100 1000

Sensitivity
Figure 6. Measured relationship between sensitivity from fall-cone tests in the laboratory and the remaining net
tip resistance after 1 and 10 cycles of remoulding (i.e. on the 2nd and 10th penetration down) in compar-
ison to that at the first penetration.

0.2
q net OCR

(4.4 + 8.4 wL ) 1.3
St (8)
(q netREM 12.8)
18.3

This entails that the degradation in shear strength that is indicated by the decreasing net tip resistance
depends on the absolute size of the net tip resistance in the undisturbed soil, the liquid limit, the over-
consolidation ratio and how large the relative decrease is. As an example, a net tip resistance after re-
moulding of 20% of the initial value at the first penetration in a normally consolidated soil with an initial
net tip resistance of 200 kPa and a liquid limit of 50% would correspond to a remoulded shear strength
of only 6% of the undisturbed. The corresponding remoulded strength at a net tip resistance after re-
moulding of 10% of that at the first penetration would be less than 2%. This applies to a completely
remoulded state at the 10th penetration (down). Since a passage of the T-bar tip at a level corresponds to
about 400% shear deformation (Einav and Randolph 2005, Zhou and Randolph 2009, Yafrate et al.
2009) similar dependencies can be expected to apply already after a single cycle of remoulding.
The aim of the present project was to study the gradual degradation of the shear strength after a
threshold had been passed. However, the remoulding after a single passage of the T-bar tip is so great
that it is doubtful if the tip resistances measured at further cycling can give any indication about the deg-
radation process at relatively limited strains that starts already after some per cent of shear deformation

456 8
5 CONCLUSIONS

T-bar testing was performed in a number of clay deposits in Sweden. The results have led to new inter-
pretation methods for Swedish clays similar to those used for the CPT. New correlations for interpreta-
tion of remoulded shear strength and sensitivity have also been suggested. However, the measuring ac-
curacy of the equipment was found to be insufficient for accurate determinations of remoulded shear
strength and sensitivity in the soft sensitive Swedish clays where the remoulded shear strength often is
very low.
A weakness in the design of the T-bar is the greater risk for large bending moments on the probe.
Furthermore predrilling has to be performed through any dry crust with holes of a diameter of about 250
mm. These drawbacks may limit the prospects of developing the test into a more routine method for in-
vestigations on land. For ordinary penetration tests aimed at mapping the stratification and strength pa-
rameters, both on land and in shallow water, the T-bar test has not shown any clear advantage in com-
parison with the CPT. A further drawback with the T-bar is the poor resolution regarding stratification.
The evaluation of undrained shear strength has been found to be dependent on overconsolidation ratio
and liquid limit in a similar manner as for the CPT. For soft sea floor sediments in deep waters offshore,
for which there is no Swedish experience, an advantage has been reported with the T-bar test, due to re-
duced uncertainties in correction for water pressure in the evaluation of shear strength. However, in sim-
ilar conditions near-shore CPTs have also been used successfully for the evaluation of the shear strength
from the excess pore pressure generated during penetration (Karlsrud et al. 1996, Larsson 2004).
For practical use in regular geotechnical investigations in Swedish clay areas it is therefore recom-
mended to employ the CPT with equipment adapted for that type of soil (i.e. low capacity cones in soft
clay). To evaluate the sensitivity, field vane tests or fall-cone tests in the laboratory, or a combination of
both, are preferred.
The aim of this study was not primarily to calibrate interpretation methods for T-bar tests. Hence, the
preliminary relationships presented for Swedish clays should not be used without site-specific verifica-
tion.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The investigation has been supported by grants from the Swedish Transport Administration (initially its
former branch the Swedish National Rail Administration) and by internal research funds at the Swedish
Geotechnical Institute. The thorough reviewing of the manuscript by Peter Robertson, Gregg Drilling &
Testing Inc., is gratefully acknowledged.

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