PART 1 (Tenses)

A. Present
1. Present Tense
* Definition : The tense of a verb that expresses action or state in the present time and
used of what occurs or is true at the time of speaking and of what is habitual or
characteristic or is always or necessarily true that is sometimes used to refer to action in
the past, and that is sometimes used for future events.
* Usage : We use the present simple to talk about things in general.
* Formula : (+) S + V1 + s/es
(-) S + do/does + not + V1
(?) Do/Does + S + V1 ?
* Examples : (+) I go to school everyday.
(-) I dont go to school everyday.
(?) Do you go to school everyday?
* Sources : Murphy, Raymond. 1987. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University
Press.
http://i.word.com/dictionary/present%20tense
2. Present Continuous Tense
* Definiton : Present continuous tense is formed from the present tense of the verb be and
the present participle (-ing form) of a verb.
* Usage : We use the present continuous when we talk about something which is
happening at the time of speaking.
* Formula : (+) S + to be (am/is/are) + V1 + ing
(-) S + to be (am/is/are) + not + V1 + ing
(?) To be (Am/Is/Are) + S + V1 + ing ?
* Example : (+) Im reading a book.
(-) Im not reading a book.
(?) Are you reading a book?
* Sources : Murphy, Raymond. 1987. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University
Press.
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/present-
tense/present-continuous
3. Present Perfect Tense

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 * Definiton : The present perfect tense tell us about the past and about the present. We use
it for an action in the period leading up on the present.
* Usage : We use this tense to tell about actions that happened in the past at an unspecified
times, actions that began in the past and continue to present, and actions that have never
happened.
* Formula : (+) S + have/has + V3
(-) S + have/has + not + V3
(?) Have/has + S + V3 ?
* Examples : (+) She has played football.
(-) She has not played football.
(?) Has she played football?
* Sources : Eastwood, John. 1994. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford
University Press.
http://www.espressoenglish.com
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
* Definition : The present perfect continuous describes an action that started in the past
and continues in the present and future.
* Usage : We use the present perfect tense for an action over a period of time up to now
(the period leading up to the present), for repeated actions up to now (actions as a
continuing series), for a state up to the present, and for an action that started in the past
and stopped recently.
* Formula : (+) S + have/has + been + V1 + ing
(-) S + have/has + not + been + V1 + ing
(?) Have/has + been + S + V1 + ing ?
* Examples : (+) I have been waiting for three years.
She has been going to evening classes in Arabic.
I have been running. Im tired.
(-) I have not been waiting for three years.
She has not been going to evening classes in Arabic.
I have not been running.
(?) Have you been waiting for three years?
Has she been going to evening classes in Arabic?
Have you been running?

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 * Sources : Eastwood, John. 1994. Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford
University Press.
http://www.espressoenglish.com
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/sample/ite/gs/gs_06.html

B. Past
1. Past Tense
* Definition : A verb tense used to express an action or a condition that occured in or
during the past.
* Usage : Past tense is used to talk about the past, hypotheses (things that are imagined
rather than true) and for politeness.
* Formula : (+) S + V2
(-) S + did + not + V1
(?) Did + S + V1 ?
* Example : (+) I went to cinema yesterday.
(-) I did not go to cinema yesterday.
(?) Did you go to cinema yesterday?
* Sources : http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/dict.aspx?rd=1&word=past+tense
http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/past-tense
2. Past Continuous Tense
* Definition : The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which
began in the past and is still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses
an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.
* Usage : We use past continuous tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing
something at a certain time.
* Formula : (+) S + was/were + V1 + ing
(-) S + was/were + not + V1 + ing
(?) Was/Were + S + V1 + ing ?
* Example : (+) I was teaching when Ann came.
(-) I was not teaching when Ann came.
(?) Were you teaching when Ann came?
* Source : Book references Drs. Thuzan
http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/past-continuous-tense/
http//www.16tensesinenglish.com

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3. Past Perfect Tense
* Definition : The past perfect tense is used to emphasize that an action was completed
before another took place.
* Usage : We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this
time.
* Formula : (+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3 ?
* Example : (+) I had wrote an essay when my mother called me.
(-) I had not wrote an essay when my mother called me.
(?) Had you wrote an essay when your mother called you?
* Source : Book references Drs. Thuzan
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/past_perfect_tense.htm
http//www.16tensesinenglish.com
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
* Definiton : The past perfect continuous tense is formed with the past perfect tense of the
verb to be (= had been) + the present participle (ing).
* Usage : We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past
and continued up until another time in the past.
* Formula : (+) S + had + been + V1 + ing
(-) S + had + not + been + V1 + ing
(?) Had + S + been + V1 + ing ?
* Example : (+) They had been asleep for six hours when the fire occurred.
(-) They had not been asleep for six hours when the fire occured.
(?) Had they been asleep for six hours when the fire occured?
* Source : Book references Drs. Thuzan
http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/past-perfect-continuous-tense.html
http//www.16tensesinenglish.com

C. Future
1. Future Tense
* Definition : A future tense is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the
verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.

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 * Usage : It is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after
saying or in future.
* Formula : (+) S + am/is/are + going to + V1
(-) S + am/is/are + not + going to + V1
(?) Am/Is/Are + S + going to + V1 ?
*Example : (+) Im going to study tonight.
(-) Im not going to study tonight.
(?) Are you going to study tonight?
* Source : http://studyandexam.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_tense
2. Future Continuous Tense
* Definition : The future continuous tense is made up of the simple future tense of the
verb to be (shall/will be) + a present participle (verb + -ing).
* Usage : It is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future.
* Formula : (+) S + shall/will + be + V1 + ing
(-) S + shall/will + not + be + V1 + ing
(?) Shall/Will + S + be + V1 + ing ?
* Example : (+) You will be feeling well tomorrow.
(-) You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
(?) Will you be feeling well tomorrow?
* Source : http://studyandexam.com
http://www.myenglishgrammar.com/future-continuous-tense.html
3. Future Perfect Tense
* Definition : The future perfect is a verb form or construction used to describe an event
that is expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future.
* Usage : It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is thought to be
completed in future. It expresses a sense of completion of an action which will occur in
future.
* Formula : (+) S + will/shall + have + V3
(-) S + will/shall + not + have + V3
(?) Will/Shall + S + have + V3 ?
*Example : (+) You will have started a job.
(-) You will not have started a job.
(?) Will you have started a job?

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 * Source : http://studyandexam.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_perfect

4. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

* Definition : Future perfect continuous tense is a verb construction (made up
of will/shall + have been + a present participle) that points to an ongoing future activity
which occurs before another activity.
* Usage : It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will start in future and is
thought to be continued till sometime in future. There will be a time reference, such as
since 1980, for three hours from which the action will start in future and will continue.
* Formula : (+) S + will/shall + have + been + V1 + ing
(-) S + will/shall + not + have + been + V1 + ing
(?) Will/Shall + S + have + been + V1 + ing ?
* Example : (+) She will have been playing football since 2015.
(-) She will not have been playing football since 2015.
(?) Will she have been playing football since 2015?
* Source : http://studyandexam.com
http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/futureperfectprogressiveterm.htm

PART 2
Passive Voice
* Definition : The passive voice is a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice"). The
noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as Our troops
defeated the enemy) appears as the subject of a sentence with passive voice (e.g. The enemy
was defeated by our troops).
* Usage : The passive voice is used when we want to focus attention on the person or thing
affected by the action.
* Formula : Passive forms are made up of an appropriate form of the verb to be followed by
the past participle (pp) form of the verb.
Present Simple : S + am/is/are + pp
Present Continuous : S + am/is/are + being + pp
Present Perfect Simple : S + have/has + been + pp
Past Simple : S + was/were + pp
Past Continuous : S + was/were + being + pp

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 Past Perfect Simple : S + had + been + pp
Future Simple : S + will + be + pp
Future Perfect Simpe : S + will + have + been + pp
Infinitive : S + (to) be + pp
* Example :
Present Simple : The room is swept by Angelique
Present Continuous : The house is being redecorated.
Present Perfect Simple : He has just been sacked!
Past Simple : Her car was stolen last month.
Past Continuous : He was being treated for depression when he won the lottery.
Past Perfect Simple : The vegetables had been cooked for far too long, but we had to eat
them.
Future Simple : The house contents will be auctioned a week on Saturday.
Future Perfect Simple : Theres no point in hurrying. It will all have been eaten by now.
Infinitive : Do you know who is going to be invited?
* Source : http://en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Passive_voice
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/learnit/learnit
v65.shtml
http://www.sfu.ca/~gmccarro/Grammar/Passive_voice.html