PASSAGE IV

What is intelligence, anyway? When I was in the Army I received a kind of aptitude test that all soldiers
took and, against a normal of 100, scored 160. No one at the base had ever seen a figure like that and for two
hours they made a big fuss over me. (It didn't mean anything. The next day I was still a buck private with KP as my
highest duty.)
All my life I've been registering scores like that, so that I have the complacent feeling that I'm highly
intelligent, and I expect other people to think so, too. Actually, though, don't such scores simply mean that I am
very good at answering the type of academic questions that are considered worthy of answers by the people who
make up the intelligence tests -- people with intellectual bents similar to mine?
I had an auto repairman once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not possibly have scored more than
80, by my estimate. I always took it for granted that I was far more intelligent than he was. Yet, when anything
went wrong with my car I hastened to him with it, watched him anxiously as he explored its vitals, and listened to
his pronouncements as though they were divine oraclos --and he always fixed my car.
He had a habit of telling me jokes whenever he saw me. One time he raised his head from the automobile
hood to say: "Doc, a deaf-and-dumb guy went into a hardware store to ask for some nails. He put two fingers
together on the counter and made hammering motions with the other hand. The clerk brought him a hammer. He
shook his head and pointed to the two fingers he was hammering. The clerk brought him nails. He picked out the
sizes he wanted and left. Well, doc, the next guy who came in was blind man. He wanted scissors. How do you
suppose he asked for them?"
Indulgently, I lifted my right hand and made scissoring motions with my first two fingers. Whereupon the
auto repairman laughed raucously and said, "Why, you dumb jerk, he used his voice and asked for them." Then he
said, smugly, "I" ve been trying that on all my customers today." "Did you catch many?" I asked. "Quite a few." He
said. "But I knew for sure I'd catch you." "Why is that?" I asked. "Because you're so .... educated, doc, I knew you
couldn't be very smart."
And I have an uneasy feeling he had something there.

19. The central idea of the passage is

1) Intelligence cannot be quantified
2) You are not expected to be too intelligent if you want to serve in the Army.
3) Intelligence is hard to define
4) Educated people are not smart

20. How does the author interpret his high scores on aptitude tests?
1) He takes them as proof that is intelligent.
2) He realizes that he is very good at answering the academic questions on these tests prepared by people
who have the same kind of academic bent as he has.
3) He expects to be treated as superior to the rest.
4) None of these.
21. The author's encounter with the auto repairman illustrates
1) That the author is not dumb
2) That the author is as smart as he thinks he is
3) That intelligence is very difficult to define
4) Educated people are not smart
22. The tone of the passage is
1) Educative
2) Aggressive
3) Pensive
4) Cautionary
23. Which of these is correct according to the passage?
1) The author received special privileges on account of his high scores in the Army aptitude test.
2) Aptitude tests do not necessarily mesure the intelligence of a person accurately.
3) Intelligence can be quantified.
4) The author was smarter than the repairman.
24. Select a suitable title for the passage.
1) The truth about Aptitude tests.
2) Intelligence and Me1
3) You are Dumber Than You Think You Are.
4) None of these.

PASSAGE V

There were, incidentally, manlike creatures who lived only a few tens of thousands of years ago -the Neanderthals
and the cro Magnons who had average brain volumes of about 1,500 cubic centimetres; that is, more than a
hundred cubic centimetres larger than ours. Most anthropologists guess that we are not descended from
 Neanderthals and may not be from Cro Magnons either. But their existence raises the question: Who were those
fellows? What were their accomplishments? Cro Maqnon was also very large: some specimens were well over six
feet tall. We have seen that a difference in brain volume of 100 cubic centimetres does not seem to be significant,
and perhaps they were no smarter than we or our immediate ancestors; or perhaps they had other, still unknown,
physical impediments, Neanderthals was a lowbrow, but his head was long, front to back; in contrast, our heads
are not so deep, but they are taller: we can certainly be described as highbrows. Might the brain growth exhibited
by Neanderthal man have been in the parietal and occipital lobes, and the major brain growth of our ancestors in
the frontal and temporal lobes? Is it possible that the Neanderthals developed quite a different mentality than ours,
and that our superior linguistic and anticipatory skills enabled us to destroy utterly our husky and intelligent
cousins?
So far as we know, nothing like human intelligence appeared on Earth before a few million, or at least a
few tens of millions of years ago. But that is a few tenths of a percent of the age of Earth, very late in December in
the Cosmic Calendar. Why did it appear so late? The answer,clearly seems to be that some particular property of
higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what is that property? I can suggest at four
possibilities all of which have already been mentioned, either explicitly or implicitly: (1) Never before was there a
brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before
was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was
there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses. (There seems to be some evidence that along with the
evolution of the, human brain there may have been an increase in the number of connections of each neuron with
its neighbour, and in the number of micro circuits.) Explanations 1,2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change
produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be
made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities.
The British student of human evolution Sir Arthur Keith proposed what he called a "Rubicon" in the
evolution of the human brain. He thought that at the brain volume of Homo erectus -- about 750 cubic centimetres,
roughly the engine displacement of a fast motorcycle -- the uniquely human qualities begin to emerge. The
"Rubicon" might, of course, have been more qualitative and quantitative. Perhaps the difference was not so much
an additional 200 cubic centimeters as some specific developments in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
which provided us with analytical ability, foresight and anxiety.
While we can debate what the "Rubicon" corresponds to, the idea of some sort of of Rubicon is not
without value. But if there is a Rubicon anywhere near 750 cubic centimetres, while difference of the order of 100
or 200 cubic centimetres do not - at any rate to us -- seem to be compelling determinants of intelligence, might not
the apes be intelligent in some recognisably human sense? A typical chimpanzee brain volume is 400 cubic
centimetres; a lowland gorilla's, 500 cc. This is the range of brain volumes among the tool-using gracile
Australopithecines.
The Jewish historian Josephus added to the list of penalties and tribulations that accompanied Mankind's
exile from Eden: the loss of our ability to communicate with the animals. Chimpanzees have large brains; they
have well-developed neocortices; they, too, have long childhoods and extended periods of plasticity. Are they
capable of abstract thought? If they're smart, why don't they talk?

25. The tone of the passage is

1) Scientific and analytical
2) Skeptical and cynical
3) Critical of the Homo Sapiens.
4) Derogatory of the human beings
26. We can deduce from the passage that the complete Cosmic Calender comprises
1) Less than a billion years
2) Less than 10 billion years
3) Between 4 and 7 billion years.
4) More than a billion years.
27. The word "Cetacean" in the passage specifically refers to
1) Man-like creatures
2) Very tall structures
3) Whale like creatures
4) A dwarfish race of man
28. We can vaguely conclude from the passage that
1) Intelligence has nothing to do with the size of the brain
2) The size of the brain is one of the determiners of intelligence
3) Intelligence has long existed on the Cosmic Calender
4) Whales have larger brains than Homo Sapiens
29. The author is certain that the truth about the intelligence level of humans hovers around one or more or all the
possible choices given by him.
1) True
2) False
3) Irrelevant
4) Partly fals
30. The word "Rubicon" in the passage refers to
 1) A sword
2) A cross
3) A milestone
4) A nitty-gritty
31. The author seems to be certain that
1) Cro Magnons had superior intelligence than human beings a chimpanzee has brain size that is comparable
with a man's.
2) A chimpanzee has brain size that is comparable with a man's.
3) Superior intelligence can mean larger brains.
4) There has been a turn around in the way apes used to think thousands of years back, and now.

PASSAGE VI
Every two months India produces a Singapore. Six, in the course of a year. So the Prime Minister of the
tiny island nation told the cream of Indian industry in New Delhi last Tuesday. There was much laughter and
applause. Goh Chok Tong was perhaps surprised, since he did not mean it as a compliment. The Singapores
this country produces are not little Asian Tigers - those economies ready to take on the world in tight little
springs. He was referring only to the chaotic increase in the population of this country, already 300 times that of
Singapore.
Goh's opening remarks to the Confederation of Indian Industry, polite though they I were, tore meat
strips off any complacency the representatives of industry and government might have cherished on the
progress of the country and its current liberalisation. The more sensitive among the listeners certainly squirmed.
He started with what he called the contrasts between the two nations. Not just the obvious ones of size
and population, but extending to the critical indices that summed up the essential differences in their psyche.
India, an inward looking people and nation, who chose to see their own vast market as enough of a challenge,
protected from the buffets of the world market by plumping for the swadeshi principle. "Our -three million people
produce for the world market; your 870 million produce mainly for themselves."
So the tiny island without any natural resources accounts for 1.7 percent of world . exports, while India
flounders halfway to the one percent digit. If Goh intended to be kind by slicing a whole 20 million off the population
statistics, he did not succeed. There were more painful examples. SIA flies to more destinations than Air-India and
the country attracts six times the tourists that India hosts. This despite "India having I many more tourist attractions,
great historical monuments and an ancient civilisation."
A state of affairs little likely to change as the Prime Minister made clear. He had come with a proposal for
SIA to bring in vast numbers of tourists from different destinations. This, as he has repeated at other forums during
his week-long visit, was the quickest way of pushing up foreign exchange earnings. It would hurt A-I perhaps, but
then the country's revenues were more important than propping up the national carrier. So, although, "Prime
minister Rao was keen, the minister involved, the minister for civil aviation was not so receptive." Goh appeared to
have been briefed carefully about the undercurrents here. He said the demand for protection was understandable,
SIA had itself sought it. But in the long run, protection did not help. Today, the airline was the symbol of Singapore's
ability to take on the world. But it was not a message that went down too well with sections of industry. There was
muttered dissent from a section of the audience, obviously the Belvedere Club, about the situation being different
here.
It was the glaring contrast, of course, that set the audience thinking. How had this J country failed so
dismally with all its advantages? Goh found the huge Indian market, its skilled labour, the vast reservoir of scientific
manpower, and the large industrial base full of potentials, while Singapore with hardly any assets had become a
roaring success in such a short while. As the head of CII, Jamshyd N Godrej, himself said wonderingly, "Twenty
years ago Singapore had a different image." So how was the miracle worked?
The ensuing question and answer session reflected the businessmen's desperate yearning to have the
real Singapore in India: its disciplined labour, its orderly traffic, its ability to tap new markets and its spectacular
success. One example that Goh elaborated on, the model traffic system, was sufficient to show why the Singapore
dream cannot be replicated here. But a little of the Singapore context first. Pluralism is a word outlawed in thought
and deed. Political and social control is tighter than the Gordian Knot. For a nation that can force its citizens to
maintain their hair at. the correct political length, keeping a rein on Star TV and reducing the inflow of foreign
journalists to a strictly numbered 3,500 is a simple matter. Since two years chewing gum import has been banned
because it's a sticky mess to clean up. As for its traffic system, it is the kind that city planners elsewhere from San
Francisco to Tokyo dare not even draw up a blueprint for. For starters, the number of cars allowed in the 640-sq km
island is carefully regulated. Those hankering to own one have to bid for, what Goh called, a slip of paper. The
current auction price of the permit is US $ 40,000. If a citizen still wants to buy a car, it is only the beginning of
further restrictions: different road tolls for using busy thoroughfares, business districts etc. And as Goh said, even
pedestrians would be taxed for pavements if they became overcrowded. The Haryana Government official who
sought this information looked crestfallen. India does not take kindly to strict regulation; every rule must have a
sufficiency of loopholes. Nor does it subscribe to orderliness in daily life. The roads, particularly in its capital, are
symbolic of this state of mind. As one leading light of industry said ruefully, "It's a pity we can't bring Singapore into
India."
32. The Indian industry's notion about India's progress can be termed as
1) Scientific
2) Analytical
3) complacent
4) correct
33. Chewing gum imports have been banned in Singapore, specifically because
1) it leads to unnecessary foreign exchange outflow.
2) it creates a filthy chewing habit.
3) it is very difficult to clean up.
4) the society may start following wrong western concepts.
34. Singapore is liberal in allowing entry to foreign journalists.
1) True
2) False
3) Irrelevant
4) Indeterminate
35. What is the central theme of the passage?
1) Describing the contrasts between India and Singapore and understanding the reasons.
2) Describing the harsh discipline Singapore as a city state seeks to maintain.
3) Shaking the Indian businessmen out of their sense of complacency.
4) Seeking to explore the reasons of India's underdevelopment, in spite of it being so well endowed with
natural resources.
36. For a citizen of Singapore, owning a car is
1) Impossible
2) very easy
3) very difficult
4) can't say
37. India's population exceeds that of Singapore's by
1) 870 million
2) 857 million
3) 867 million
4) 3 million
38. The chief of CII, as stated in the passage, is
1) KKSharma
2) GohChokTong
3) BansiDhar
4) J N Godrej
39. The "Gordian Knot", as used in the passage, means
1) an easy problem.
2) a puzzle
3) a very strict regulation
4) a deregulated regime
40. Goh's attitude towards the Indian public sector's demand for protection can be described as
1) Sympathetic
2) Hostile
3) Confused
4) None of these