MATH METHODS UNITS 1&2 EXAM NOTES SHEET Quadratics 1 = , 1 =

Unit 1 Turning point form: = ( )2 + If () is not one-to-one, the domain and range of inverse cannot be simply
Linear Equations Turning point: (h, k) swapped and equated.
2 1 2 Cubic and Quartic Functions
Gradient of a line between (1 , 1 ) and (2 , 2 ): = Turning point for general form: ( , + )
2 1 2 4 Cubic function (general form) = 3 + 2 + +
General equation of straight line: = + Discriminant: = b2 4 Cubic function (turning point form) = ( )3 +
Equation of line passing through (1 , 1 ): 1 = ( 1 ) Discriminant meanings: Point of inflection (h, k)
Angle line makes with x-axis: = tan1 = 0 Quartic function (general form) = 4 + 3 + 2 +
Perpendicular gradient of m:
=
1 > 0 +

Quartic function (turning point form) = ( )4 +
Distance between two points: = (2 1 )2 + (2 1 )2 Common Graphs
Turning point (h, k)
Midpoint of line joining two points: =(
1 +2 1 +2
, ) Hyperbola = +
2 2
Remainder/Factor Theorem
Matrices Asymptotes = , = If () is a polynomial, the remainder of polynomial division of () by

Matrix Dimensions dim() = , m = rows, n = columns Truncus = ()2 +
linear factor ( + ), is ( )
Matrix Multiplication

For any two matrices and B, product AB only defined if Asymptote =

If ( ) = 0, then () has linear factor ( + )

Dim() = and dim() = . Sqrt function = +
Squared factor ( + )2 =
Inverses Asymptote =

For square matrices A, B of the same dimension, if AB=BA=I, A is the Circle (general) ( )2 + ( )2 = 2 Cubed factor ( + )3 =

inverse of B and B is the inverse of A. The inverse of any square matrix A Center (h, k) Sums and Differences of Cubes Identity
is denoted 1 . The inverse of a square 2 2 matrix is defined:
Circle (alternate) 2 + 2 2 2 + = 0 3 3 = ( )(2 + + 2 )
1 1
[ ] = [ ] Complete square for general form 3 + 3 = ( + )(2 + 2 )

Semicircle = 2 ( )2 + Quick Expansion Reference
Determinants: For a square 2 2 matrix = [ ] , det() =
Center (h, k) ( + )3 = 3 + 32 + 32 + 3 ( )3 = 3 32 + 32 3
A matrix is singular if no inverse exists, i.e. determinant = 0 Functions, Domains & Ranges Probability
A matrix is regular if its inverse exists, i.e. determinant <> 0 Ordered pair A pair with 2 elements (, ) Random Experiment An experiment for which outcome
Solution of Simulaneous Equations is uncertain
Relation ),
Set of ordered pairs {(1 , 1 (2 , 2 ), }
+ = Sample Space Set of possible outcomes for an experiment
{ [ ] [ ] = [ ] Domain The set of x values for which relation defined
+ = I.e. for rolling n sided dice, {1, 2, 3 . . . }
Range The set of y values for which relation defined
Manipulation of Matrix Equations Event An final result of one or more experiments
1-to-1 function A function for which every x has unique y
= 1 = 1 = = 1 I.e. y-values do not repeat Simple event Consist of one outcome, i.e. rolling a six
When multiplying by inverse, multiply both sides from same direction Function A function with one y-value for every x-value Compound event More than one outcome, i.e. even number
= 1 = 1 ( , ) Co-domain A set that contains the range of a function #
Experimental Probability Pr() =
= 1 = 1 (, ) usually unless explicity specified.
IMPORTANT: SOLVE VENN DIAGRAMS USING ALGEBRA, not plain
Transformations/Dilations/Reflections with Matrices Transformations
REASONING
Translation of h units in the x-dimension and k units in the y-dimension for
Translation of a units in x-dimension and b units in y-dimension () (Simultaneous equations will work to find unknowns!)
the function (): = ( ) +
Karnaugh Maps/Probability Tables
[ ] = [] + [ ] Dilations

Vertical dilation by factor a of (): () = (), > 0
Dilation by factor a in x-dimension and b in y-dimension
(, ) (, ) ( ) ( ) ()
0
[ ] = [ ][ ]
0 Horizontal dilation by factor a of (): ()
= ( ), > 0 ( ) ( ) ()

Reflection: Muliply by: (, ) (, ) () () 1
1 0
[ ] to reflect across y-axis (, ) (, ) Reflections
0 1
1 0 Reflection in the x-axis () = () Addition Rule
[ ] to reflect across x-axis (, ) (, )
0 1 Reflection in the y-axis () = () Pr( ) = Pr() + Pr() Pr( )
0 1 When we say a reflection in the something axis, we mean that we flip all Conditional Probability
[ ] to reflect across y=x (, ) (, )
1 0 points of a relation across the line defined by that axis, i.e. reflect in x-axis Pr( )
0 1 Pr(|) =
[ ] to reflect across y=-x (, ) (, ) flip everything over the x-axis, y-values get negated. Pr()
1 0
Function Inverses Multiplication Rule
For any one-to-one function (), there exists 1 () such that Pr(|) Pr() = Pr( )
Unit 2 General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations Definite Integrals
Logarithmic and Exponential Functions sin = = + (1) sin1
Logarithm Rules
cos = = 2 cos 1 () = [()] = () ()
log + log = log ( )
tan = = + tan1
log log = log ( )
Identities This gives the area under the graph () from a to b
log = log
sin2 + cos 2 = 1 (Pythagorean Identity)
log Kinematics
log =
log tan =
Displacement given by (), () = ()
Sums and differences of squares identities
Equations involving can be simplified by taking logarithm of both sides. (1 sin )(1 + ) = 1 sin2 = cos 2 Velocity given by (), () = () = ()
(1 cos )(1 + cos ) = 1 cos2 = sin2
Exponential Graphs of the form
Acceleration given by (), () = ()
- Have asymptote = 0 Calculus
- Have y-intercept (0, 1) Differential Combinatorics
Differentiation by first principles
Logarithmic Graphs of the form log If we have (), () is given as follows: Addition Principle If a choice is to be made from a set of alternatives that
- Have asymptote = 0 ( + ) () is mutually exclusive, the total number of choices is equal to the sum of the
- Have x-intercept (1, 0) () = lim number of alternatives.
0
Circular Functions Note: lim MUST be included on EVERY line until limit is evaluated to
0 Multiplication Principle If successive or simultaneous independent choices
Quick reference gain full marks! are to be made, and there are m ways of making the first choice and n ways
sin cos tan of making the next, the total number of possible choices is given by
0 0 1 0 Differentiation Rules
/6 1/2 3/2 1/3 Two events are mutually exclusive if Pr( ) = 0

= 1 () = ()
/4 1/2 1/2 1 Two events are independent if Pr( ) = Pr() Pr()

/3 3/2 1/2 3 (() ()) = () ()
Law of Total Probability: Pr() = Pr(|) Pr() + Pr(| ) Pr( )
/2 1 0 undefined
Chain Rule: = Factorials: ! = ( 1) ( 2) 2 1

()()
Quadrant signs: All, Sine, Tangent, Cosine ASTC (All Students Take Shortcut Chain Rule: (()) =
Note that 0! = 1

Coffee) Product Rule: () () = ()() + ()()

() ()() ()()
Permutations The number of permutations possible of n objects in groups of
Trigonometric Identities Quotient Rule: = size r is given by:
() ()2
sin( ) = sin cos( ) = cos tan( ) = tan
sin(2 ) = sin cos(2 ) = cos tan( ) = tan Tangents and Normals !
=
sin = sin cos = cos tan = tan ( )!
Equation of tangent to () at (, ): = ()( )
Trigonometric Equations Combinations The number of combinations possible of n objects in groups
Sine 1 of size r is given by:
General Form: Equation of normal to () at (, ): = ( )
()
= sin ( ) + !
=
2
Has amplitude , period . Translated by units in + direction of x-axis Integral Calculus ! ( )!
Indefinite Integrals
and c units in + direction of y-axis
If we have (), () is defined as () Permutations of Groups of Repeated Objects
Cosine IMPORTANT: All indefinite integrals have a constant term at the end.
The number of ways of arranging n objects in a row when there are p of one
General Form: MUST BE WRITTEN for full marks. If we have a coordinate, we may kind, q of another, r of another, etc. is given by
= cos ( ) + solve for c.
2 !
Has amplitude , period . Translated by units in + direction of x-axis Integration Rules

and c units in + direction of y-axis 1 ! ! !
() = ()
= +1 +
+1 Circular Permutations
Tangent () () = () ()
General Form:
The number of ways of arranging n objects in a circle is given by:
= tan ( ) +
Is dilated in y-axis by factor a, Translated by units in + direction of x- !
axis and c units in + direction of y-axis = ( 1)!