1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GENERAL
The recent growth of battery powered applications and low voltage storage
elements are increasing the demand of efficient step up dc-dc converters. Considering the
present trend in power converters design to employ less iron and more silicon, the voltage
gain required by appliances like UPS(uninterruptible power supply) or systems operating
with renewable energy sources or fuel cells has been increasingly achieved by step up
converters capable of high voltage gain instead of step up transformers. The reduced cost,
reduced size, increase the efficiency and finally the possibility of achieving more accurate
and flexible control in these power converters are a few reasons for this following this
trend. Recently high step up dc-dc converters that do not require isolation have been used
in many applications such as dc back up energy systems for ups, renewable energy
systems, fuel cell systems and hybrid electric vehicles. Generally the high step up dc-dc
converters for these requirements,
1. High step up voltage gain sometimes the voltage gain could be more than 10.
2. High current handling capability.
3. High efficiency at desired level of volume and weight.
4. Low input current ripple.
The classical boost converter is theoretically capable of reaching a high voltage gain in
practice the gain declines as the duty cycle approaches unity due to however parasitic
components as explained in theoretically. The boost converter static gain tends to be
infinite when duty cycle also tends to unity. However in practical terms, such gain is
limited by the I2R loss in the boost inductor due to intrinsic resistance leading to the
necessity of accurate and high cost drive circuitry for the active switch, mainly because
great variation in the duty cycle will affect the output voltage directly. The step up stage
normally the critical point for the design of high efficiency converters due to the operation
with high input current and output voltage, thus a careful study must be done in order to
define the topology for a high step up application. A lot of high step up dc-dc converter
topologies have been presented to overcome the problems. Converters with coupled
 2

inductors can provide high output voltage without extreme duty cycle and yet reduce the
switch voltage stress. The reverse recovery problem associated with rectifier diode is
alleviated. High step up dc-dc converters based on the switched capacitor circuit have been
presented for low power applications. The switched capacitor converter does not employ
any inductor making it feasible to achieve high power density. However the efficiency
could be reduced to allow output voltage regulation. In the switched capacitor circuits
integrated with in a boost converter to achieve output voltage regulation without decreasing
efficiency, but the no of components are high and input current ripple is considerable. The
literature presents cascading of one or more boost converters as an alternatively high
voltage gain. Even though more than one power processing stage exists, the operation in
continuous conduction mode may still lead to high efficiency. The main drawbacks in this
case are increased complexity and the need for two sets that include active switches,
magnetic and controllers. In the last few years some converters based on three state
switching cells (3SSC) have been proposed, and will be discussed as follows. The 3SSC is
obtained by the association of two state switching PWM cells (2SSC) interconnected to a
center tap auto transformer, which a family of dc-dc converter can be derived. This concept
was first introduced in some prominent advantages can be addressed to such structures, e.g.
reduced size, weight and volume of magnetic, which are designed for twice the switching
frequency, the current stress through each main switch is equal to half of the total output
current, allowing the use of switches with lower current rating, losses are distributed among
the semiconductors, leading to better heat distribution and consequently more efficient use
of the heat sinks. The drive circuit of main switches becomes less complex because they
are connected to the same reference node.

1.2 LITTERATURE SURVEY

1. S.V. Araujo, R.P. Torrico-Bascope and L. Menezes, Step up converter with
high voltage gain employing three state switching cells and voltage multiplier. In
Proc Power Electron Spec Tran, 2008, pp. 2271-2277.
This work proposes a new non isolated dc-dc converter with high voltage gain a
using a three state switching cells and voltage multiplier stages based on capacitors. The
value of the gain can modified depending on the requirements of the application by means
no of multiplier stages and the duty cycle. The proposed converter can be employed in
 3

renewable energy systems where commonly low input voltages (12Vdc-48Vdc) are
involved or in uninterrupted power supply systems in order to avoid the necessity of a step
up transformer. One first advantage of the proposed system solution is the reduced voltage
across the active switches that are lower than half of the output voltage, what allows the use
of MOSFETs with lower drain to source resistance moreover, by employing the three state
switching cells. The size of the inductor is reduced because the operating frequency of the
inductor is double of the switching frequency. The current share between the active
switches allows further reduction of the conduction losses. A prototype was built for an
input voltage range 30-45V, 400V output and 250W output power. The operation was
evaluated and the experimental efficiency curve as a function of the output power
presented.
2. R.A. Da Camara, C.M.T. Cruz and R.P. Torrico-Bascope, Boost based on
three state switching cells for ups applications. In Proc Brazilian Power Electron Conf
2009.
This paper presents a novel boost topology based on three state switching cells for
UPS applications. The main features of this converter are reduced conduction losses on the
controlled switches, magnetic components operating with the double of switching
frequency reducing weight and volume, reduced high frequency current ripple, simple
control strategy than can be implemented with well know integrated circuits and inter
connection between input power supply and converts output enabling the use of UPS
inverter ad by pass. A theoretically analysis and experimental results from a 3kw lab model
are presented.
3. K.C. Tseng and T.J. Iang, Novel high efficiency step up converters. EE
Proc Electro Power Appl. Vol151, no2, pp. 182-190, Mar 2004.
As a result of the equivalent series resistor of the boost inductor, conventional boost
converters are not able to provide high voltage gain. A high efficiency high step up
Converters are proposed, with low voltage stress on power switch, power diodes and output
capacitors. The circuit topology of the proposed converter consists of an energy clamp
circuit and a voltage boost cell. The boost converter function is an active clamp circuit to
suppress the voltage spike on power switch during the turn off transient period. The boost
converter output terminal and fly back converter output terminals are serially connecting
 4

the secondary windings of the boost inductor; a high voltage gain is achieved With less
voltage stress on the power devices, such as power MOSFET and power diodes. The
operational principle and steady state analysis are presented to demonstrate the
performance. The proposed converter is very high with four times the output voltage.
4. M. Prudente, L.Pfitscher, G. Emmendo, E.F. Romaneli, R. Gules, Voltage
multiplier cells applied to non-isolated converters. IEEE Trans Power Electron Vol
23, no 2, pp. 871-887 Mar 2008.
This paper introduces the use of the voltage multiplier technique applied to the
classical non-isolated dc-dc converters in order to obtain high step up static gain, reduction
of the maximum switch voltage zero current switching turn on. The diodes reverse
recovery current problem is minimized and the voltage multiplier also operates as a
regenerative clamping, reducing the problems with layout and the EMI generation. These
characteristics allows the operation with high static again and high efficiency making
possible to design a compact circuit for applications where the isolation is not required. The
operation principle the design procedure and practical results obtained from the
implemented prototypes are for the single phase and multiphase dc-dc requiring an output
power of 100W, operating with 12V input voltage and 100V output voltage , obtaining
efficiency equal to 93%. The multiphase technique was tested with a boost interleaved
converter obtaining with an output power equal to 400W, 24V input voltage and 400V
output voltage, obtaining efficiency equal to 95% forward converter. It consists of four
synchronous switches in the secondary side for two outputs with the same ground. The
primary switches control the main output voltage, and the synchronous switches in the
transformer secondary side control the main output voltage. The main advantages of the
proposed converters are that the regulation switch for auxiliary output can achieve the zero-
voltage switching at the entire load conditions and the secondary rectified voltage is a three
level waveform, which can reduce the output filter. The operational principle , analysis and
design considerations of the proposed converter are presented.
 5

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

VMC Based boost Converter output with high voltage gain are usually required in
many industrial applications. So that the design a dc-dc boost converters based on 3SSC
and 5VMC is motivated by these observations, the objective of this project is
1. High voltage output with coupled inductor.
2. Increasing the conversion efficiency and voltage gain.
The operating principle of a proposed VMC based dc-dc boost converter is explained. It
also includes the circuit descriptions and parameters used. It describes the proposed circuit
diagram explanation and simulation circuit. It also contains information about all the blocks
used in the circuit. It contains result of the simulation circuit and shows the outputs
obtained.
1.4 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT
The outline of the project gives the brief description about the contents of the
various chapters.
Chapter 1 Includes the concept used in the proposed converter with its objective
and literarure review which tells the concepts of other reference papers.
Chapter 2 Contains the detailed explanation of the existing 3vmc circuit
Chapter 3 about the proposed circuit diagram and modes of operation.
Chapter 4 Discusses about the simulation results which includes the overall view
of dc-dc boost converter based on 3ssc and 5vmc simulation model and its output
waveforms.
Chapter 5 contains the hardware description and also the hardware pictorial
representation of 3SSC and 5VMCs based dc-dc converter
Chapter 6 Contains the conclusion and also the reference papers.

1.5 SUMMARY
The above chapter includes the overview of the project with its literature review
containing more than six papers. It also includes the objective and outline of the project.
The outline of the project describes the content of each chapters and the objective contains
the modifications done in this project.
 6

CHAPTER 2

THE EXISTING SYSTEM

2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig:2.1 dc-dc converter based on 3ssc and 3vmc

The above fig:2.1 Boost converter based on 3ssc and 3vmc circuit diagram. The
circuit constituted by diodes and capacitors. The converter is able to operate in overlapping
and non-overlapping mode. The existing circuit showing the 3voltage multiplier stages and
3 state switching cell. The 3ssc circuit consist of : Input voltage source(vi) ,Boost
inductor(L),and transformer windings are (N1) and (N2), controlled switches(S1),(S2).The
3vmc consist of diodes(d1)-(d8) and capacitors(c1)-(c2). The above converter has operated
in eight stages.
 7

2.2 MODES OF OPERATION

2.2.1 MODE 1

Fig:2.2.1 Mode 1 Circuit diagram

In mode 1circuit [see Fig. 2.2.1]: Switches S1 and S2 are turned ON, while
all diodes are reverse biased. Energy is stored in inductor L and there is no energy transfer
to the load. The output capacitor provides energy to the load. This stage nishes when
switch S1 is turned OFF.
2.2.2 MODE 2

Fig:2.2.2 Mode 2 circuit diagram

 8

In mode 2 circuit [see Fig.2.2.2]: Switch S1 is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned
ON and diode D5 is forward biased. There is no energy transfer to the load as well.
Inductor L stores energy, capacitors C1 and C3 are discharged, and capacitors C2 , C4 , and
C6 are charged.

2.2.3 MODE 3

Fig:2.2.3 Mode 3 circuit diagram

In mode 3 circuit [see Fig.2.2.3]: Switches S1 and S2 remain turned OFF and ON,
respectively. Diodes D3 and D7 are forward biased, while all the remaining ones are
reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D7 . The inductor stores
energy, and capacitors C2 and C4 are still charged. Capacitors C1 is discharged, and so are
C3 and C5 .

2.2.4 MODE 4
In mode 4 circuit [see Fig.2.2.4]: Switch S2 remains turned ON, diode D3 is reverse
biased, and diode D1 is forward biased. Energy is transferred to the load through D7 . The
inductor is discharged, and so are capacitors C1 , C3 , and C5 , while C2 is charged.
 9

Fig:2.2.4 Mode 4 circuit diagram

2.2.5 MODE 5

Fig:2.2.5 Mode 5 circuit diagram

In mode 5 circuit [see Fig.2.2.5]: Switches S1 and S2 are turned ON, while all
diodes are reverse biased. Energy is stored in inductor L and there is no energy transfer to
the load. The output capacitor provides energy to the load. This stage nishes when switch
S1 is turned OFF.
 10

2.2.6 MODE 6

Fig:2.2.6 Mode 6 circuit diagram

In mode 6 circuit [see Fig. 2.2.6]: Switch S2 is turned OFF and switch S1 is still
turned ON. Diode D6 is forward biased. The inductor is charged by the input source,
although capacitors C2 and C4 are discharged instead.

2.2.7 MODE 7

Fig:2.2.7 Mode 7 circuit diagram

 11

In mode 7 circuit [see Fig.2.2.7]: Switches S2 and S1 remain turned OFF and ON,
respectively. Diodes D4 and D8 are forward biased, while all the remaining ones are
reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D8 . The inductor stores
energy, and capacitors C1 and C3 are still charged. Capacitors C2 is discharged, and so are
C4 and C6.

MODE 8

Fig:2.2.8 Mode 8 circuit diagram

In mode 8 circuit [see Fig.2.2.8]: Switch S1 is turned ON, while S2 remains turned
OFF. Diodes D2 and D8 are forward biased, while D4 is reverse biased as well as the
remaining diodes. Energy transfer to the load occurs through D8 , and capacitor Co is still
charged. The inductor is discharged, while capacitor C1 is charged and capacitors C2 , C4 ,
and C6 are discharged.
 12

CHAPTER 3
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig:3.1 Proposed dc-dc converter based on 3ssc and 5vmcs circuit diagram
 13

3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

The above fig3.1 boost converter based on 3 state switching cell and 5 voltage
multiplier cells circuit. The circuit constituted by diodes and capacitors. The converter is
able to operate in overlapping mode and non-overlapping mode ,the proposed circuit
showing the 5multiplierstages The composing elements are :input voltage source (Vi) ;
boost inductor L, and windings with L1and L2turns,controlled switches S1andS2;
multiplier stage diodesD1-D10; multiplier stage capacitorsC1-C10; boost diodes D11 and
D12;output filter capacitor Co and equivalent load resistor Ro In order to verify the
claimed advantages of the converter family, shown in The proposed vmc circuit has
operate in eleven modes.

3.3 MODES OF OPERATION

3.3.1MODE 1

Fig:3.3.1 Mode 1 circuit diagram

The above fig3.3.1 is mode 1 circuit diagram the mode1 operation Switches
S1 and S2 are turned ON, while all diodes are reverse biased. Energy is stored in inductor L
 14

and there is no energy transfer to the load. Output capacitor provides energy to the load.
This stage finishes when switchS1is turned off.

3.3.2 MODE 2

Fig:3.3.2 Mode 2 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.2 is mode 2 circuit diagram. The mode2 operation Switch S1 is
turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD9 is forward biased. There is no energy
transfer to the load as well. Inductor L stores energy, capacitors C1 a C3,C5 and C7 are
discharged, and capacitors C2, C4, and C6,C8,C10 are charged.
 15

3.3.3 MODE 3

Fig:3.3.3 Mode 3 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.3 mode 3 circuit diagram. In mode 3 operation Switch S1
is turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD7 is forward biased, while all the
remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D11
Inductor L stores energy, capacitors C1, C3, C5, C7, C9 are discharged, and capacitors C2,
C4, and C6,C8 are charged.
 16

3.3.4 MODE 4

Fig:3.3.4 Mode 4 circuit diagram

The above fig3.3.4 is mode 4circuit diagram In Mode 4 state Switch S1 is turned
OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD5 is forward biased, while all the remaining
ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D11. Inductor L
stores energy, capacitors C1,C3,C5,C7,C9 are discharged, and capacitors C2, C4, C6 are
charged.
 17

3.3.5 MODE 5

Fig:3.3.5 Mode 5 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.5 is mode 5 circuit diagram. In Mode5 operation Switch S1 is
turned OFF, while S2 is still turned ON and diodeD3 is forward biased while all the
remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the output stage through D11.
Inductor L stores energy, capacitor C1, C3, C5, C7, C9 are discharged, and capacitors C2,
C4 are charged.
 18

3.3.6 MODE 6

Fig:3.3.6 Mode 6 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.6 mode6 circuit diagram In mode 6 state Switch S2 remains
turned ON, diode D3 is reverse biased, and diode D1 is forward biased while all the
remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is transferred to the load through D11. The
inductor is discharged, and so are capacitors C1, C3, and C5, C7, C9 while C2 is charged.
 19

3.3.7 MODE 7

Fig:3.3.7 Mode 7 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.7 is mode 7 circuit diagram. In Mode 7 Switch S2 is turned OFF
and switch S1 is still turned ON. Diode D10 is forward biased while all the remaining ones
are reverse biased. The inductor is charged by the input source, although capacitors C2, C4,
C6, and C8 are discharged and the capacitors C1, C3, C5, C7, C9 are charged.
 20

3.3.8 MODE 8

Fig:3.3.8 Mode 8 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.8 mode8 circuit diagram. In Mode 8 circuit Switches S1 turned
ON, DiodeD8 is forward biased, while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is
transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor stores energy and capacitors C1,
C3, C5 and C7 are charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4, C6, C8 and C10.
 21

3.3.9 MODE 9

Fig:3.3.9 Mode 9 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.9 is mode 10 circuit diagram In mode10 circuit Switches
S1turned ON, Diode D6 is forward biased, while all the remaining ones are reverse biased.
Energy is transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor stores energy, and
capacitors C1and C3, C5, are charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4 and C6,
C8, C10.
 22

3.3.10 MODE 10

Fig:3.3.10 Mode 10 circuit diagram

The above fig 3.3.10 is mode 10 circuit diagram. In mode 10operationSwitches

S1turned ON, Diode D4 is forward biased, while all the remaining ones are reverse biased.
Energy is transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor stores energy and
capacitors C1and C3 are charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4 and C6, C8,
C10.
 23

3.3.11 MODE 11

Fig:3.3.11 Mode 11 circuit diagram

The fig 3.3.11 is mode11 circuit diagram Mode 11 state Switches S1turned ON,
Diode D2 is forward biased, while all the remaining ones are reverse biased. Energy is
transferred to the output stage through D12. The inductor stores energy and capacitors C1
is charged. Capacitor C2 is discharged, and so are C4 and C6, C8, C10.
 24

CHAPTER 4

SIMULATION MODELS AND OUTPUT

4.1 INTRODUCTION TO MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates
computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where
problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses
include.
Math and computation.
Algorithm development.
Data acquisition.
Modeling, simulation and prototyping.
Data analysis, exploration, and visualization.
Scientific and engineering graphics.
MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does
not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems,
especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take
to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. The name
MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy
access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today,
MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of
the art in software for matrix computation.
MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In
university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced
courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of
choice for high productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB features a
family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most
users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology.
Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions that extend the MATLAB
environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available
 25

include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,
simulation, and many others.

4.2 IMPLEMENTATION PROCEDURE

A new file is opened in SIMULINK software. The complete process of simulating
the model can be subdivided into stage as follows.
1. Complete circuit
2. Simulating the model

4.2.1 COMPLETE CIRCUIT

DC SOURCE
In Simulink all the blocks are taken from Simulink library browser. DC source is
taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > ELECTRICAL SOURCE > DC VOLTAGE
SOURCE placed inside the model.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > ELEMENTS > MULTIWINDING
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE and placed in model.
DIODE
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > POWER ELECTRONICS > DIODE and
placed in model.
MOSFET
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > POWER ELECTRONICS > MOSFET
and placed in model.
RLC BRANCH
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > ELEMENTS > BRANCHES and placed
in model.
PRODUCT
It is taken from SIMULINK > COMMONLY USED BLOCK >PRODUCT and
placed in model.
LOGICAL OPERATOR
It is taken from SIMULINK > COMMONLY USED BLOCK >LOGICAL
OPERATOR and placed in model.
 26

VOLTAGE MEASUREMNT
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > MEASUREMENTS > VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENTS and placed in model.
CURRENT MEASUREMENT
It is taken from SIMPOWER SYSTEM > MEASUREMENTS > CURRENT
MEASUREMENTS and placed in model.
SCOPE
It is taken from SIMULINK > SINKS > SCOPE and placed in model.
All these blocks are connected to form a circuit and the results are obtained by
doing simulation.

4.2.2 SIMULATING THE MODEL

For simulating the model first SIMULATION>RUN is selected. Once simulation
over, double click on the scope.
 27

4.3 SIMULATION MODEL OF PROPOSED CIRCUIT

The simulation model of dc-dc converter based on 3ssc and 5vmc circuit is shown
in fig 4.1

Fig:4.1 dc-dc converter based on 3ssc and 5vmc simulation circuit

 28

4.4 WAVE FORMS OF SIMULATION MODEL

4.4.1 INPUT VOLTAGE

Fig:4.2 Input voltage given to the proposed circuit simulated in MATLAB

The above fig4.4.2 shows the input voltage for the modified circuit simulated in
MATLABT taken across the input voltage source in scope.
 29

4.4.2 GATE PULSE

Fig:4.3 Triggering pulse wave form

The above fig 4.3 shows the triggering pulses for the MOSFETs in the circuit,
shown in the Single scope.
 30

4.4.3 OUPUT VOLTAGE AND CURRENT

Fig:4.4 Output voltage and current wave form

The above fig 4.4 shows the simulated output current and voltage waveforms taken
across the load in single scope for power P=600Watts.
 31

CHAPTER 5

HARD WARE IMPLEMENTAION

5.1 INTRODUCTION
The hardware kit of single input multiple output DC-DC converter consists of
three circuits with power supply and the same will represented in the following chapters.
The circuits are as follows,
1. Power Supply,
2. Power Circuit,
3. Controller Circuit,
4. Isolation Circuit.

5.2 POWER SUPPLY DESIGN

The driver circuits need 12V and 5V regulated DC supply. Microcontroller need5V
supply, so we convert 230V AC supply is first step down in to 15V by using step down
transformer. Then this 15V AC is converted in to DC by using Full bridge rectifier which
has high efficiency than all other methods. This 15V DC is converting into 12V DC and 5V
DC by using 7812 and 7805 regulator respectively. The following figure 5.1shows the 5V
regulated power supply.

Fig:5.1 Regulated 5V DC voltage output circuit for Micro controller

 32

The capacitor is used to provide smooth variation in voltage. For indication purpose
we used LED with 1K resistor to limit current flow to the LED. The following figure 5.2
shows the 12V regulated power supply.

Fig:5.2 Regulated 24V DC voltage output circuit for isolation & input supply

5.3 POWER CIRCUIT

Fig:5.3 Power Circuit of VMC based DC-DC Converter

The above figure 5.3 shows the power circuit of the single input multiple output
DC-DC Converter. It consists of,
1.Input side circuit
2.output voltage circuit
This power circuit was already explained in chapter 3. The input side circuit
consists of a coupled inductor, a MOSFET switch and a diode. The coupled inductor
 33

primary has a series connected leakage inductor and a parallel connected magnetizing
inductor.. The output voltage circuit consisting of two MOSFET switches, five voltage
multiplier cells, each cell consist of capacitor diode pair .In voltage multiplier cells diode
and capacitor are connected in parallel, and filter capacitor are used to avoid ripples.

5.3.1 MOSFET TOPOLOGY

The bipolar and the MOSFET transistors exploit the same operating principle.
Fundamentally, both type of transistors are charge controlled devices which means that
their output current is proportional to the charge established in the semiconductor by the
control electrode. When these devices are used as switches, both must be driven from a low
Impedance source capable of sourcing and sinking sufficient current to provide for fast
insertion and extraction of the controlling charge. From this point of view, the MOSFETs
have to be driven just as hard during turn-on and turn-off as a bipolar transistor to
achieve comparable switching speeds. Theoretically, the switching speeds of the bipolar
and MOSFET devices are close to identical, determined by the time required for the charge
carriers to travel across the semiconductor region. Typical values in power devices are
approximately 20 to 200 picoseconds depending on the size of the device.
The popularity and proliferation of MOSFET technology for digital and power
applications is driven by two of their major advantages over the bipolar junction transistors.
One of these benefits is the ease of use of the MOSFET devices in high frequency
switching applications. The MOSFET transistors are simpler to drive because their control
electrode is isolated from the current conducting silicon, therefore a 33 continuous ON
current is not required. Once the MOSFET transistors are turned-on, their drive current is
practically zero. Also, the controlling charge and accordingly the storage time in the
MOSFET transistors are greatly reduced. This basically eliminates the design trade-off
between on state voltage dropwhich is inversely proportional to excess control charge and
turn-off time. As a result, MOSFET technology promises to use much simpler and more
efficient drive circuits with significant economic benefits compared to bipolar devices.
 34

5.4 CONTROLL CIRCUIT

Fig:5.4 Control Circuit of VMC based DC-DC Converter

The above figure 5.4 shows the controller circuit of the single input multiple output
DC-DC Converter. It consists of,
1. Micro Controller
2. Buffer

5.4.1 MICRO CONTROLLER (12F508)

Fig:5.5 Pic 12F508 pin diagram

 35

The PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices from Microchip Technology are low-cost,

high-performance, 8-bit, fully static, Flash-based CMOS microcontrollers. They employ a
RISC architecture with only 33 single-word/ single-cycle instructions. All instructions are
single cycle (200s) except for program branches, which take two cycles. The
PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices deliver performance an order of magnitude higher than
their competitors in the same price category. The 12-bit wide instructions are highly
symmetrical, resulting in a typical 2:1 code compression over other 8-bit microcontrollers
in its class. The easy-to-use and easy to remember instruction set reduces development time
significantly.
The PIC12F508/509/16F505 products are equipped with special features that reduce
system cost and power requirements. The Power-on Reset (POR) and Device Reset Timer
(DRT) eliminate the need for external Reset circuitry. There are four oscillator
configurations to choose from (six on the PIC16F505), including INTRC Internal
Oscillator mode and the power-saving LP (Low-Power) Oscillator mode. Power-Saving
Sleep mode, Watchdog Timer and code protection features improve system cost, power
and reliability.
The PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices are available in the cost-effective Flash
programmable version, which is suitable for production in any volume. The customer can
take full advantage of Microchips price leadership in Flash programmable
microcontrollers, while benefiting from the Flash programmable flexibility.

5.4.1.(A) MEMORY
The PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices can directly or indirectly address its register
files and data memory. All Special Function Registers (SFR), including the PC, are mapped
in the data memory. The PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices have a highly orthogonal
(symmetrical) instruction set that makes it possible to carry out any operation, on any
register, using any addressing mode. This symmetrical nature and lack of special optimal
situations make programming with the PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices simple, yet
efficient. In addition, the learning curve is reduced significantly.
 36

The PIC12F508/509/16F505 devices contain an 8-bit ALU and working register.

The ALU is a general purpose arithmetic unit. It performs arithmetic and Boolean functions
between data in the working register and any register file. The ALU is 8 bits wide and
capable of addition, subtraction, shift and logical operations. Unless otherwise mentioned,
arithmetic operations are twos complement in nature. In two-operand instructions, one
operand is typically the W (working) register. The other operand is either a file register or
an immediate constant. In single operand instructions, the operand is either the W register
or a file register. The W register is an 8-bit working register used for ALU operations. It is
not an addressable register.
Depending on the instruction executed, the ALU may affect the values of the Carry
(C), Digit Carry (DC) and Zero (Z) bits in the STATUS register. The C and DC bits operate
as a borrow and digit borrow out bit, respectively, in subtraction.

5.4.1B FEATURES
6 I/O Pins:
5 I/O pins with individual direction control
1 input only pin
High current sink/source for direct LED drive
Wake-on-change
Weak pull-ups
8-Bit Real-Time Clock/Counter (TMR0) with 8-Bit Programmable Pre scale

5.4.2 BUFFER 74125

A buffer amplifier is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from
one circuit to another. Two main types of buffer exist: the voltage buffer and the current
buffer.
 37

5.4.2A CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IC 74125

Fig:5.6 Output voltage and current wave form

This device contains four independent gates each of which performs a non-inverting
buffer function. The outputs have the 3-STATE feature. When enabled, the outputs exhibit
the low impedance characteristics of a standard LS output with additional drive capability
to permit the driving of bus lines without external resistors. When disabled, both the output
transistors are turned off presenting a high-impedance state to the bus line. Thus the output
will act neither as a significant load nor as a driver. To minimize the possibility that two
outputs will attempt to take a common bus to opposite logic levels, the disable time is
shorter than the enable time of the outputs.

5.5 ISOLATION CIRCUIT

Fig:5.7 Isolation Circuit of VMC based DC-DC Converter

 38

Isolation circuits are specially designed circuits to isolate the POWER CIRCUIT
and CONTROLLER CIRCUIT. These circuits are used to provide ground. ICs are usually
used to provide this isolation. The figure 5.7 shows the isolation circuit used in the VMC
DC-DC Converter .

5.5.1 OPTO COUPLER

An optical coupler, also called opto-isolator, , opto coupler, photo coupler or optical
isolator, is a passive optical component that can combine or split transmission data (optical
power) from optical fibers. It is an electronic device which is designed to transfer electrical
signals by using light waves in order to provide coupling with electrical isolation between
its input and output. The main purpose of an opto coupler is to prevent rapidly changing
voltages or high voltages on one side of a circuit from distorting transmissions or damaging
components on the other side of the circuit. An opto coupler contains a light source often
near an LED which converts electrical input signal into light, a closed optical channel and a
photo sensor, which detects incoming light and either, modulates electric current flowing
from an external power supply or generates electric energy directly. The sensor can either
be a photo resistor, a silicon controlled rectifier, a photodiode, a phototransistor or a triac.

5.5.2 OPTOCOUPLER FUNCTIONS

To isolate one section of a circuit from another, each section having different signal
voltage levels to ensure compatibility between them.
To prevent electrical noise or other voltage transients that may exist in a section of
a circuit from interfering with another section when both sections have a common circuit
reference. Noise or voltage transients can be caused by a poor printed circuit board layout.

5.5.3 OPTO COUPLER TLP250

The TOSHIBA TLP250 consists of a GaAlAs light emitting diode and a integrated
photo detector. This unit is 8lead DIP package. TLP250 is suitable for gate driving circuit
of IGBT or power MOSFET. The features of TLP250 are as follows,
Input threshold current: IF=5mA (max.)
Supply current (ICC): 11mA (max.)
Supply voltage (VCC): 1035V
Output current (IO): 1.5A (max.)
 39

Switching time (tpLH/tpHL): 1.5s (max.)

Isolation voltage: 2500Vrms(min.)
Maximum operating insulation voltage: 630VPK
Highest permissible over voltage: 4000VPK
Creepage distance: 6.4mm (min.)
Clearance: 6.4mm (min)

5.5.4 PIN CONFIGURATION OF TLP250

Fig:5.8 Pin diagram of TPL250

The figure 5.8 shows the pin diagram of IC TLP250. Pin 8 is VCC the positive
supply.
Pin 5 is GND the ground supply or the return path for the driving power supply.
The supply voltage must be at least 10V. The maximum voltage is dependent on the
operating temperature.
Pins 2 and 3 are the inputs to the LED, anode and cathode respectively. Like regular
LEDs, it has an input forward voltage and a peak forward current.
Even though pins 6 and 7 are shown to be internally connected, the output should
be
taken from pin 6 as the image - datasheet - shows pin 6 labeled as Vo (Output).
 40

Output voltage will tend to rise to supply voltage when and fall to ground level
when low.
5.6 FULL HARDWARE REPRESENTATION

Fig:5.9 Complete Hardware Representation of VMC based DC-DC Converter

The figure 5.9 shows the complete hardware representation of three state switching cell
and five voltage multiplier based DC-DC Converter.
 41

5.7 INPUT REPRESENTATION OF HARDWARE KIT

Fig:5.9 Input applied to power circuit

The figure 5.9 shows the input voltage of single input multiple output DC-DC
Converter. The input voltage range 24v
 42

5.8 OUTPUT REPRESENTATION OF HARDWARE KIT

Fig: 5.10 Output voltage of VMC based DC-DC Converter

The figure 5.14 shows the output voltage of five VMC based DC-DC
Converter
 43

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

6.1CONCLUSION
This project has proposed non isolated high voltage gain DC-DC converters. To
verify the principle operation of the generated structures, the boost converter was chosen.
The topology is adequate for several applications such as photovoltaic systems, fuel cell
systems and UPS, where high voltage gain between the input and output voltage is
demanded. An important characteristic that can be seen in the experimental results is the
reduced blocking voltage across the controlled switches compared to similar circuits,
allowing the utilization of MOSFETs with reduced on resistance. Besides, the advantages
of the 3SSC are also incorporated into the resulting topology, Furthermore only part of the
energy from the input source flows through the active switches, while the remaining part is
directly transferred to the load through passive components, such as the diodes.
.
 44

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