SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES & RESEARCH FOR LUBRICATION PROFESSIONALS AN PUBLICATION | AUGUST 2016

TLT
T R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
MAINTENANCE
12 YEARS
of publishing excell
excellence
lence

4. 0
Condition monitoring moves into
its fourth decade with a renewed
emphasis on risk management.

Regulatory Trends in MWFs

And how the industry is reacting
Greases Future
Q&A with Paul Bessette
What Whacked the Wankel?
(Hint: Begins with an L)
Thin Section Bearings
Applications and advantages

The Passing of a Legend

H. Peter Jost remembered

Digital TLT: Sponsored this month by 2016 STLE Tribology Frontiers Conference at www.stle.org.
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 Contents TLT / AUGUST 2016 / VOLUME 72 / NO. 8

16 32 38
FEATURES
20 MINUTES WITH FEATURE ARTICLE PEER-REVIEWED PAPER (EDITORS CHOICE)

16 Paul A. Bessette 32 Maintenance 4.0 46 Effects of Oxide Layer

This self-described chemical
tribologist discusses industry
consolidation, education,
economicsand his favorite
testing machine.
By Rachel Fowler
LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
22 Which came rst?
The age-old chicken or egg
riddle has revealing lessons for
those interested in the causes
of climate change.
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham
Condition monitoring moves into Formation during
its fourth decade with an Lubricated Sliding on the
increased emphasis on risk Frictional Properties of
management maintenance. Titanium-Coated Silicon
By Dr. Robert M. Gresham By Dae-Hyun Cho, Jiusi Jia and
Young-Ze Lee
MARKET REPORT
38 Metalworking uids: Global
challenges, trends and
opportunities
How OEMs, suppliers and
end-users are responding.
By Gabriel Tarle

WEBINARS

24 Considerations for thin

section bearings
A technical examination of these
22
unique components, their
applications and advantages.
By Jeanna Van Rensselar

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY AUGUST 2016 1

 Contents
DEPARTMENTS EDITOR
Evan Zabawski, CLS
Reliability Specialist
8 Tech Beat Calgary, Alberta, Canada
evan.zabawski@gmail.com
RoboBees learning to perch;
monitoring of chemical
PUBLISHER/ SENIOR FEATURE WRITER
reactions in real time; EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Jeanna Van Rensselar
acousticsa potential Thomas T. Astrene
tastrene@stle.org CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
diagnostic tool for lubricants. Stuart F. Brown
ASSOCIATE EDITOR Dr. Neil Canter
By Dr. Neil Canter Rachel Fowler Dr. Robert M. Gresham
rfowler@stle.org Dr. Nancy McGuire

6
Debbie Sniderman
56 Newsmakers
This months newsmakers CIRCULATION ADVERTISING SALES
COORDINATORS Tracy Nicholas VanEe
include SKF, Acme-Hardesty, Myrna Scott Phone: (630) 922-3459
Des-Case Corp., INOLEX Judy Enblom Fax: (630) 904-4563
(847) 825-5536 tnicholas@stle.org
and more.
COLUMNS DESIGN/PRODUCTION
Joe Ruck
66 New Products 4 Presidents Report
SynPrime lubricant esters, The passing of a legend TECHNICAL EDITORS
dimensional analysis system Patrick Brutto Michael N. Kotzalas
and more. 6 From the Editor ANGUS Chemical Co. The Timken Co.
Buffalo Grove, Illinois North Canton, Ohio
Fretting about friction Vincent Gatto
68 Sounding Board Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
Dr. Anoop Kumar
Royal Manufacturing Co.
Norwalk, Connecticut
What is your favorite work of 78 Cutting Edge Tulsa, Oklahoma

science ction and why? David B. Gray

Coils in oils Evonik Oil Additives
Horsham, Pennsylvania
72 Advertisers Index 80 Automotive Tribology Dr. Martin Greaves
The Dow Chemical Co.
What stalled the Wankel? Horgen, Switzerland
74 Resources
Michael D. Holloway
Keep up to date with the latest ALS Tribology
Highland Village, Texas
technical literature available in
Tyler Housel
print and online. INOLEX, Inc.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Dr. Robert Jackson
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Can Stock Photo Inc. / damedeeso
Shawn McCarthy
Ocean State Oil, Inc.
Riverside, Rhode Island
Dr. Mary Moon
Presque Isle
Innovations, LLC
Yardley, Pennsylvania
William Nehart
Calumet Specialty
Products Partners, L.P.
Apple Valley, Minnesota
Jason Papacek
POLARIS Laboratories
Indianapolis, Indiana
Dr. Mehdi Shaei

Dr. Zulqar Khan

Bournemouth University
Poole, Dorset,
United Kingdom
This Months Factoids:
Dr. Kook-Wha Koh
Hot August Night Chrysan Industries, Inc.
Plymouth, Michigan
Novelis Global Research
& Technology Center
Kennesaw, Georgia
Paula Vettel
Novvi, LLC
Emeryville, California

Andras Korenyi-Both Jeff Walkup

Tribologix, Inc. Gram & Juhl
Front cover image Can Stock Photo Inc. / iLexx Golden, Colorado Englewood, Colorado

Copyright 2016 Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. All Rights Reserved. TRIBOLOGY AND LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY (USPS 865740)
TLT magazine is owned and published in print and electronically by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers (STLE). Vol. 72, Number 8, (ISSN-1545-858), is published monthly
The views set forth in this magazine are those of the authors and not necessarily the views of STLE. Material from TLT magazine by the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers,
may be reproduced only with written permission from STLE. TLT magazine assumes no liability or responsibility for any 840 Busse Hwy, Park Ridge, IL 60068-2376. Periodicals
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2 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

Fresh air.

Whatever clean technologies the future brings, lubricants will To learn more,
continue to play a key role. For innovative industrial lubricants scan the QR code or visit
that extend service life and enhance performance, look to evonik.com/oil-additives.
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PRESIDENTS REPORT
Dr. Ali Erdemir

The passing of a legend

H. Peter Jost was the founding father of modern-day tribology and
brought leadership and support to our eld.

EARLY IN THE MORNING ON JUNE 7, the

world tribology community lost one of its
greatest voices and public facesprofessor H.
Peter Jost, who passed away at the age of 95.
This was a very sad day for all. Earlier I had
heard from a few friends that he recently suf-
fered a mild illness and was hospitalized, but
I never imagined a mild illness would take him
away in such a hurry.
Professor Jost was a legend of our time
and the founding father of modern-day tribol-
ogy. He assumed the patronage and leader-
ship mantle of our eld as the president of
the International Tribology Council, which has
long served as an umbrella organization for
the broader tribology community in the world.
He was most credited for his acclaimed Jost From left to right: Peter Jost, Kenneth Holmberg and Ali Erdemir at the 50-year
Report to the British government, issued in celebration of the Jost Report held March 2 at Buckingham Palace.
March 1966, which documented that annually
more than 500 million pounds (500M) could
be saved through the adoption of advanced memorating the scientific advances that and extraordinarily rich personality, but when
lubrication and tribological practices. This also tribology has brought to our life. Peter also the discussions shifted to the more serious
was the report in which he coined the word took a turn to re-emphasize that what had topic of tribology, again he was very resolute
tribology in uppercase letters with a clear-cut been said 50 years ago is still valid todayin and resilient in his convictions.
denition: TRIBOLOGY is the science and tech- fact, more so than before as the impact of Peter was cherished and revered by the
nology of interacting surfaces in relative mo- tribology on energy, climate change and world tribology community, which immensely
tion and of the practices related thereto. sustainability has become much clearer. beneted from his patronage and benefactor
Peter was an outspoken advocate of tri- At the gala reception hosted by HRH role in tribology. He was truly a founding fa-
bology at every conceivable stage, forum and Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh, at Buck- ther whose legacy will live with us for years
organization. He unequivocally attested to the ingham Palace, both Martin and I had a rare to come.
signicant cost savings, quality of life, energy moment to chat with Peter. As always, he was On behalf of the entire STLE family, I re-
and environmental benets that tribology can very sharp, eloquent, humorous and also spectfully extend our deepest sympathy to his
bring to humanity. He was so adamant and thankful that we could join the celebration. A family and the world tribology community. He
unwavering in his commitment to the eld of little later I had another rare moment with will be missed immensely.
tribology that today multiple professorships Peter, this time with a dear friend, professor
and centers of excellence in the U.K. are Kenneth Holmberg, with whom I published a Editors Note: For more on the life of H. Peter
named after him. paper dealing with global energy consump- Jost, see Page 64.
On March 2 Immediate Past President Mar- tion due to friction in cars. This joint paper, of
tin Webster and I were invited to the celebra- course, was inspired by Peters original report Ali Erdemir is a Distinguished
tion of the 50th anniversary of the Jost Re- and personally encouraged by him in Kyoto, Fellow at Argonne National
port. Ceremonies started at the Institution of Japan, at the 2009 World Tribology Congress. Laboratory in Lemont, Ill.
Mechanical Engineers with a short welcoming Our discussion with Peter was very pleasant You can reach him at
reception and then a series of speeches com- and cheerful due to his rare sense of humor erdemir@anl.gov.

4 Originally the sixth month and called Sextilis in Latin, August was changed to the eighth month and renamed after Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
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FROM THE EDITOR
Evan Zabawski

Fretting about friction

Less wear yields
fresher and clearer
notes.
WHY DO SOME STRINGED INSTRUMENTS
HAVE FRETS? Those of us who do not play
assume they are there to mark where your
ngers are supposed to go, but that is not en-
tirely true. Nor are frets present solely to en-
sure intonation. Frets serve multiple purposes,
and the foremost is allowing the player to fully

Can Stock Photo Inc. / nao

pinch the string and produce a clear tone.
Frets divide the neck of an instrument into
semitones or half steps, with each octave being
divided into twelve semitones. Classical guitars
will typically have 19 frets, but electric guitars
can have as many as 24 frets. The spacing of
the frets never changes, but varying heights of
neighboring frets can cause fret buzz.
Fret buzz occurs when the vibrating por-
tion of the string contacts a fret other than
the fretted note. Fret buzz can be caused by
changes in the relief of the guitar neck from
natural warping, incorrectly installed frets,
loose strings or wear of the fret itself.
Fret wear is bound to happen over time,
but material choice of both the frets and
strings can hinder or accelerate wear. For
many years frets were made from German
silver, a 3:1:1 copper, nickel and zinc alloy.
Originally from China where it was called bai
tong or paktong, meaning white copper, the
alloy was imitated by the Germans in the early
19th Century to such success that the original
name has been all but forgotten.
For classical guitars, treble strings were
made with animal intestine and bass strings
with silk wrapped in animal intestine until
WWII rationing led to the invention of nylon
strings. Treble strings are now nylon, and
the bass strings are nylon wrapped with
silver-plated bronze or copper wire. Electric
guitars have commonly used nickel-plated
steel strings, but new alloys and coatings are
continually entering the market.
One who tends to press hard or perform a lot of pitch bending will nd themselves with
more fret wear than others.
One alternative is stainless steel strings,
which produces a brighter tone but leads to
more fret wear. This fret wear can be pro-
nounced enough to change the prole of an
individual fret and cause fret buzz. The com-
mon solution is to redress the frets, entail-
ing a lot of manual labor: sanding (to remove
grooves and level the frets with each other)
and then recrowning (to produce a rounded
prole) and polishing each fret. After a few
redressings the only course is to re-fret the
guitar, presenting the guitar owner with the
option of selecting a new material.
For increased durability, some players
may choose stainless steel frets, but when
paired with strings of a softer material, they
will cause string wear. Worn strings will not
sound as fresh, producing a dead sound.
When the frets and strings are both stainless
steel, fret wear is signicantly slower, and the
strings tend to last two to three times longer.
Saying that, all this is dependent on how
the player actually plays the guitar. One who
tends to press hard or perform a lot of pitch
bending will nd themselves with more fret
wear than others. The worst offender, how-
ever, is the use of a capoa device that clamps
down on all the strings to reduce the playable
length of the strings. Guitar techs are quick to
note that a capo exerts more pressure that a
nger, which causes more damage and leads
to more business for them.
Of course, with any metal-to-metal contact,
one of the best solutions is application of a lu-
bricant. Commonly referred to as fast fret, it
is usually just a form of mineral oil used on
both strings and frets. Some players rely on
the lemon oil they employ as fretboard con-
ditioner for their lubrication needs, but due to
variations in additional ingredients that may be
absorbed into the nitrocellulose nishes, many
manufacturers will not endorse lemon oil.
With proper usage and care, a guitar
player need not fret about fretting their frets
excessively.
Evan Zabawski, CLS, is a
reliability specialist based in
Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
You can reach him at
evan.zabawski@gmail.com.

6 August 1, 1944: Anne Frank pens her last journal entry. She dies at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp March 15, 1945, at age 15.
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TECH BEAT
Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor
RoboBees: Learning to perch
Micro aerial vehicles can now improve their endurance
and productivity.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROBOTICS AND
MACHINERY that uses human learning
techniques to improve productivity is
gaining in use. We in the lubricants
industry need to be aware of these
technologies as they are increasingly
impacting the use of specic lubri-
cants in particular applications.
An example of how better learning
leads to improved performance comes
from a past TLT article on improving
the efciency of plug-in-hybrid elec-
tric vehicles. Researchers evaluated
the use of an energy management
system that incorporated the concept
of reinforcement learning in a plug-
in-hybrid electrical vehicle traveling
along a specic 20-mile commuter
route in a well-traveled area in South-
ern California.1 Greater efciency was
achieved through a nearly 12% reduc-
KEY CONCEPTS
The limited endurance off micro
a rial vehicles reduces their
aerial
ability
b l ty to be used
edd in many
potential
t t l applications.
appl t .
A process
proocesss called
lled electrostatic
el t t t c
adhesion enables a micro
mi o
a rial vehicle called a RoboBee
aerial
too perch below a surface.
Perching enables a RoboBee to
reduce
edu
d cee power
po er consumption
cons t n by
t eee orders
three orde
d s of magnitude.
gn t de.
8 AUGUST 2016
tion in fuel consumption.
The use of drones is becoming
more popular for a variety of industri-
al applications. One type that is under
evaluation is known as a micro aerial
vehicle (MAV). A MAV typically has
a size that can be as small as 15 cm.
These vehicles may be useful in a
number of applications including en-
abling secure signal transmission in
ad hoc communications networks and
assisting rescue workers by providing
images of a disaster area. However,
one concern about MAVs is how to
extend their ight time.
Moritz Graule, graduate student at
MIT in Cambridge, Mass., says, Two
key parameters restricting the ight
time of MAVs are the weight of their
on-board power supplies and the life-
time of their mechanical components.
Smaller MAVs exhibit less endurance
compared to their larger counter-
parts.
This last issue is of interest to
Graule because he has been working
with insect-like MAVs that are small-
er in size than bird-sized vehicles. He
says, Insect-like MAVs may poten-
tially be preferred for use in specic
situations where it is cheaper to de-
ploy many low-cost MAVs in a specic
area. One example is to have them as-
sist in the aftermath of an earthquake
where their small size will be invalu-
able in looking for survivors and sav-
ing lives.
An interesting strategy for improv-
ing the endurance of MAVs is to en-
able them to perch on an object such
as a tree, building or powerline in a
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
similar manner to a bird or an insect.
By perching, the MAV can conserve
sufcient energy to expand its mis-
sion time, thereby improving endur-
ance and productivity.
Due to their small size,
MAVs could help locate
survivors in the aftermath
of an earthquake.
Past attempts to enable MAVs to
perch required intricate systems with
moving parts or needed a high degree
of force to detach from the perch that
could disturb vehicle stability. A new
approach has now been developed en-
abling MAVs to perch in a manner that
uses less energy than ying and does
not generate any destabilization when
the MAVs engage or disengage.
ELECTROSTATIC ADHESION
Graule worked with colleagues in-
cluding Robert J. Wood, Charles River
Professor of Engineering And Applied
Sciences at the Harvard John A. Paul-
son School of Engineering and Ap-
plied Sciences and the Wyss Institute
for Biologically Inspired Engineering
at Harvard University in Cambridge,
to develop a procedure for enabling
MAVs to perch underneath a surface.
The researchers used a process called
electrostatic adhesion that is similar
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Figure 1 | Electrostatic adhesion enables the RoboBee to perch underneath a leaf. (Figure courtesy of Harvard University.)
to rubbing a balloon against a wool
sweater and then enabling it to stick
to a wall.
Graule says, We are working with
an insect-like MAV that is known as a
RoboBee, which is very light because
it weighs about 84 mg. This makes the
RoboBee very difcult to stabilize and
we cannot use a complex mechanism
that could add too much weight to the
MAV.
The objective of the researchers is
to perch the MAV below a surface so
that it can still continue its function
while minimizing energy use. Electro-
static adhesion is produced by plac-
ing a lightweight (13.4 mg) electrode
patch and foam mount on the Ro-
boBee. Graule says, The foam mount
acts as a dampener to minimize the
possibility of the RoboBee rebounding
off the surface. The electrode patch
ensures adhesion to the substrate by
inducing areas of net charge on its
surface.
August 2, 1776: U.S. Continental Congress signs the parchment copy of the Declaration of Independence.
The researchers conducted experi-
ments in a laboratory environment
where the substrate is attached to
the ceiling. The RoboBee is wired to
a power source that enables it to y
toward and perch on several substrates
including a leaf (see Figure 1), glass
and unnished plywood.
Graule says, We are able to keep
the RoboBee perched on any surface
for many minutes. During the trials,
the RoboBee did not fall off any sur-
face. Detachment took place by turn-
ing off the power supply.
Graule continues, By perching the
RoboBee, we are able to reduce power
consumption by three orders of mag-
nitude as compared to just having the
RoboBee y.
In the future, Wood is looking to
have the RoboBee operate untethered
to a power supply, which is a step that
will bring them closer to actual use.
He says, The two primary remain-
ing challenges are integrating power
and computation (i.e., for control) on
board.
Additional information can be
found in a recent paper2 or by access-
ing the website of Woods lab at http://
micro.seas.harvard.edu.
REFERENCES
1. Canter, N. (2016), Improving
the efciency of plug-in-hybrid
electric vehicles, TLT, 72 (5),
pp. 16-17.
2. Graule, M., Chirarattananon, P.,
Fuller, S., Jafferis, N., Ma, K.,
Spenko, M., Kornbluh, R. and
Wood, R. (2016), Perching and
takeoff of a robotic insect on
overhangs using switchable
electrostatic adhesion, Science,
352 (6288), pp. 978-982.
Available at http://science.
sciencemag.org/con-
tent/352/6288/978.
9
TECH BEAT

Monitoring of chemical reactions

in real time
A uorescence effect potentially may be used to provide real-time
data on the condition of a lubricant system.

IN EVALUATING THE CONDITION OF LUBRI-
CANT SYSTEMS, monitoring of specic
parameters is invaluable. Typically this
is done by taking a sample of the lubri-
cant and running a series of analytical
test procedures. The results are then
compared to the properties of the lu-
bricant in its original state prior to use.
Real-time monitoring can be a ma-
jor benet because it provides instant
data that will enable the end-user to
KEY CONCEPTS
A new technique for monitor-
ingg real-time chemical
ing che
h icalall reac
reac-
t o s uses nanoparticles
ti
tions nanop ticles
prepared from
ffrom perovskite and
cesium lead halides.
The nanoparticles exchange
halides causing a gradual color
change
h gee in the reaction
reactt n mixture
mi t e
t at can
that c n be monitored to follow
the progress of
of the reaction.
Potentially this approach could
m nitor the detection and
monitor a d
relati e concentration of
relative
conta
contaminants
nt inain ts in lubricant
lubric
ub ca t
systems.
determine the condition of the lubri-
cant. In a previous TLT article, a sensor
device was developed that can be used
to determine the viscosity of a liquid
1
in real time. The approach used by
the researchers was to measure param-
eters that can then be
converted to viscosity
through a mathemati-
cal relationship in a
Real-time monitoring provides instant
process known as an data that enables the end-user to
inverse method.
A similar strategy
determine the progress of a chemical
for running chemical reaction.
reactions also would
prove to be benecial.
There are a large number of additive
chemistries used in lubricants that
are prepared by different processes.
In many cases, specic parameters are
followed through a sampling technique
to determine when the reaction has
reached its end point.
Dr. Mathew Maye, associate profes-
sor of chemistry at Syracuse Univer-
sity in Syracuse, N.Y., says, Chemical
reactions are difcult to follow over
time. Samples need to be taken from a
reaction vessel and then evaluated by
an analytical method such as nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) or mass
spectroscopy to give the researcher an
indication of how close the reaction is
to completion.
There are challenges in monitoring
reactions in this fashion according to
Maye. He says, A certain degree of ex-
pertise is needed to do analytical tech-
niques such as NMR. The time needed
to take a sample from a reaction vessel,
travel to the location of the NMR in-
strument and wait for instrument time
also can be problematic.
A more desirable way to monitor
chemical reactions is a sensor that can
provide real-time data enabling the re-
searcher to know how far the reaction
has progressed. One of the best ways to
accomplish this goal is through sensing
a change in the color of the reaction
mixture.
Maye says, One of the areas of our
research deals with the examination
of inorganic nanomaterials like quan-
tum dots. Recently in evaluating a new
nanomaterial known as a perovskite,
with a unique cesium lead halide com-
position, we found out by accident
that a color change occurred in an ex-
periment where chloride contaminants
were present in a solvent. This result
prompted us to determine if perovskite

10 August 3, 1492: Christopher Columbus sets sail from Palos, Spain, with the Nina,
 nanoparticles might be useful as a
means to monitor for halides or other
ions in solution, which eventually led
us to think about if a similar approach
could be used to monitor chemical re-
actions in real time through colorimet-
ric analysis.
CESIUM LEAD HALIDE PEROVSKITE
NANOPARTICLES
Maye and his research associates have
determined that nanoparticles pre-
pared from perovskite and cesium
lead halides react with organic com-
pounds containing halides to act as a
way to monitor halide exchange reac-
tions in real time. Transmission elec-
tron microscopy shows that perovskite
nanoparticles based on cesium lead io-
dides and bromides are spherical and
have diameters ranging from 10-15
nanometers.
The researchers initially evaluated
how these nanoparticles exchange ha-
lides using a series of tetraoctylammo-
nium halides. A gradual color change
in the reaction mixture is seen either
visually or with a photoluminescence
spectroscopy. This color change starts
as the perovskite nanoparticles ex-
change one halide for a different halide.
Further testing of the capabilities
of the perovskite nanoparticles was
conducted through a halide exchange
reaction known as the Finkelstein reac-
tions. A specic example is the reaction
of a cesium lead iodide perovskite with
2-bromododecanoic acid to produce
the bromide perovskite and 2-iododo-
decanoic acid.
The reaction is conducted at
room temperature under an inert at-
mosphere. Maye says, Initially the
nanoparticle containing iodide has a
red uorescence color (see Figure 2). As
the halide exchange reaction proceeds,
the color of the mixture changes over
a 90-minute period to orangethen
yellowand ends up green indicat-
ing that the perovskite nanoparticle
has completely exchanged iodides for
bromides.
Figure 2 also shows a control
where dodecanoic acid is substitut-
ed for 2-bromododecanoic acid. In
the Pinta and the Santa Maria in search of a westerly trade route to the Far East.
that case, no halide exchange occurs,
which means that no color change is
observed.
The Finkelstein halide exchange
process takes place through an SN2
mechanism. One concern is that this
halide exchange could lead to an elimi-
nation process leading to olen forma-
tion. Maye says, We used NMR analy-
sis to prove that an elimination reaction
did not take place.
The researchers also determined
that perovskite nanoparticles can ex-
change other anions besides halides.
Anions that have been evaluated in-
clude nitrite and boron tetrauoride.
Future work will examine if this
uorescence effect can be used to de-
tect cations. Maye says, We believe
that perovskite nanoparticle exchange
with cations will cause a color change
that can be detected either by the eye
or spectroscopy.
Such a detector could be very use-
ful in a lubricant system as a means to
inform a maintenance engineer if there
is a contamination problem starting to
occur with a specic metal or series
of metals. If this information can be
provided in a real-time basis, then the
chances of taking corrective action to
remove the contaminant increase lead-
ing to improved lubricant performance
and minimizing downtime.
Additional information on this re-
search can be found in a recent article2
or by contacting Maye at mmmaye@syr.
edu.
Figure 2 | Perovskite-based REFERENCES
nanoparticles can follow a halide 1. Canter, N. (2012), Real-time
exchange reaction through a monitoring of viscosity, TLT, 68
gradual color change, taking (6), pp. 16-18.
place over a 90-minute period in
the images shown on the right 2. Doane T., Ryan, K., Pathade, L.,
Cru, K., Zang, H., Cotlet, M. and
side of the gure. Use of a non-
Maye, M. (2016), Using
halide-starting material does not
cause a reaction leading to no perovskite nanoparticles as halide
color change as shown on the left reservoirs in catalysis and as
side of the gure. (Figure courtesy spectrochemical probes of ions in
of Syracuse University.) solutions, ACS Nano. DOI:
10.1021/acsnano.6b00806.
11
TECH BEAT

Acoustics: A potential diagnostic tool

for lubricants
Input-output analysis helps to explain the generation of noise in
subsonic jet engines.

NOISE IS USED IN LUBRICANT APPLICA-

TIONS TO EVALUATE machinery perfor-
mance. One example is metalworking
where a change in the noise produced
as a cutting tool cuts a piece of metal
may indicate that there is a problem
with the metalworking uid. While in-
dustrial processes such as metalwork-
ing are loud, an extreme example of a
noise-producing machine is the turbo-
jet engine used in aircraft propulsion.
Just as acoustics may provide clues
to lubrication problems in machinery,
ascertaining the source of noise in air-
plane engine exhausts requires some
detective work. Joseph Nichols, assis-
KEY CO
CONCEPTS
C S
Jet noise is an old problem
t at dates
that d t s back
bac prior too th
the
development of jet aircraft.
A new study uses input-output
p t-output
analysis to enable researchers
to focus only on those bits of
tu bbulence
turbulence
e ce that
th t are
arre important
to noise
noi e production
p oduction in
subsonic jets.
The researchh suggeststs that
t at
noise potentially
potentially could serve
as a diagnostic tool to analyze
anal e
lubrication problems.
proble .
Gaining a better understanding of jet engine noise has been a
challenge for researchers.
tant professor of aerospace engineering
and mechanics at the University of Min-
nesota in Minneapolis, says, Jet noise
is an old problem. The connection be-
tween sound and gas jet stage lighting
was rst discovered in 1858 by J. Le
Conte, who noted that the icker of
lamps synchronized with musical notes
during performances. Since the advent
of turbojet engines for aircraft propul-
sion, the complicated, unsteady ow
in high-speed exhausts is the loudest
sources of human-created noise. This
issue especially gained prominence in
the 1960s when engines for the Con-
corde Supersonic Transport Plane were
under development. The high degree of
noise generated by the Concorde would
not allow it to land at many airports
today due to noise restrictions.
Gaining a better understanding of
jet engine noise has been a challenge
for researchers. There is a relationship
between the turbulence generated by
jet engines and noise. Turbulence is
created when the high-speed exhaust
meets low-speed surrounding air and
the two ows begin to mix. This mix-
ing occurs chaotically, leading to a
highly complex and unsteady flow
patternthink of the swirls of steam
rising from your coffee cup.
The way in which turbulent ex-
haust jets produce sound was initially
explained in terms of the statistics of
these uctuating swirls of ow within
the jet. In this view, each swirl can be
considered a point source of sound,
acting independently from all of the
other swirls.
A challenge facing jet noise re-
searchers is that less than 0.1% of the
available energy produced inside of a
jet is attributed to acoustic radiation.
Nichols says, Gaining an understand-
ing of the source of noise is very dif-
cult because it is hidden within the
turbulence energy created by the jet
engine.
In the 1960s, however, it was sug-
gested that turbulent exhaust jets sup-
port ordered instability wave packets,
and these are responsible for creating
jet noise. Nichols says, This approach
provided a dynamic description of the
noise sources. Noise was found to be
originating not from point sources but
rather from sources correlated over many
acoustic wavelengths inside the jets.
Instability wave theory can suc-
cessfully predict maximum jet noise
created by supersonic jets through the
use of parabolized stability equations.
However, this approach does not work
when evaluating subsonic jets typical
of aircraft used for civilian purposes.

12 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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 TECH BEAT
Can Stock Photo Inc. / cfoto
With the increasing demand for air travel globally, jet noise is becoming a bigger problem, particularly with airports near major population centers. A
new study is providing more insight into how noise is generated within a subsonic jet engine.
Nichols says, Parabolized stability
equations do nd optimal modes gen-
erating noise. In the case of subsonic
jets, we have found that there also are
a number of suboptimal modes that
collectively have a large impact noise
generation. The parabolized stability
equations do not capture these sub-
optimal modes and this may explain
why they are not successful in this im-
portant case.
Nichols and his research associates
have used input-output analysis to
better explain the noise generated by
subsonic jet engines. He says, Our ap-
proach uses the turbulent uctuations
as input and treats the far-eld sound
as output. Our aim is to characterize
the transfer function between inputs
and outputs using techniques original-
ly developed to describe the complex
electrical engineering systems.
The researchers used this technique
to identify additional modes that am-
plify noise. Nichols says, A mode is a
pattern in the jet that repeats in space
and time within the uctuating pres-
sure and velocity elds. Instead of a
14 AUGUST 2016
chaotic sound pattern, modes are an
ordered part of turbulence and we nd
these modes describe acoustic sources
that are important for noise radiation.
The newly discovered modes can
serve as a basis of a reduced order mod-
el of jet noise generation. Supercom-
puting simulations that fully resolve
all details of a chaotic turbulent ow
in an aircraft engine exhaust require
millions or billions of mesh points. In
contrast, input-output analysis allows
Nichols and his associates to focus only
on those bits of the turbulence that are
important in noise production.
Nichols says, We found for a Mach
0.9 (subsonic jet), far-eld can be de-
scribed fairly accurately with only 10-
20 modes.
Future work will involve gaining a
better understanding of how noise is
generated in passenger jets that con-
tain turbofan engines. Nichols says,
Air movement through a turbofan jet
engine is more complicated as there are
dual air streams where some of the air
bypasses the engine core.
This research also indicates that
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
noise can be used as a potential diag-
nostic tool for lubricant analysis. Nich-
ols says, Jet engines produce their own
noise signature, which is representative
of performance. If that noise signature
changes, it may be an indication of an
engine problem.
Additional information on the jet
noise research can be found in a re-
cent article1 or by contacting Nichols
at jwn@umn.edu.
REFERENCE
1. Jeun, J., Nichols, J. and Jovanovic,
M. (2016), Input-output analysis
of high-speed axisymmetric
isothermal jet noise, Physics of
Fluids, 28, 047101.
Neil Canter heads his own
consulting company, Chemical
Solutions, in Willow Grove, Pa.
Ideas for Tech Beat can be
submitted to him at
neilcanter@comcast.net.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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20 MINUTES WITH
By Rachel Fowler / Associate Editor

Paul A. Bessette
This self-described chemical tribologist discusses
industry consolidation, education, economicsand his
favorite testing machine.

PAUL A. BESSETTE The Quick File

Paul A. Bessette is the president of

Triboscience & Engineering, Inc. (TS&E), TLT: Why did you become a tribologist?
and lead tribologist for Tecsia Lubricants.
Bessette: Tribology is a very inclusive discipline, and
He has been involved with synthetic
my background in polymer chemistry was a tremen-
lubricants for more than 39 years,
dous asset to understanding the chemical and physical
including 25 years at Nye Lubricants and
nature of ingredients used in formulating synthetic
three years at Ciba-Geigy.
oils and greases. Since my work has focused mainly
TS&E was established in 2000 and
on the development of lubricants, I consider myself a
initially provided consulting services. Since
Paul A. Bessette chemical tribologist.
2005 TS&E has gravitated toward manufac-
turing lubricants for both domestic and
foreign customers with an emphasis on peruorinated polyethers. TLT: How did you become interested in grease?
Paul was vice chairman of the NLGI Grease Education Course for
Bessette: In 1976 I left Ciba-Geigy and joined the
10 years and was honored with the NLGI Fellows Award, Meritorious
William F. Nye Co. in Fairhaven, Mass. Nye was
Service Award, Achievement Award, Clarence E. Earle Memorial
originally a whale oil company, and when I joined we
Award and Authors Award. He also was an associate editor for
were still selling residual inventory of various marine
Tribology Transactions, Journal of Synthetic Lubricants and a peer
mammal oils. However, management was sufciently
reviewer for NLGI. He is a member of STLE and ASTM.
perspicuous to realize that new products, especially
Paul earned a bachelors of science degree in chemistry from
synthetics, were necessary for the rms future suc-
Lowell Technological Institute. His graduate work included polymer
cess. Grease became a necessary compliment to the
chemistry at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. He also has a masters
companys product line, and I was tasked with making
of business administration from University of Massachusetts
things happen. When Nye was given the opportunity
Dartmouth.
to manufacture a sodium-thickened synthetic ester
Clients have included Engineered Custom Lubricants, DuPont,
grease being discontinued by Texaco, we installed the
BP Castrol, Lubrication Technologies, Kyodo Yushi, Honeywell,
necessary equipment and successfully manufactured
Hewlett-Packard and NASA.
a rheologically challenging grease to the delight and
Research interests include improving methods of grease
satisfaction of customers producing rolling element
ltration, vapor pressure of synthetic lubricants, thermo-oxidative
bearings. That initial success was the impetus to de-
stability, low-temperature rheology of oils and greases and
velop other greases.
advanced rolling element bearings greases.
Paul has authored or co-authored chapters in Space Vehicle
Mechanisms: Elements of Successful Design, John Wiley & Sons, TLT: Do you have a favorite grease?
Inc.; Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology, CRC Press; and
Bessette: No! Forty years of study, hard work and re-
Synthetic Lubricants and High-Performance Functional Fluids,
search has taught me that there are no panaceas in the
Marcel Dekker.
world of lubrication. Some greases may be character-
ized as general purpose, but for high-speed bearing

16 August 4, 1962: Apartheid opponent Nelson Mandela is arrested by security police in South Africa and spends
 applications, computer disk drives,
sintered metal components and jet en-
gine actuators, we must be mindful that
these diverse tribological challenges re-
quire individual solutions.
For example, peruoropolyether
(PFPE) greases possess unsurpassed
thermo-oxidative stability. In an atmo-
sphere of pure, dry oxygen maintained
at 3500 kPa and 210 C, no exotherm
is observed after two hours. At rst
blush, one would assume that such a
grease is the Almightys gift to tribolo-
gy! However, due to the discrete nature
of the polytetrauoroethylene (PTFE)
used to form the grease, PFPE greases
are problematical for bearing applica-
tion where Dn values exceed 200,000.
These greases produce too much vibra-
tion and runout.
TLT: What are some of the most
important challenges in the
lubricating industry today?
Bessette: I divide the challenges into
three categories: industry consolida-
tion, education and economics.
When one rm acquires another,
product lines are rationalized to the
chagrin of distributors and OEMs. If a
small distributor has established a busi-
ness around certain product types, the
discontinuation of the product or new
minimum order requirements are often
too burdensome. Moreover, alternative
recommendations are difcult to justify
due to the cost and time constrains of
new product requalication.
From an education standpoint, the
word grease is far too generic. Lubricants
used in the mining industry or those
used in spacecraft control moment
gyroscopes are referred to as grease.
However, a molybdenum disulfide-
fortied calcium sulfonate grease is very
different from an ultra-ltered lithium-
thickened synthetic fluid prepared
under clean room conditions. All too
frequently the choice of lubricant is
made at the completion of the design
cycle. This is done at great peril to the
timely launching of new products.
Some greases sell for less than $2
per pound while others cost more than
the next 27 years in prison on charges of treason and sabotage. He would win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
Paul Bessette preparing to run a weight loss determination using the thermogravimet-
ric analysis.
$1,000. Its the application and tech-
nology that dictates grease econom-
ics. Consider a conductive plastic po-
tentiometer where the lubricant must
function from -40-100 C, be resistant
to fuel vapors and possess a viscosity
index sufciently high that contact
hydroplaning does not occur. A linear
peruoroether grease costing approxi-
mately $500 per pound is a viable can-
didate for this application, but the cost
of grease per potentiometer is marginal
since only milligrams of grease are used
per unit. Even expensive greases usu-
ally have a minor impact on the overall
economics of a component.
TLT: Do you have a favorite tribotest
or tribology test machine?
Bessette: I abashedly say yes! In our
laboratory at TS&E, we have a four-ball
wear machine and a four-ball EP tri-
bometer, pressure differential scanning
calorimeter and a control stress rheom-
eter. However, my preferred tribochem-
ical research tool is our spiral orbit
tribometer (SOT). Its acquisition was
purely serendipitous. The short version
of a long story is that I had invited Bob
Price to join me in Fall River, Mass.,
since both he and I were working
alone in two different labs. Price and
STLE-member Ed Kingsbury were col-
leagues at Draper Labs, and Kingsbury
decided to visit Prices new workplace.
I had known Kingsbury for a number
of years, and I think he was sufciently
impressed with the sophistication of
our lab that he offered to give us the
SOT along with a microbalance. Ap-
proximately 16 years earlier Kingsbury
tried to sell me the same SOT, but I was
compelled to refuse since I had recently
acquired another tribometer.
In my opinion, the SOT is a unique
research tool in that it faithfully simu-
lates bearing behavior. Essentially it is
a thrust bearing comprised of a single
ball where friction force, electrical re-
sistance, temperature and coefcient of
friction are monitored in real time. It is
an elegant tool to study the tribochemi-
cal behavior of greases and additives.
Since micrograms of grease are used
and lubricant life is a function of the
number of ball orbits, the number of
lubricant molecules degraded per orbit
can be determined. Im currently using
the SOT to investigate if specic solid
additives can reduce the catalytic activ-
ity of 52100 steel in contact with linear
PFPE-based greases.
Although PFPE greases possess ex-
cellent thermo-oxidative stability, they
are vulnerable depolymerization in
contact with metal surfaces producing
what the aerospace community refers
to as brown sugar. Since we can cal-
culate the number of moles of lubri-
17
cant that are on the ball, its possible
to calculate the number of molecules
degraded per ball orbit. The numbers
recorded thus far are in the billions. I
call it tribomortality.
A close second instrument would
be the pressure differential scanning
calorimeter (PDSC). With this research
tool, we can quickly study the efcacy
of antioxidants and other additives on
the thermo-oxidative stability of vari-
ous lubricants. Moreover, since the
instrument is used to measure heat
owboth positive and negative
the PDSC is an effective means of de-
termining the amount of thickener in
a used grease provided the thickener
melts. Since only milligrams of sample
are required, the technique is superior
to Soxhlet extractions.
TLT: What was the most challenging
technical project you worked on?
Bessette: During my career Ive worked
on numerous daunting technical chal-
lenges from commercial and military
aircraft disasters, grain elevator explo-
sions, polyurea grease reformulated
with the improper stoichiometry and
a silicone grease use in writing instru-
ments to prevent ink from back leaking
onto everyones high-priced clothing.
In retrospect, the tribological Gord-
ian Knot for me was nding an alter-
nate route to the manufacture of PFPE
greases. Prior to the ozone hole contro-
versy, PFPE greases were made using
DuPonts Vydax 1000. Vydax 1000
was a 7.5% dispersion of low-molecular
weight PTFE in trichlorotriuorethane.
PFPE uid would be added to grease
vessel and the Vydax added incremen-
tally as the solvent was removed by
heat and slight vacuum.
At Nye, we recovered 80%-95%
solvent using the appropriate heat ex-
changers. The grease was usually made
on the rm side since adding additional
uid was easier than adding more PTFE
dispersion. The Montreal Protocol end-
ed chlorouorocarbons (CFCs) and new
technology was urgently needed since
PFPE greases had made signicant in-
roads into a host of industries.
18 AUGUST 2016
sibility owning your own company.
Paul Bessette checking the coefcient
of friction of a PFPE grease being
tested with the spiral orbit tribometer.
The initial attempt was to replace
the CFC solvent carrier with isopropyl
alcohol (IPA). Unlike the CFC, IPA is
ammable, and a great deal of time was
spent trying to produce an azeotrope
that would be less hazardous than dis-
tilling IPA in an environment surround-
ed with electric motors that were not
explosion proof. The government did
not want us to put CFC in the strato-
sphere; I was determined not to put
our employees there as well! Successful
PFPE grease was made with the IPA-
based dispersion, but a major problem
ensued. Trace amounts of IPA remained
in the grease that oxidized to form a foul
smelling carboxylic acid. The resultant
odor of the grease was a showstopper
and a new approach was needed.
That approach came with the real-
ization that perhaps a solvent disper-
sion of the PTFE was unnecessary. Af-
ter a few days of trial and error, it was
discovered that a dry approach was
a viable alternative to the traditional
methods for producing PFPE grease.
Both Gerry Madden and Richard Mor-
gan at DuPont were instrumental in
bringing what become known a Vy-
dax GT to market. That collaboration
surely had a profound impact on a
number of key industries including
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
aerospace, military and automotive.
As a footnote, the recovered CFC was
used to prepare lubricant dispersions
used to simultaneously coat thousands
of small components. CFCs were more
economical and better solvents than
their replacements.
TLT: If you could have the freedom to
choose an exploratory R&D project,
what would you choose?
Bessette: There is a great deal of respon-
However, this also is a great deal of au-
tonomy. My current work with the SOT
satises my current research interest.
TLT: What inspired you to start your
own company?
Bessette: After approximately 25 years
at Nye, I opted to hang out my own
shingle and become a consultant. I
was hired by Engineered Custom Lu-
bricants, DuPont, Castrol and was of-
fered minor assignments with Kyodo
Yushi, Honeywell, Hewlett-Packard,
NASA and a few others.
After six years of living out of a suit-
case and constant traveling to Michigan,
Delaware and Illinois, I decided to open
my own laboratory in an incubator facil-
ity in Fall River, Mass. I could continue
to provide technical guidance to clients
but with the added luxury of having
dinner and a glass of wine with my wife,
Jean. As the company has expanded
we now have seven employeesTS&E
has gravitated toward manufacturing
our own line of specialty synthetic oils
and greases. Although our forte is PF-
PE-based products, we do a great deal
with PAOs, esters, silicones and PAGs
including development work with the
new Dow OSP products. In retrospect,
the inspiration emerged from a deep-
seated entrepreneurial bent.
TLT: What is the focus of your
company?
Bessette: To provide customers with
lubricants that are designed for the ap-
plication, provide extended life under
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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 the most demanding tribological condi-
tions and be economical. Our philoso-
phy is to be bona de partners not only
with customers but suppliers as well.
Economic success is a joint effort!
In terms of research and testing,
we issue comprehensive reports that
provide clients with problem-solving
information.

TLT: What is most satisfying about

owning and managing your own
company?

Bessette: There are numerous benets

to being at the helm of your own com-
pany. I enjoy the autonomy, the nan-
cial independence and the personal sat-
isfaction of moving the organization to
new heights. However, from a personal
standpoint, the greatest satisfaction for
me is being able to employ intelligent
and ambitious young people and give
them the opportunity to excel in a
stimulating environment.
TLT: What is most challenging about
owning and managing your own
company?
Bessette: Based on my experience,
the most challenging aspects of oper-
ating a successful small business are
nancial and regulatory. We now ex-
ist in a global economy with goods
moving throughout North America,
Europe and Asia. When a rm attains
a certain sales volume it must adopt
accrual-based accounting. Specically,
raw materials cannot be expensed until
sold. However, raw material suppliers
expect payment in 30 days. If a nished
good is shipped to Asia by sea, its ap-
proximately a six-week journey, and
customers demand 30 days after the
good arrives.
Several years ago we purchased our
own million-dollar facility. After the
transaction our accountant informed
me that the building would be fully
depreciated in 39 years. Ive told fam-
ily, friends and colleagues that Im plan-
ning to keep at it for another 10 years.
Why retire when Im terrible at golf?
But our facility will not be completely
Paul Bessette measuring wear scars.
written off until Im 105 years old! If
our S-Corp can keep more of its hard-
earned income, we can hire more scien-
tists, engineers and acquire additional
capital equipment to maintain our cur-
rent growth trajectory.
To some extent we are all being
regulated back to the Stone Age. I per-
sonally take great umbrage at some of
the new GHS labeling requirements.
To stipulate that low-viscosity PAO is
hazardous due to the possibility that it
could be aspirated into the lungs dur-
ing ingestion, it diminishes the real
hazards that should be minimized in
any work environment.
Finally, small rms struggle with rec-
ognition. Its challenging trying to inform
the world that you are open for business.
TLT: What characteristics or
behaviors are important for
successful entrepreneurs?
Bessette: Necessary traits for success
in business include resilience, not be-
ing too risk averse, a sound business
model, potential clients and personal
or available nancial resources. In the
arena of specialty synthetic lubricants,
the gestation period from forwarding
a trial sample to receiving a purchase
order can be as long as three years.
TLT: Was there a particular
accomplishment or event where
you realized that your company
would have legs and grow over
the long term?
Bessette: I can think of no singular ac-
complishment that assured the success
of the company. However, Im sanguine
about TS&Es long-term viability due
to the quality of people on staff! Im a
believer in technological incremental-
ism. Numerous small accomplishments
eventually lead to big things!
TLT: What are your plans and goals
for your company?
Bessette: The motto of TS&E is Excel-
lence in Synthetic Lubricants. I would
be immensely gratied if that motto
endured well beyond my tenure at the
helm.
You can reach Paul A. Bessette at
pabessette@tselubes.com.

20 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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LUBRICATION FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor

Which
came
first?

The age-old chicken or egg riddle has revealing lessons for those
interested in the causes of climate change.

ITS THE CLASSIC ENIGMAwhich came rst, the chicken

KEY CONCEPTS or the egg? Such enigmas or seemingly such enigmas by
their nature leave the door open for those whose logic is
Individuals sometimes confuse the nature off cause awed or, more maliciously, those seeking to take advan-
and effect for social or political purposes. tage of presumably unanswerable questions.
So whether they believe the egg came rst or the chick-
A closer examination of the full range
g of data might en, or put it another way, whether the chicken caused the
suggest that man-madede carbon dioxide might not be effect of the egg or whether the egg caused the effect of
the cause of climate change. the chicken, they may for their own reasons prefer one
answer over the other. Then to negate the naysayer, they
The tribology community should
shou d analyze th
these frequently use the philosophic argument, Can you prove
situations closely before
befo e taking action. it is not so? Philosophers know this is impossible, of
course, because you cant disprove a negative.

22 August 5, 1962: Marilyn Monroe dies at age 36 from an overdose of sleeping pills.
 Scientists also like to remind us not to confuse cause and
effect. But as part of the scientic community, we know that
we are not immune from making that mistake ourselves. Cit-
ing an article in the Wall Street Journal by Matt Ridley, even
climate scientists have encountered such cause-effect confu-
sion. This is easy enough to imagine, as much of what we
know or take as known is often based on computer model-
ing, which, like all modeling, is based on a set of assump-
tions. If there are aws in our logic in formulating those
assumptions, let alone the careful addition of biases, our
conclusions can be awed.
Perhaps carbon dioxide does not really
cause global warming! This is heresy of the
highest order.
and/or volcanoes and the like, perhaps we should consider
thermal pollution as a greater problem and, thus, the cause
rather than the effect of carbon dioxide. Clearly, we have
cause and effect confusion in our climate modeling, at least
with respect to temperature and carbon dioxide. Socially and
politically, this is all idle claptrap as we as a society have de-
termined that man causes increases in carbon dioxide, and in
turn, that will cause lethal global warming. Hmmm.
Regardless, no matter which side of the fence you choose
to come down on, or for that matter straddle, regarding glob-
al warming, the lesson from Mr. Ridleys ne article is that we
in the tribological community need to be clear headed in our
thinking. Whether you are advancing the study of tribologi-
cal processes at the nano level or dealing with the tribology
of equipment-reliability problems in the eld, lets be careful
to not confuse the cause with the effect.
That having been said, I still dont know which came rst,
the chicken or the egg, do you?

When in 1999 Antarctic ice cores revealed high carbond-

ioxide concentrations and temperature marching in lockstep Bob Gresham is STLEs director of professional
over 400,000 years ago, many found this a convincing argu- development. You can reach him at rgresham@stle.org.
ment for attributing past climate change to the emergence
of evil carbon dioxide. About 95% of carbon dioxide in the Editor's Note: This article was reprinted from the July 2011 issue of TLT.
atmosphere is natural, coming from normal biological pro-
cesses. In the past, carbon-dioxide levels rose as the earth
warmed at the end of ice ages and fell as it cooled at the end
of interglacial periods.
However, a few years later more in-depth analysis of ice
cores showed that the temperature changes, in fact, preceded
the changes in carbon dioxide concentrations by about 800
years. The cause-and-effect mechanism is that as the oceans
begin to warm, the rate of the dissolved carbon dioxide be-
gins to out-gas more into the atmosphere. Since the effect
cannot precede the cause, we have to change our thinking
about this particular chicken/egg conundrum.
Temperature changes caused the changes in carbon di-
oxide levels, not the opposite. Or, gods forbid, carbon diox-
ide does not really cause global warming! This is heresy of
the highest order. So the ever-clever climate scientists came
up with a novel rationalization (or, if you prefer, hypoth-
esis): An initial change, probably caused by variations in the
earths orbit (really) that affected the warmth of the sun, was
then amplied by changes in carbon dioxide levels. But this
makes for a circular argument as the reversal of the trend af-
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W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY AUGUST 2016 23

WEBINARS
Jeanna Van Rensselar / Senior Feature Writer

Considerations for
thin section bearings

Can Stock Photo Inc. / Leaf

K CO
KE
KEY CONCEPTS
CEP S

Thin section bearings have a cross section

se ion
that is constant
consta
nstantt regardless
reg rdle s of bore
b re size.
si .
They are used in specialty applications
applicatio such
as robotics that require smooth
s th movements
mo e entss
andd an accurate,
curatt , stable
st ble axis
axiis off rotation.
tati .
They are very similar to conventional ball
bearings but thinnercreating many
many
advantages
dvant ges andd a few
e disadvantages.
di dvant ge .

24 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 MEET THE PRESENTER

This article is based on a Webinar originally presented by STLE University on Nov. 11, 2014. Considerations for Thin
Section Bearings and Their Applications is available at www.stle.org: $39 to STLE members, $59 for all others.
Long-time STLE-member Les Miller is vice president of engineering at Kaydon Bearings where he is re-
sponsible for product design, development and application. He received his bachelors degree in mechanical
engineering from Tri-State College and has been active in the bearing industry for 39 years. He also has been
active in the ABMA Engineering Education Committee and Bearing Technical Committee for the past 20 years
and is a member of the ASME Tribology Division. His work history includes 26 years with NSK and a total of 13
years with SKF/Kaydon in ever-increasing levels of responsibility for product design and application engineer-
ing. You can reach Miller at lmiller@kaydon.com.
LLes Mill
Miller

A technical examination of
these unique components,
their applications and
advantages.

An array of Kaydons thin section bearings. (Courtesy of Kaydon Bearings.)

THE FOCUS OF THIS ARTICLE IS THIN SEC-
TION BALL BEARINGS. The difference be-
tween the inside and outside diameter
of the rings is much less than standard
bearings, but the cross section remains
constant as the bore diameter changes.
Generally a bearing is considered a
thin section when the bore diameter
is greater than four times the radial
cross section. The considerable advan-
tage of the compact design is slightly
offset by a diminished load-carrying
capacity and temperature limitations
in some cases. The standard material
is high-chrome bearing steel, but they
are available in other materials such as
stainless steel.
Thin section bearings save weight,
create space, reduce friction, increase
design exibility and provide excel-
lent running accuracy. These bearings
are available in a variety of materials,
corrosion-resistance options, separator
options, cross sections, internal t-up
choices, contact angles and precision
levels. They solve a variety of design
problems that cannot be addressed with
conventional ball bearings.
Advantages of thin section bearings
include:
Light weight
Multiload capabilities
High stiffness
A small cross section (with a variety
of possible cross sections and sizes).
Thin section bearings were original-
ly developed for applications with tight
space limitations. They continue to be
most advantageous where space limi-
tations and combined loading and/or
weight restrictions necessitate unique
designs. They contribute to downsiz-
ing, weight reduction and reduced
friction loss. The high accuracy of the
bearings also enables excellent, quiet
performance at high speeds (perfect for
CT scanners that require a large hollow
rotating area).
Not surprisingly, one of many prom-
ising applications is robots. Other ap-
plications include medical, aerospace,
defense and a range of industrial and
commercial applications that require
precision. Many of these applications
also require special lubricants and ex-
treme cleanliness.
Thin section bearings are available
as deep groove ball bearings, four-point
contact ball bearings and angular contact
ball bearings. Each of these designs is
available in a range of sizes and materials.

August 6, 1962: To end the war in the Pacic, the U.S. drops the rst atomic bomb on Hiroshima at 8:15 a.m. 200,000 perish in the blast. 2 5
THE BASICS
A simple bearing is dened as a device
that supports and facilitates motion be-
tween xed and moving machine parts
(see Bearing Denitions and Terms). It
may have internal rolling elements, and
those rolling elements may consist of
balls, cylindrical rollers, tapered rollers
or spherical rollers. A thin section bear-
ing, per ANSI/ABMA standard 26.2,
Thin Section Ball Bearings Inch Design,
is a bearing with a xed cross section so
that ...within a given series, the bear-
ing cross section remains constant irre-
spective of the bore diameter. This in-
cludes ball bearings of (1.) single-row,
radial contact; (2.) single-row, angular
contact; and (3.) single-row, four-point
angular contact.
Single-row radial contact ball bearings
Handle radial loads
Have a zero-degree contact angle
Have a single ball path
Include a snap-over separator
Have a preload or clearance set
at the factory.
Single-row angular contact ball bearings
Are used in pairs
Handle radial, axial or moment
loads
Have a 30-degree contact angle
Have a single-ball path
Include a circular pocket separator
Have a t-up that can be adjust-
ed at installation.
Four-point contact ball bearings
Handle radial, axial or moment
loads
Are used alone
Have 30-degree contact angles
Include a snap-over separator
Have a clearance set at the factory.
Common separator materials in-
clude:
Brass. Usually the standard option
for Kaydon catalog bearings.
300 series stainless steel/precipitation
hardened SST wire. Advantages in-
clude low outgassing, high-temper-
ature and harsh-environment toler-
ance. Disadvantages include higher
friction than brass, more particle
26 AUGUST 2016
BEARING DEFINITIONS AND TERMS1
Axial clearance. This is the total amount of free axial movement between the inner
and outer race of a bearing. Bearings with internal clearance contain both axial and
radial clearance.
Axial load. This is the load applied to the bearing parallel with the bearing axis of
rotation, also known as thrust load.
Capacity. Dynamic capacity is the basic C rating, which represents a load that the bear-
ing can theoretically endure for a million revolutions. Static capacity is the approximate
load the bearing can endure before permanent deformation occurs on the ball or raceway.
Deection. This is the amount of movement associated with compression or stretch-
ing of bearing components when placed under load.
Diameter tolerance. This is the range in which the average diameter of a bore may fall.
Diametral clearance. This is the total free movement of the inner race relative to
the outer race in a radial plane, also referred to as radial clearance.
L10 life. This is theoretical lifespan of a bearing under a specic set of dynamic oper-
ating conditions associated with 90% reliability.
Moment load. This is the load that, when applied to a bearing system, tends to
overturn or bend the axis of rotation in an angular direction.
Pitch diameter. This is the theoretical median diameter of a bearing, which passes
through the center of the rolling elements.
Preload. This is the amount of load placed on the rolling elements before the applica-
tion of any external loads.
Radial load. This is the load applied perpendicular to the bearing axis of rotation.
Runout. This is the maximum axial or radial race wall thickness variation of an inner
or outer bearing race.
generation and poor wear properties. and low outgassing. Disadvantages
include limited tooling and high-
Phenolic laminate (resin-coated linen
temperature intolerance.
weave). Advantages include light
weight, low wear, porosity and qui- Nylon strip. Advantages include light
et operation. They are appropriate weight, low wear, quiet operation,
for the low-friction and high-speed low cost and the exibility to be
applications found in many legacy cut to any length. Disadvantages
applications. Disadvantages include include porosity, high-temperature
poor dimensional stability, especial- intolerance, open ends and a snap-
ly in larger diameter bearings. They over style that may unzip and eject.
cannot be manufactured in sizes
greater than 20 inches. APPLICATIONS
Thin section bearings make the most
Molded nylon. Advantages include
sense in applications that involve tight
lightweight, low wear, quiet opera-
spaces, low weight requirements, com-
tion and very low cost. Disadvan-
pact designs and precision. Primary ap-
tages include porosity (they readily
plications are semiconductor mecha-
outgas), limited tooling and inabil-
nisms such as:
ity to withstand high temperatures.
Atmospheric and vacuum robots
Molded PEEK (polyether ether ketone). Wafer probers
Advantages include light weight, Ion implantation
low wear, quiet operation, low cost Sputtering equipment
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG
 Test heads/manipulators
Rapid thermal processing (RTP)
Megasonic cleaning systems
Photolithography lens and counterbalance
Chemical mechanical polishers (CMP)
Die bonders
Lappers
Wafer steppers
Transfer systems (SMIF).

These semiconductors typically require a vacuum environ-

ment, low-particle generation and high accuracy.

Medical applications include:

Oncology treatment Figure 1 | CT scanner assembly single four-point contact bearing.
(Courtesy of Kaydon Bearings.)
Robotic surgery
Security scanners
Diagnostic equipment
CT scanners and baggage scanners used for
airport security.

Bearings for CT scanners in particular require quiet opera-

tion, long life and low friction (see Figure 1). They require a
large opening for scanning (people or baggage) for which a
large diameter thin section bearing system is key. The long
service life can be achieved with the addition of lithium or
polyurea grease.

BEARING SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

There are four basic bearing selection considerations: available
space, the degree of precision that is required, stiffness
and the internal and external operating environments.
Additional considerations include the applied load, the Figure 2 | Custom bearing conguration four-point contact type:
degree of misalignment, operating speed, noise level, axial mammography scanneroperates with axis vertical. Lower shield
displacement, mounting/dismounting factors, sealing and also serves as belt guide and is only needed on lower side. (Courtesy
lubrication (see Kaydons Lubrication Recommendations for Thin of Kaydon Bearings.)
Section Bearings on Page 30).
As far as the bearing size, considerations include shaft
outer diameter, housing inner diameter, width and cross sec-
tion. Then there is the required bearing conguration: radial,
axial or combined; the dynamicswill the bearing rotate rela-
tive to the load or will the load rotate relative to the bearing;
and staticwill static load be present while the bearing is
stationary or at very low rpm; will it be constant and how
much shock load will be present (see Figure 2)?

BEARING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Given the environments where thin section bearings perform
best, bearing design considerations should factor in low torque,
low particle generation, high accuracy, high-duty cycles, high
temperatures and corrosion resistance (see Figure 3).

Low-friction torque. Lubricant selection oil vs. grease; cage

selection-non-metallic vs. metallic; internal t-up; clearance Figure 3 | Kaydons precision measurement of a thin section bearing.
vs. preload; external t-up/loose t-up vs. press t-up. (Courtesy of Kaydon Bearings.)

28 August 9, 1974: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon resigns following the Watergate scandal.
 anyth l ng but
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 Low-particle generation. Separator
selection-performance plastics and
nylon vs. steel/brass/Teon/PEEK;
race and ball material-hybrid bear-
ings (ceramic balls and steel races);
grease selection-hybrid bearings
and oil vs. grease and dry lms;
packaging cleanlinessclean room
packaging.
High accuracy. Precision class; in-
ternal t-up-preload vs. clearance;
equipment designhigher-level
assemblies vs. individual bearings/
integral bearing designs vs. higher
level assemblies.
High-duty cycles. Bearing selec-
tionhigher capacity vs. minimum
capacity; separator selectionper-
formance plastics vs. steel/Teon;
lubricant selectionsynthetic hy-
drocarbon greases vs. PFPE vs. or-
ganic; maintenance schedule.
High temperatures. Race and ball
materialspecial steels as required;
separator material-steel ring and
balls vs. plastics/Teon/PEEK; lu-
brication selectionPFPE greases
and dry lms vs. synthetic vs. or-
ganic; external t-upsteel shaft
and housings vs. aluminum.
Corrosive environment. Race and
ballsceramic balls and races/17-
4PH steel races and ceramic balls/440
C steel races and ceramic balls; sep-
arator materialengineered plastic
(refer to compatibility charts); lubri-
cationconsult lubrication expert;
platingsEndurakote and titanium
nitride vs. none.
Depending on the application re-
quirements, thin section bearings can
be lubricated in many ways (see What
Can Go Wrong?). Options include lu-
bricants designed specically for high
speed, high temperature, low torque,
water resistance and/or oscillation. Spe-
REFERENCES
1. Excerpt from Kaydon Catalog, p.127.
2. From Lubrication and Maintenance of Reali-Slim Thin Section Bearings, Reali-Slim Bearings Catalog 300 Kaydon Bearings. Available
at www.kaydonbearings.com/downloads/catalog300/Kaydon_300_LubeMaintenance.pdf.
30 AUGUST 2016
KAYDONS LUBRICATION RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THIN SECTION BEARINGS2
Kaydon recommends that the selection of the proper lubricant be based on an evalua-
tion by the system design engineer of the operating conditions, including at a minimum:
rotational speed, type and magnitude of loads and ambient temperature. The three
types of lubricants commonly used are oil, grease and dry lm/surface treatment.
Oil usually provides more complete lubrication. Because of its liquid state, oil
provides better coverage of the critical surfaces and assists in dissipating heat
more readily. This is especially true when circulation and cooling are provided.
In high-speed applications where the heating effect is more pronounced, oil is
specied. Where minimum torque is a requirement, oil will usually provide lower
friction values.
Grease offers certain advantages of its own. Because it is more easily retained,
the design of bearing housings and seals is simplied. In many applications, the
lubricant itself serves to exclude contaminants when used in conjunction with
labyrinths or close clearances between the rotating and stationary structures.
For higher speeds within the range suitable for grease lubrication, a channeling
type of grease is often selected.
Dry lms and surface treatments have been used as bearing lubricants in applica-
tions subject to environmental extremes, particularly where conventional lubricants
cannot be tolerated or will not survive. A wide variety of types are available for
selection; options include tungsten disulde, graphite and molybdenum disulde.
WHAT CAN GO WRONG?
Mechanisms containing thin section bearings can lose their usefulness for reasons that
include:
Motor lock-up-high torque
Positioning errorserratic torque
Excessive noise
Contamination.
Wear particles from balls
Wear particles from ball paths in the races
Fretting between interfaces in housings, shafts and bearing faces and pilots
Sliding friction from separators or spacers
Lubricant breakdown
Lubricant expulsion.
Much of this can be avoided by incorporating bearings with the optimal size and
material for the application.
cialty lubricants such as dry lm can Jeanna Van Rensselar heads her
be used in vacuum environments. The own communication/public
optimal grease depends on the applica- relations rm, Smart PR
tion and environment. Communications, in Naperville,
Ill. You can reach her at jeanna@
smartprcommunications.com.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG
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FEATURE ARTICLE
Dr. Robert M. Gresham / Contributing Editor

Condition monitoring moves into its fourth decade with

KEY CONCE
EPTS
EPTS

Asset man
ma agement
management
g
was a dom
d minant
miinant
m ant
nt
th e at the
theme thee LubMat
20 6 confe
2016 co erence
erence
e cee inn
Spai
Spain.

Risk managgement
gement
maintenannce
nce involves
an even
eeveen hi
h gher
higher
gh r use
see of
sensors onn critical
equip entt and big
equipment bigg
data analyysis.
ysis.

In the futu
future
re robots
Can Stock Photo Inc. / abida

willll doo mo
more
re manufac-
manuf c-
t ring whil
turing whh le
le humans
huu a s
maintain the robots.

32 August 13, 1899: British lm director Alfred Hitchcock is born in London. Hed go on to direct Vertigo, Psycho, The Birds and North by Northwest.
increased emphasis on risk management maintenance.

I RECENTLY ATTENDED THE LUBMAT 2016 CON-

FERENCE IN BILBAO, SPAIN. This conference is
more industry focused than many conferences
in our eld and has a broad international atten-
danceprimarily greater Europe, the U.S., Cen-
tral America and South America. At the last con-
ference, LubMat 2014, I made a presentation on
STLEs Emerging Trends report which had come
out that year. It was well received and elicited
good questions and commentary in the halls. In-
terestingly, at this LubMat many of the plenary
speakers talked about and expanded on emerg-
ing trends from their various perspectives.

W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY AUGUST 2016 33

 Can Stock Photo Inc. / welcomia
There were several common themes
in the presentations and technical
talks. Predominant were the ideas of a
much improved condition monitoring,
maintenance and asset management
program. In addition, there were over-
lapping subjects such as wind turbines
(where the Europeans have more op-
erating experience) and increased use
of robotics in manufacturing, which
also overlaps as it is very important to
keep the robot properly maintained to
not only eliminate downtime but also
to ensure that its manufacturing tasks
stay within specications.
Maintenance 4.0 is the new buzz-
word for this improved level of condi-
tion monitoring, maintenance and as-
set management. Twenty years ago oil
analysis was just getting going. STLE
had begun work on two new certi-
cations in oil analysis, and everyone
was preaching about the ills of reactive
maintenancewhich basically boils
down to you wait until it breaks, run
out and see how fast you can x it to
34 AUGUST 2016
Wind turbines and robots used in
manufacturing are technologies that
would benet from a Maintenance 4.0
approach.
eliminate downtime and reduce costs.
Of course, this approach results in
downtime or even loss of critical equip-
ment, potential exposure of employees
to toxic materials, poor housekeeping
or unsafe conditions such as res and
explosions, not to mention delays in
supplying those all-important custom-
ers, who make it possible to pay the
bills. Further these kinds of problems
can result in regulatory nes and simi-
lar sanctions.
More recently, we began to talk of
predictive maintenance. This is the
idea that through condition monitor-
ing techniques, such as oil analysis,
vibration analysis, thermal, etc., we
can determine when a machine or ma-
chine component is beginning to wear
or break down. This then buys a little
time to order in replacement parts and
to schedule down time to make the
needed repairs.
More recently still, we explored the
concepts of proactive maintenance.
Here we introduced the ideas of as-
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
set management along with more im-
proved condition-based maintenance
techniques. Some of the new ideas
were to identify and rate each piece of
equipment or component according to
the criticality of it to the overall plant
operation and assign a dollar amount
as a measure of its importance. This
provided nancial justication for in-
creased condition monitoring of critical
equipment, inventorying critical repair
or replacement parts and, most impor-
tant, scheduling maintenance cycles
well in advance so key system compo-
nents receive periodic maintenance to
ensure no downtime between cycles.
Now with Maintenance 4.0, the em-
phasis is on risk management mainte-
nance. Some of the characteristics of
risk management maintenance involve
an even higher level of condition-based
maintenance through the use of sensors
on critical equipment and through big
data analysis to more precisely deter-
mine trends and the state of the equip-
ment. Of course, determining the level
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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of risk to the overall operation for each Institution in 2004, the ISO 55000 se-
piece of equipment if it fails, and the
economic impact if it fails, is taken to
a much higher level.
Finally, and this is critical, take
proactive steps to eliminate that risk
for that equipment or system with the
most impact. This could take the form
of statistically determining if one brand
of bearing lasts longer for a given ap-
plication and using the longer-lasting
bearing regardless of cost. In oil analy-
sis, preferably through use of sensors,
monitor not the health of the oil per se
but the critical additive system in the
oil as it begins to break down. Then the
oil can be changed before the machine
actually sees degraded oil.
An important part of Maintenance
4.0, implied above, is enhanced asset
management. In fact, there is a rela-
tively new standard, ISO 55000, which
is an international standard covering
management of physical assets. Initially
a publicly available specication (PAS
55) published by the British Standards
36 AUGUST 2016
When you consider the risks and costs
associated with operating nuclear
power plants, a Maintenance 4.0
program looks pretty good.
thing with complex robots, it seems
ries of asset management standards was
launched in January 2014. In a recent
article, in Norias Machinery Lubrica-
tion, Jim Fitch characterized the stan-
dard: Asset management involves the
balancing of costs, opportunities and
risks against the desired performance of
assets, to achieve the organizational ob-
jectives. An asset management system
provides a structured approach for the
development, coordination and control
of activities undertaken on assets by the
organization over different life cycle
stages and for aligning these activities
with its organizational objectives.
When one thinks of the enormous
capital investment and the equally enor-
mous repair expense in large wind tur-
bine farms, a Maintenance 4.0 approach
would seem the only logical method to
manage these assets. Manufacturing
robots also can be an expensive invest-
ment which is amenable to a Mainte-
nance 4.0 approach. Interestingly, when
you think about manufacturing some-
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Can Stock Photo Inc. / MartinLisner
clear that the operations and mainte-
nance departments begin to merge into
one. An operator no longer makes or
assembles things; the robot does that.
The operator programs the robot to do
what is needed then monitors the robot
to see if it does what is intended and at
the same time attends to the needs of the
robotits maintenance.
Finally, when you consider the risks
and costs associated with operating
nuclear power plants, a Maintenance
4.0 program looks pretty good as well.
This years LubMat conference was
informative. Normally, LubMat stands
for lubricants and materials. This year
it was more about lubricants and Main-
tenance 4.0.
Bob Gresham is STLEs director
of professional development.
You can reach him at
rgresham@stle.org.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
 4XDOLW\ )RRG6DIHW\

3$1$2WKHUV $2

4XDOLW\<RX&DQ&RXQWRQ
&RUSRUDWH'ULYH6XLWH+RXVWRQ7;
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MARKET REPORT
Gabriel Tarle

Metalworking
uids:

Global
challenges,
trends and
opportunities
Can Stock Photo Inc. / sspopov

How OEMs, suppliers and end-users are affectedand responding.

K Y CONC
KEY CONCEPTS
TS Even though metalworking uids (MWFs) account for a little less
than 6% of total lubricant volume, additives for these sub-
MWF additives comprise
co prise
i e nearly 16% of the stances account for nearly 16% of the total lubricant additive
global lubricant additive market. market. This makes MWF additives the third most important
product class in volume after heavy-duty and passenger car
Regulatory bodies worldwide are substan- engine oils.
tial y changing
tially changi
g ng how
ho MWF additives
additi
ddd ti ess are MWF additives are one of the most challenging product
labeled, traded
t d d andd registered.
regi
g tered. classes both for blenders and additive suppliers. MWFs are
the most treated lubricant by number of components and treat
Machining trends such as high-speed
high-sp ed
levels. On average a removal uid has 12 components, and a
cutting and minimum quantity lubrication cold aluminum rolling synthetic additive pack could go as high
also are strongly impacting
imp cting MWF as 97% of total lubricant weight. Health, safety and regulations,
additives. new machining techniques and new material technology are
reshaping metalworking uid formulations.

38 August 14, 1935: President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act, guaranteeing pensions for Americans at age 65.
REGULATORY TRENDS
From a health and safety standpoint there are currently three
main regulatory bodies inuencing the industry: Registra-
tion, Evaluation, Authorization and Restrictions of Chemicals
(REACH) in Europe, the U.S. EPA and the Globally Harmo-
Can Stock Photo Inc. / yuran78
nized System (GHS) at a global level.
The GHS of classication and labeling of chemicals, a new
system for chemical hazard reporting, was created in 2012 by
United Nations-member countries to facilitate trade while safe-
guarding the environment and human health. The UN-member
countries agreed to implement national systems similar to the
GHS by scrapping the material safety data sheets and replacing
them with new safety data sheets (SDSs).
The new hazard classication encompasses new symbols
intended to create a standard and uniform international way
of communicating hazard information to end-users. Though
GHS is supposed to standardize the hazard information glob-
ally, suppliers afrm that U.S. SDSs will be very different from
their European and Canadian counterparts. It is expected that
India, China and Southeast Asia together with the Middle East
will implement the GHS at a later stage.
EPA protects the environment and human health by en-
forcing regulations passed by the U.S. Congress. Following
the recent legislative developments, the industry has created
a new category of chlorinated parafnsthe very long chain
chlorinated parafn (vLCCP)with chain length between
C21 and C30. The vLCCPs are cleared for use by EPA and not
classied by the European Union (EU) as hazardous.
In January 2015 EPA gave two options to chlorinated par-
afn producers: stop selling MCCP and LCCP (C18-C21) im-
mediately or dont sell MCCP and LCCP after May 31, 2016.
However, in September 2015 EPA delayed the ban on chlo-
rinated parafns until mid-2017. Since chlorinated parafns
are an important category of EP additives, this development
will inuence MFW formulations.
REACH requires all chemical substances on the European
market to be registered by 2018. For the next registration
phase (May 31, 2018), manufacturers and importers are
required to submit a detailed substance dossier to the
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) for each substance
within a given period if they market between one and 100
tons of the substance per year in Europe. According to the
no data, no market principle only registered substances can
be manufactured, imported and used in Europe.
The next REACH deadline imposes an innovation barrier
due to the high cost associated with REACH registration
procedures. Blenders might have difculties getting some
products after May 2018, as some of them that are sold in
small volume might not be economically feasible for the
expensive REACH registration.
Following recent regulations, MWF additives like some
of the chlorinated parafns will be increasingly restricted.
MWF additive producers possibly will build innovation cen-
ters outside the EU after 2018 and choose not to register new
chemistries with REACH because of higher costs. The EU will
W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Non-ferrous metals, alloys, exotic metals and
composites will continue to change MWF
formulation.
certainly lag behind other regions in terms of new chemistries,
and this could also prevent smaller niche additive producers
from entering the market. The GHS is certainly burdening the
labeling process and increasing production costs, and end-
users likely will cover the additional cost. Uncertain is how
long it will take to have a functioning GHS across the globe.
MACHINING TECHNOLOGY TRENDS
Machining technique trends include high-speed cutting
(HSC), minimum quantify lubrication (MQL) and dry ma-
chining. Non-traditional cutting methods that are gaining
ground include laser, electrical discharge and water jet ma-
chining. For example, laser cutting is replacing work previ-
ously done by turret punch presses, plasma cutters, shears and
mills. An advantage of laser machining includes the ability
to machine burr-free edges. The aerospace industry, with its
emphasis on increasing quality and accuracy while reducing
costs, is a strong market for laser machining technology.
With HSC the neat oil is sprayed on under high pressure
as an aerosol. Otherwise, the air layer turning with the tool bit
would prevent the uid from reaching the tool bit. Foaming
and misting can be a problem.
In removal uids, the dominant applications for MQL are
boring and drilling. Some engineers afrm that MQL is limited
in some applications because the machine can get overheated.
In the automotive industry, for instance, machines work con-
tinuously for three shifts, and MQL cannot be used as the ma-
chines can overheat. Apart from this, automotive aluminum
alloys are used, which can be very demanding of the machine.
MQL is mostly used in drilling operations on aluminum and
other non-ferrous metals. In casting, there would be a dusting
issue if MQL is used. MQL reduces the amount of oil needed
to machine a part by 80% or more.
In forming uids microlubrication technology is suc-
cessfully employed in forming operations such as blanking,
stamping and tube drawing. Technically and commercially
effective application of microlubrication requires appropriate
metering systems, tool coatings and suitably designed ma-
chines and tools.
AUGUST 2016 39
 MWF additives have worked in fa-
vor of various machining techniques.
HSC, MQL, dry machining and la-
ser cutting have been available for a
while, in some instances reducing the
volume of uids and implicitly the
additives required. Some applications
have beneted from such techniques,
but experts agree that HSC, MQL, dry
machining and laser cutting are limited
to particular applications and tailored
to the needs of individual producers.
As general machining technology
improves with higher cutting speed
and better precision cutting, the need
for properly additized uids increases
primarily because of machine depre-
ciation associated with wear. Factories
have to stay competitive by efciently
managing production while maximiz-
ing machine lifetime.
NEW MATERIALS
New materials continue to penetrate
the global automotive and aerospace in-
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40 AUGUST 2016
dustries. Increased use of aluminum is
expected to be a growth factor for semi-
synthetic and synthetic uids. Globally
there is a trend toward improving vehi-
cle fuel economy by using lighter met-
als and metal-reinforced bers to keep
overall weight of vehicle low.
Lighter non-ferrous metals or al-
loys, such as aluminum, magnesium
and higher-strength steels, are used to
manufacture lightweight vehicles. Ex-
otic metals such as compacted graphite
iron also are being used to manufacture
certain vehicle parts to reduce vehicle
weight for increasing fuel economy.
These new metals or alloys could result
in additional machining challenges for
the metalworking industry. For exam-
ple, there is a trend away from amines
to other chemistries that are less ag-
gressive in non-ferrous alloys.
Strong growth of the composites
in the aerospace industry, particularly
commercial air transport, will lead to
changes in corrosion inhibitors and re-
WERE ADDING
TO OUR MIX
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
moval uids. Composites do not gener-
ally have metal components, and there
is no need for corrosion inhibitors. The
most preferred polymer material is car-
bon ber reinforced due to its durability
and superior mechanical performance.
However, any polymer-based composite
cannot safely operate at temperatures
above 150 C, well below the high pres-
sure turbine operating temperatures.
The high costs associated with machin-
ing the high-temperature metal alloys,
as well as their heavy weight, make the
alloys candidates for future substitu-
tion. Currently ceramic-based com-
posites are being researched to replace
metal alloys in some instances.
Non-ferrous metals, alloys, exotic
metals and composites will continue
to change MWF formulation. From the
beginning of the 2000s, the complexity
of automotive and aerospace manufac-
turing has demanded different types
of uids for ferrous and non-ferrous
metals. Nowadays, weight reduction
This partnership allows us to oer sustainably
sourced products and even tailor-made
options to the lubricant and personal care
markets under the Temest and Acitem
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options for our customers, but it also further
supports the sustainable production and
sourcing of high-quality products around
the world.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
 has prompted the use of composites
and other polymer-based materials de-
manded more suitable uid types.
NEW OEMS
The competition in the passenger jet
industry intensifies as Chinas first
homemade plane just started service.
Japans Mitsubishi announced it also
is entering the market. This comes in
addition to Russias Sukhoi and Brazils
Embraer each launching a line of com-
mercial aircraft.
not so much in soluble water-based
uids. Their use is growing in India,
but in other parts of world, particular
North America and Europe, their use
is declining.
There is a growing use of bio-addi-
tives, such as those made out of palm
oil, as co-emulsiers in the MWFs in-
dustry. They are used along with water-
miscible MWFs and not with straight
oils. Co-emulsiers are used mostly in
removal uids. Distilled Tall Oil and di-
acids are the two major bio-additives
used. Sulfonates had been the preferred
emulsier type due to their low cost;
however, they are vulnerable to micro-
bial breakdown and currently account
for 50% of demand.
Microbial contamination is one
of the most widespread problems in
MWFs, and triazines dominate MWF
application with more than 50% of the
global demand. Although triazines are
the leading biocides used, they also are

MWF ADDITIVES
On the functional additive classes, regu-
latory drivers will have a major impact
on the future use of EP additives. In
the U.S. the transition to vLCCPs will
be more prominent in metal-forming
fluids due to their higher viscosity
compared to MCCPs and LCCPs. But
the vLCCP will be at disadvantage for
metal-removal uids where the sulfu-
rized chemistries are easier to formu-
late. Both sulfurized olens and fats will
grow as a result. Phosphate esters are a
good substitute for chlorinated parafns
when the cost is justied. They provide
good antiwear and staining protection
for aluminum alloys. However, they are
used in less severe applications. From
the same class, phosphonates are good
for stain-free application.
The use of aluminum alloys have
been increasing and pushing formu-
lators to reduce the uid pH to avoid
alkaline-driven staining. However, the
INCREASED EFFICIENCY ENERGIZED BY
reduction of the pH generally results
in reducing the uid life when using
phosphate esters, which are food for LANXESS delivers effective, economical biocides and fungicides for
microorganisms. TEA could be a good OGVCNYQTMKPIWKFURNWU6GEJPKECN5WRRQTV5GTXKEGUTGCF[VQJGNR[QW
x due to its buffer abilities but only in QRVKOK\GRTQFWEVNGXGNUHQT[QWTURGEKECRRNKECVKQP1WTPreventol,
small volume to avoid staining. Amine Biochek and Veriguard products are registered, reliable and available
carboxylate and lactic acid have no KPUQNWVKQPFKURGTUKQPRGNNGVUQTCMGUwww.mpp.us.lanxess.com
health and environmental issues, but
only the demand for lactic acid is grow-
ing. The demand for DCHA, a permit-
ted secondary amine, has been growing
for a while but is subject to the hazard
label. DCHA, lactic acid and carboxyl- Preventol CMK Preservative and Preventol CMK 40 are approved by the FDA, EPA and NSF (HX-1) as
ate are good alternatives to the boron antimicrobial preservative for lubricants with incidental food contact. The approved use is up to 1% active
ingredient (p-chloro-m-cresol). PREVENTOL is a registered trademark of LANXESS Deutschland GmbH.
technology. Boron compounds are used BIOCHEK and VERIGUARD are registered trademarks of LANXESS Corporation.
both in semisynthetic and synthetic
metalworking uids formulations and

42 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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 a very effective corrosion inhibitor in
water-based uids. In Europe the mar-
ket for metalworking uids is regulated
and many biocides have been removed
due to the Biocidal Products Directive
since 2006. Triazine dosages have been
reduced to 500 ppm from 1500 ppm
by EPA in metalworking uids. France
has banned the usage of formaldehyde-
releasing agents, which is the case for
the triazines. New biocides, which are
not formaldehyde releasers or phenols,
might gain ground in other European
countries as well.
Globally MWFs are going through
a challenging yet rewarding period.
There are costs involved both in the
upstream and downstream of the lu-
bricants business associated with im-
plementing the GHS. A major factor to
consider when labeling metalworking
uids is trade secrecy. The U.S. makes
it easy to claim trade secrecy, creating
a backdoor to much of the GHS label-
ing procedure. And the GHS labeling
would or would not be effectively ap-
plied. In such instances downstream
players (blenders) should ask for more
information about health and safety. In
Canada and the EU, trade secrets are
registered and are scrutinized by gov-
ernment agencies. Similar to Europe,
in Canada trade secrets need to be re-
newed periodically.
Regulatory changes, changes in ma-
chining technology and new materials
and emergence of new OEMs all pose
signicant challenges and opportuni-
ties for MWFs and additives suppliers.
High value-added industries such as
automotive and aerospace manufactur-
ing are growing more demanding and
seeking new solutions. Additive suppli-
ers who can meet these challenges will
succeed in this market.

Gabriel T. Tarle is a senior consultant at Klines Petroleum and Energy practice. He is responsible for both ad-hoc and syndicated
studies across the entire supply chain of nished lubricants and related specialties, ranging from base stocks (virgin and re-rened),
waxes and additives to automotive and industrial lubricants, as well as various process oils.
His key contributions for Klines market studies include Metalworking Fluids: Global Market Analysis and Opportunities; Global
Lubricant Basestocks: Market Analysis and OpportunitiesEurope; Global Wax Industry: Market Analysis and OpportunitiesEurope;
Global Lubricants: Market Analysis and AssessmentDACH, Romania, and other Eastern European countries; Global Synthetic
Lubricants: Market Analysis and OpportunitiesDACH.
Tarle has worked on a number of studies for Klines consulting projects related to market entry, niche market assessment, new
Gabriel T. Tarle products/services and material demand models.

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44 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 *VU[HJ[\Z[VYLX\LZ[H
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PEER-REVIEWED
Effects of Oxide Layer Formation during
Lubricated Sliding on the Frictional Properties of
Titanium-Coated Silicon
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 446-746, Korea
2
Plant Business Group, Samsung C&T Corporation Headquarter, Seoul 137-956, Korea
Manuscript received April 1, 2014
Manuscript accepted July 21, 2014
Review led by Liming Chang
STLE
Editors Note: Titanium and
its alloys are gaining popularity
for surface coatings; they have
good resistance against cor-
rosion and fatigue. Predicting
some of their tribological prop-
erties is difcult since the oxide
layer dominates the surface
coating during sliding contact.
This months Editors Choice
paper details the experiments
used to help understand the
relationship between the oxide
layer and the surface coating.
The ndings underline the
importance of understanding
the role the oxide layer plays in
other titanium alloys.
Evan Zabawski, CLS
Editor
46
DAE-HYUN CHO,1 JIUSI JIA,2 and YOUNG-ZE LEE1
KEY WORDS
Titanium; Oxides; Coatings; Friction Mechanisms
ABSTRACT
The principal goal of the experiments described in this article is to elucidate the effect of ox-
ide layer formation during lubricated sliding on the frictional properties of Ti-coated silicon.
It was found that the TiO2 layer is the prime determinant of the frictional properties of slid-
ing surfaces coated with Ti coating. At the initial stage of sliding, Ti coating showed a high
(0.55) and unstable frictional response. During this period, the Si substrates and Ti coating
were damaged simultaneously, indicating that the wearing of the coating and substrate is
attributed to the high and unstable friction. With the formation of the oxide layer, after a
few cycles of the onset of sliding, the friction coefcient became stable and decreased to 0.16.
By analyzing the oxide layer using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive
spectroscopy (EDS), and Raman spectroscopy, it was found that the oxide layer (TiO 2
layer) was formed from the debris of the worn Ti coating. Adhesion tests using atomic force
microscopy (AFM) revealed that the adhesive component of the friction of sliding surfaces
was not lowered by the oxide layer. By comparing the SEM images and frictional response,
it was demonstrated that the oxide layer restrained the development of surface damage and
the frictional work was converted to the growth of the oxide layer instead of damaging the
sliding surfaces. From these results, it was conrmed that the deformation component of Ti
coating friction was suppressed by the oxide layer.
BACKGROUND
Generally, sliding components in mechanical systems require a low friction value ex-
cept for some components such as brakes and clutches. To meet this requirement,
surface coatings have been widely used to tailor the frictional properties of sliding
surfaces (Holmberg and Matthews (1)). Among the surface coatings, Ti and its alloys
are considered as promising materials because of their outstanding properties such
as high resistance against fatigue, low density, corrosion resistance, formability, and
low modulus (Cheng, et al. (2);Rastkar and Shokri (3); Das, et al. (4); Cao, et al. (5)).
Although Ti and its alloys have been widely used, it is very difcult to make accurate
predictions about the frictional response on real components because the oxide layer
formed during sliding rather than the surface coatings dominates it (Bhushan (6); Savas
August 15, 1969: 300,000 young people go on down to Max Yasgurs
 TABLE 1CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WHITE MINERAL OIL USED IN THE PRESENT STUDY (PROVIDED BY MICHANG CO.)
Specic Vapor Vapor
Property Gravity pH Density Pressure
Value 0.838 Not applicable >1 <0.1 mmHg (@ 20 C)
and Danisman (7); Egaa, et al. (8); Blau, et al. (9)).
For this reason, surface coatings for reducing friction and
wear, which are widely used in dry sliding or environments
containing oxygen, can generate the oxide layer with an ef-
cient lubricity during sliding contacts. For example, when
steel coated with diamond-like coating slides on a pristine
steel surface, the oxide layer formed on the pristine steel sur-
face protects the surfaces against wear (Pettersson and Jacob-
son (10); Cho, et al. (11)). In addition, it was reported that
the friction coefcient of the CrN coating can be reduced
by the formation of a chromium oxide layer by observing
the friction coefcient of CrN against a 100Cr6 bearing steel
and ceramic Si3N4 ball with the wide range of temperature
up to 500C (Polcar, et al. (12)). The lowered friction due to
the formation of the oxide layer is generally attributed to its
relatively low shear strength (Holmberg and Matthews (1)).
For surfaces coated with Ti-based materials the TiOx spe-
cies typically form on the Ti-based coating surface (Holm-
berg and Matthews (1)). However, the oxide layer formed
on the Ti-based coatings does not always lower the friction
coefcient. In the case of TiCN coating, the oxide layer can
improve the frictional properties of sliding surfaces (Polcar,
et al. (12)), whereas the friction coefcient of TiN-coated sur-
faces increases with the formation of oxide layer (Cho and Lee
(13)). The thickness of the naturally formed oxide layer dur-
ing sliding is much thinner than the coating, but it determines
the frictional characteristics. Therefore, it is obvious that the
frictional characteristics of each Ti-based coating should be
understood based on the formation of an oxide layer.
In the case of the Ti coating, the oxide layer formed by
thermal oxidation has an advantage in tribological applica-
tion (Bloyce, et al. (14)). However, such a superior tribologi-
cal characteristic of the oxide layer was not always observed.
Depending on the oxidizing condition such as oxidation
temperature and oxidation duration, the superior character-
istics of the oxide layer can frequently disappear (Siva Rama
Krishna and Sun (15); Dong and Li (16)). It is known that the
oxidizing condition can affect the structure of an oxidized Ti
coating. Hence, the structural effect of the oxide layer on the
tribological characteristics produced by thermal oxidation has
been studied (Krishna, et al. (17)).
As mentioned above, a large number of previous studies
on Ti coating have aimed at ascertaining the optimum oxidiz-
ing condition for producing a strongly bonded thick titanium
oxide layer with a rutile structure. These efforts focused on
the effect of a previously formed oxide layer before sliding.
However, the effects of an oxide layer formed during sliding
on the frictional properties of Ti coating are still not fully
dairy farm in Bethel, New York, for the three-day Woodstock music festival.
Solubility Volatile
Viscosity in Water Characteristics
8.2 cSt @ 40 C Insoluble in cold water Slightly volatile
investigated. Herein, on the basis of the understanding that
the oxide layer is the prime determinant of the frictional prop-
erties of sliding surfaces coated with Ti-based materials, the
effect of the oxide layer formation on the frictional properties
of pure Ti coating was investigated. To observe the process of
oxide layer formation, scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and Raman spectros-
copy were employed. By analyzing the results of adhesion
tests with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the surface
image of the worn track with SEM, how the oxide layer that
formed on Ti coating affects the frictional properties of sliding
surfaces will be explained.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
During the main experiment, we used a typical ball-on-disk
type tribometer. Using a ball-on-disk sliding tester, we could
observe the formation of an oxide layer during sliding with
a gently applied load. The applied load can be controlled by
providing different dead weights on the steel ball straightway.
The signal transmitted from the strain gage for measuring fric-
tion force was transformed with a sampling frequency of 5 Hz.
Silicon wafers with a thickness of 675 m were used as a
substrate for the Ti coating. A 1-m-thick titanium (Ti) coat-
ing was deposited by physical vapor deposition using the DC
magnetron sputter method on <100> oriented silicon wafers
with a hardness of 12.4 GPa and surface roughness (Rq) of
300 nm. As the counterpart against the coated surfaces, an
AISI 52100 bearing steel ball with a diameter of 10.16 mm
was chosen. The disk sample rotated at a sliding speed of 0.02
m/s during test. All sliding tests were performed in a white
mineral oil (Michang Co.) environment in order to generate
mild sliding, allowing us to explore the relation between the
formation of the oxide layer and frictional properties. Table 1
provides the chemical properties provided by Michang. Dur-
ing the tests, room temperature and constant humidity of 15%
were maintained.
Two types of friction tests were performed with the ex-
perimental conditions mentioned above. Four different ap-
plied loads ranging from 2 to 6 N were used in order to make
comparisons of the effects of the oxide layer on the frictional
properties under diverse loads; additional sliding tests were
subsequently made with an applied load of 4 N. These tests
were paused at certain sliding cycles in order to clearly ob-
serve the process of oxide layer formation during sliding.
Herein, the latter type of test is designated as a stage-by-stage
test. The worn surfaces generated from the stage-by-stage tests
were analyzed to determine the effect of the formation of the
oxide layers using SEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and AFM.
47
In particular, the tests results from EDS and Raman spectros-
copy were used to conrm the type of oxide layer.
An SEM/EDS system manufactured by JEOL (JSM-7600F)
was used to observe the formation of the oxide layer. Raman
spectroscopy (Alpha300 M+, WITEC GMbH) was also em-
ployed to conrm the oxide species formed on the wear track.
The adhesion force of the unworn Ti coating, oxide layer,
and wear track without oxide were measured using an AFM
manufactured by Seiko Instruments (E-sweep). A sharp AFM
silicon tip, SI-AF01, fabricated by Seiko Instruments was used
and its normal spring constant was 0.22 N/m. The normal
spring constant was calculated using the following equation
(Palacio and Bhushan (18)):

Ewt3
KN = , [1]
4l3

where E is the elastic modulus of Si, and w, t, and L are the

width, thickness, and length of the cantilever, respectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As mentioned in the Introduction, it is suggested that the TiOx
species can form and dominate the frictional characteristics
of Ti coating during sliding. In addition, it was reported that
the formation rates of the oxide layer vary with the contact
pressure (Cho and Lee (13), (19), (20)). To test whether or
not the above two discovered facts can also be applied to the
case of the Ti-coated surfaces, friction coefcients of Ti-coated
silicon wafers were recorded with different applied contact
loads with a range from 2 to 6 N (Figure 1). It is clearly shown
that the coefcient of friction was changed with the increase
in sliding cycles. The frictional behavior observed in Figure 1
can be divided into three stages: the initial response with high
and relatively unstable friction; a gentle decrease in friction;
and saturation of the coefcient of friction down to around
0.16. In the cases with applied loads of 6 and 4 N (Figures
1a and 1b), the frictional transitions ended between the 30th
and 35th sliding cycles. On the other hand, for relatively low
applied load conditions (3 and 2 N) shown in Figures 1c and
1d, the transition nished at around the 50th sliding cycle.
In other words, the frictional transition appears earlier at
the high contact load. This observed phenomenon concurs
with test results previously reported (Cho and Lee (13), (19),
(20)). According to these studies, the transition is directly
related to the formation of an oxide layer. At the initial stages,
the friction signals reect the tribological characteristics of the
pristine coating and its counter-surface. After transition, the
characteristics of the oxide layer dominate the friction behav-
ior. This explanation can be applied to elucidate the frictional
behavior observed in Figure 1. It is likely that the frictional
characteristics shown at the initial stage are attributed to the
contact between the steel ball and pristine Ti coating. As the Figure 1 | Coefcient of friction signal from the sliding tests of AISI
sliding cycle increases, the oxide layer forms on the sliding 52100 steel ball on 1-+m-thick Ti-coated silicon wafer in a lubricating
surface. Therefore, the formation of the oxide layer is the ori- environment under various contact loads: (a) 6 N, (b) 4 N, (c) 3 N, and
gin for the decrease in the coefcient of friction at the second (d) 2 N.

48 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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 stage. Finally, when the equilibrium between the formation
and removal of the oxide layer is achieved during sliding, the
coefcient of friction is stably saturated as shown in the third
stage. However, in the case of frictional characteristics of the
TiN coating reported in Cho and Lee (13), the coefcient
of friction was gradually enhanced with an increase in the
number of sliding cycles, in contrast to that of the Ti reported
herein. Direct evidence is thus required in order to link the
formation of the oxide layer and the frictional properties of
the Ti coating.
Toward this objective, the sliding tests were further per-
formed under the condition of the applied load of 4 N, where
the coefcient of friction decreased gently. By stopping the
sliding tests at each stage, the analysis of the worn surfaces
was carried out to nd the relation between the friction and
oxide layer formed on the Ti coatings.
Figure 2 shows the measured coefcient of friction from
the stage-by-stage tests with an applied load of 4 N. The data
were acquired by stopping the sliding at the certain cycle re-
ferring the each stage. Figures 2a and 2b show that the sliding
tests were stopped at the rst and second stages, respectively.
In the case of the nal stage, the tests were paused at the ini-
tial point (between the 35th and 40th cycles) and the stable
point (the 100th cycle). The sliding cycle for stopping was
determined based on the result in Figure 1b.
50 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
First, all tests shown in Figure 2 show analogous trends.
In other words, it is clear that the sliding tests were reliably
reproducible, indicating that the test procedure employed
herein is appropriate for analyzing the formation of the ox-
ide layer.
SEM images were acquired from each step mentioned
above (Figure 3). It can be perceived that as the number of
sliding cycles increases, the width of the wear track increases.
Examining the SEM images, a type of plateau, which is formed
at the front of the craters (surface damage), widens with the
increase in sliding cycles.
The crater appears in the initial stage (Figure 3a). In the
second stage, representing the frictional transition, the pla-
teau appears at the front of the crater (Figure 3b). If the slid-
ing continues and the friction saturates down to the value of
around 0.15, the plateau is signicantly developed (Figures
3c and 3d). From these observations, it can be speculated
that the plateaus are related to the friction trend and are a
type of tribolm.
It is known that a tribolm can form due to oxidized wear
debris (Holmberg and Matthews (1)). Therefore, the fact that
the tribolm with the shape of plateaus appears at the front
of the crater indicates that the origins of the tribolm are the
wear debris of Ti coating and their oxidation. On the other
hand, the position of the tribolm reveals that the tribolm
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Figure 2 | Coefcient of friction signal from the sliding tests of AISI
52100 steel ball on 1-+m-thick Ti-coated silicon wafer in a lubricating
environment under 4 N contact loads. The sliding test stopped at (a)
stage 1, (b) stage 2, (c) initial point of stage 3, and (d) stable point of
stage 3.
Figure 3 | SEM images of the wear under 4 N contact loads in differ-
ent stages: (a) stage 1, (b) stage 2, (c) initial point of stage 3, (d)
stable point of stage 3. White arrows indicate the sliding direction.
Scale bar, 200 +m.

August 16, 1977: Elvis Presley dies from a heart attack reportedly brought about by years of abusing prescription drugs. 51
 can suppress the expansion of the crater because no grown

crater along the wear track can be observable after tribolm

formation. If there is no factor suppressing the expansion, the
grown crater should exist. In addition, it can be seen that the
development of craters was restrained after the formation of
the tribolm.
To further test the origin of the tribolm, EDS analysis
was performed (Figure 4). EDS images were acquired on the
tribolms with a plateau shape at the front of the craters. To
conrm their chemical composition, O, Si, and Ti signals were
recorded. It is clearly seen that the regions occupied with
an Si signal (yellow color) do not contain a Ti signal (red
color). This indicates that the silicon substrates were naked
because the Ti coating was worn from the region. Oxygen
signals provide information about whether or not the Ti coat-
ing is oxidized. At the initial stage (Figure 4a), the Ti signal
(red color) has no relation with the O signal (green color),
indicating that the Ti coating was not oxidized at that stage.
After the initial stage (Figures 4b4d), the intensity of the O
signal was clearly enhanced in the region occupied by the red
signal (Ti). These results indicate that oxidation of the Ti coat-
ing is initiated from the frictional transition stage. Therefore,
the tribolm with a plateau shape is the oxide layer formed
on the Ti coating. In addition, this EDS analysis (Figure 4)
demonstrates that the friction trend of Ti (Figure 2) directly
reects the formation of the oxide layer.
It was reported that TiOx species frequently form on the
coating surface as the tribolm (Cheng, et al. (2); Krishna,
et al. (17); Cho and Lee (19)). To conrm the chemical bond
of the oxide layer, Raman signals were acquired on the oxide
layer (Figure 5) and a weak peak at 415 cm1 and a relatively
small peak at around 610 cm1 were observed. These two
peaks correspond to the Eg and A1g modes of TiO2, respec-
tively (Zhang, et al. (21); Melendres, et al. (22)). Therefore,

Figure 4 | SEM images and EDS mapping results of worn surfaces

under 4 N contact loads: (a) stage 1, (b) stage 2, (c) initial point of
stage 3, (d) stable point of stage 3. Green, yellow, and red colors
correspond to the intensity of O, Si, and Ti, respectively. Scale bar, 50 Figure 5 | Raman spectra obtained on the oxide layer on the worn
+m. surface.

52 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

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 it is evident that the Ti coating was oxidized during sliding
and changed to TiO2 (Feist and Davies (23)).
According to previously established research (Molinari,
et al. (24)), the low resistance against shear stress and the
formation of the oxide layer should be minimized to protect
the Ti6Al4V alloy surfaces against wear. On the other hand,
it was reported that the oxide layer formed on the TiN-coated
surfaces could improve wear resistance but enhance friction
force. In contrast to the these two observations, the test results
shown herein reveal that the oxide layer formed on the Ti
coating can decrease friction force and wear. These observed
phenomena indicate that the frictional characteristics of each
Ti-based coating should be understood based on the forma-
tion of the oxide layer as mentioned in the Introduction.
It is known that the dissipation mechanism of friction
consists of an adhesion component and a deformation com-
ponent, both of which are required to separate the surfaces
from the adhesion and accompany the surface deformation
during sliding (Bowden and Tabor (25)). Therefore, it can be
speculated that the reduced friction of Ti due to the forma-
tion of the oxide layer can be elucidated by exploring the two
major components of friction. Figure 6 | AFM images obtained before adhesion tests: (a) pristine Ti
Toward this objective, adhesion tests using AFM were coating (1 = 1 +m2), (b) mildly worn region without crater (10 = 10
performed. The tests were conducted on the region of the +m2), (c) crater (25 = 25 +m2), and (d) oxide layer (1 = 1 +m2).
unworn area of Ti coating but submerged in the oil during
the test, the mildly worn surface where only the Ti coating
delaminated without signicant damage to the substrate, the
severely worn surface (crater), and the oxide layer (Figure (Figures 2c, 2d, 3c, 3d). In addition, it can be seen that the
6). It was found that the oxide was formed with a highly at size and density of the crater on the worn surfaces did not
surface (Rq = 250300 nm). Therefore, the capillary effect was signicantly increase after the oxide layer formation (Figure
considered a minor factor when we compare the adhesion 3). The fact that the craters are not generated more and hardly
force between unworn Ti and the oxide because both two grow after the onset of oxide lm formation imply that the
surfaces are highly at. The unworn Ti coating shows the frictional work is converted to the formation of oxide lm
adhesion force of 7 nN 4. On the other hand, the adhesion but damage to the surfaces. The oxide lm generated in front
force of the mildly worn region, the crater, and the oxide layer of the crater also can be a factor restraining the development
were 15.5 2.3, 12.3 3.1, and 13.9 2.3, respectively. It is of craters. Therefore, it can be speculated that the formation
interesting that the adhesion force even on the oxide layer of the oxide layer is highly relevant to the reduction in the
was not lowered compared to that on the unworn Ti coat- deformation component of friction rather than the adhesion
ing; nevertheless, the friction of the unworn Ti coating shows component. Further study is required to clearly determine
relatively high friction (Figures 1 and 2). These results reveal this mechanism.
that the reduction in friction of the Ti coating is not attributed
to the change in its adhesive component. Although the Ti CONCLUSION
coatings were covered by a naturally formed oxide lm before Herein, the effect of oxide layer formation on the frictional
sliding tests, the adhesion force was enhanced after sliding. properties of Ti coating was explored. During the few cycles
From the results of adhesion tests, it can be presumed that after the onset of sliding, the friction coefcient of Ti coating
the deformation component of friction decreases due to the was relatively high (0.55) and unstable. This is attributed to
formation of TiO2 lm. In the initial stage (Figure 3a), the cra- the wear of the coating and the generation of a crater on the
ters appeared on the sliding surfaces with a high and unstable Si substrate. After the formation of an oxide layer, the fric-
frictional response (Figure 2a). The frictional response at the tion coefcient was approximately 0.16 and stably saturated.
initial stage can be attributed to the wear of the Ti coating and The analysis of EDS and Raman signal reveals that the wear
the damage to the Si substrate (or the generation of craters). debris of Ti coating reacted with oxygen and was transformed
After a few sliding cycles, the oxide layer was generated, re- to the TiO2 layer. By testing the adhesive force of the unworn
ducing the friction force (Figures 2b and 3b). After these two Ti coating and the worn surfaces, it was conrmed that the
stages, the friction coefcient decreased down to around 0.16 adhesive component was not relevant to the reduced friction.
and the oxide lms markedly grew in a transverse direction The SEM and EDS analysis of the worn surfaces showed that

54 August 18, 1920: The 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is passed, giving women the right to vote.
the growth of craters was restrained by the oxide layer. In
addition, it was conrmed that there was an obvious link
between the development of the oxide layer and the frictional
response. From these results, it is concluded that the oxide
layer could reduce the friction force by suppressing the de-
formation component of friction. The effect of oxide layer
formation on the Ti coating observed here differs from the
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1. Holmberg, K. and Matthews, A. (2009), Coatings Tribology:
Properties, Mechanisms, Techniques and Applications in Surface
Engineering, Elsevier Science: Amsterdam.
2. Cheng, J., Yu, Y., Fu, L. C., Li, F., Qiao, Z. H., Li, J. S., Yang,
J., and Liu, W. M. (2013), Effect of TiB2 on Dry-Sliding Tri-
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3. Rastkar, A. R. and Shokri, B. (2008), A Multi-Step Process
of Oxygen Diffusion to Improve the Wear Performance of a
Gamma-Based Titanium Aluminide, Wear, 264(1112), pp
973979.
4. Das, G., Kestler, H., Clemens, H., and Bartolotta, P. A. (2004),
Sheet Gamma TiAl: Status and Opportunities, JOM, 56(11),
pp 4245.
5. Cao, X., Shao, T., and Wen, S. (2004), Micro/Nanotribologi-
cal and Mechanical Studies of TiN Thin-Film for MEMS Ap-
plications, Tribology Transactions, 47, 227232.
6. Bhushan, B. (2002), Introduction to Tribology, John Wiley &
Sons: New York.
7. Savas, S. and Danisman, S. (2014), Multipass Sliding Wear
Behavior of TiAlN Coatings Using a Spherical Indenter: Ef-
fect of Coating Parameters and Duplex Treatment, Tribology
Transactions, 57, 242255.
8. Egaa, A., Rech, J., and Arrazola, P. J. (2012), Characteriza-
tion of Friction and Heat Partition Coefcients during Ma-
chining of a TiAl6V4 Titanium Alloy and a Cemented Car-
bide, Tribology Transactions, 55, 665676.
9. Blau, P. J., Erdman, D. L., III, Ohriner, E., and Jolly, B. C.
(2011), High-Temperature Galling Characteristics of Ti-6Al-
4V with and without Surface Treatments, Tribology Transac-
tions, 54, 192200.
10. Pettersson, U. and Jacobson, S. (2004), Friction and Wear
Properties of Micro Textured DLC Coated Surfaces in Bound-
ary Lubricated Sliding, Tribology Letters, 17(3), pp 553559.
11. Cho, C. W., Hong, B., and Lee, Y. Z. (2005), Wear Life Evalu-
ation of Diamond-Like carbon Films Deposited by Microwave
Plasma-Enhanced CVD and RF Plasma-Enhanced CVD Meth-
od, Wear, 259(16), pp 789794.
12. Polcar, T., Kubart, T., Novak, R., Kopecky, L., and Siroky, P.
(2005), Comparison of Tribological Behaviour of TiN, TiCN
and CrN at Elevated Temperatures, Surface & Coatings Tech-
nology, 193(13), pp 192199.
W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Ti6Al4V alloy (Molinari, et al. (24)) and TiN (Cho and Lee
(13), (19)). Therefore, this study not only provides useful
information for the lubrication engineer to utilize the Ti coat-
ing but also shows the fact that the frictional characteristics
of each Ti-based material should be understood based on the
formation of the oxide layer.
13. Cho, C. W. and Lee, Y. Z. (2003), Effects of the Oxide Layer
Formed on TiN Coated Silicon Wafer on the Friction and
Wear Characteristics in Dry Sliding, Surface & Coatings Tech-
nology, 168, pp 8490.
14. Bloyce, A., Qi, P. Y., Dong, H., and Bell, T. (1998), Surface
Modication of Titanium Alloys for Combined Improvements
in Corrosion and Wear Resistance, Surface & Coatings Tech-
nology, 107(23), pp 125132.
15. Siva Rama Krishna, D. and Sun, Y. (2005), Effect of Thermal
Oxidation Conditions on Tribologial Behaviour of Titanium
Films on 316L Stainless Steel, Surface & Coatings Technology,
198(13), pp 447453.
16. Dong, H. and Li, X. Y. (2000), Oxygen Boost Diffusion for
the Deep-Case Hardening of Titanium Alloys, Materials Sci-
ence and Engineering A, 280(2), pp 303310.
17. Krishna, D. S. R., Brama, Y. L., and Sun, Y. (2007), Thick
Rutile Layer on Titanium for Tribological Applications, Tri-
bology International, 40(2), pp 329334.
18. Palacio, M. L. B. and Bhushan, B. (2010), Normal and Lateral
Force Calibration Techniques for AFM Cantilevers, Critical
Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences, 35(2), pp 73
104.
19. Cho, C. W. and Lee, Y. Z. (2004), Friction Transition Dia-
gram Considering the Effects of Oxide Layer Formed on Wear
Track of AISI 1045 Steel Disk against TiN Coated AISI 52100
Steel Ball in Sliding, Surface & Coatings Technology, 179, pp
19.
20. Cho, C. W. and Lee, Y. Z. (2004), Tribological Characteristics
of Oxide Layer Formed on TiN Coated Silicon Wafer, Tribol-
ogy Letters, 16(4), pp 259263.
21. Zhang, W. F., He, Y. L., Zhang, M. S., Yin, Z., and Chen, Q.
(2000), Raman Scattering Study on Anatase TiO2 Nanocrys-
tals, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 33(8), pp 912916.
22. Melendres, C. A., Narayanasamy, A., Maroni, V. A., and Sie-
gel, R. W. (1989), Raman-Spectroscopy of Nanophase TiO2,
Journal of Materials Research, 4(5), pp 12461250.
23. Feist, T. P. and Davies, P. K. (1992), The Soft Chemical Syn-
thesis of TiO2 (B) from Layered Titanates, Journal of Solid
State Chemistry, 101(2), pp 275295.
24. Molinari, A., Straffelini, G., Tesi, B., and Bacci, T. (1997),
Dry Sliding Wear Mechanisms of the Ti6Al4V Alloy, Wear,
208(12), pp 105112.
25. Bowden, F. P. and Tabor, D. (1964), The Friction and Lubrica-
tion of Solids, Part II, Clarendon Press: Oxford, UK.
AUGUST 2016 55
NEWSMAKERS
TOP STORIES
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56
U.S. Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker presents the
E Award for exporting excellence to Tony Espinosa, vice
president of Human Resources and Administration at Des-Case.
DES-CASE PRESENTED PRESIDENT OBAMAS E AWARD
FOR EXPORTING EXCELLENCE
Des-Case Corp., based in Goodlettsville, Tenn., was given the
nations top award honoring export excellence among Ameri-
can companies.
The E Award is the highest recognition any U.S. entity
can receive for making a signicant contribution to the ex-
pansion of U.S. exports. It was bestowed on Des-Case by U.S.
Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker in special ceremonies
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Im proud to receive this honor on behalf of our employ-
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through their dedicated work, as well as the support of the
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The U.S. Commercial Service has not only helped us sell more
products worldwide but, more importantly, create good jobs
for American workers at home. Were grateful for their help
and this recognition of our efforts.
U.S. companies are nominated for the E Awards through
the Department of Commerces U.S. Commercial Service ofce
network, located within the Departments International Trade
Administration, with ofces in 108 U.S. cities and more than
70 countries. Record years of successive export growth and
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brother Wilbur achieve the rst sustained ight by a controlled motorized aircraft. 57
PHILLIPS 66 LUBRICANTS EXTENDS AGREEMENT
FOR AMERICAN HONDA MOTOR COMPANY
Houston, Texas-based, Phillips 66 Lubricants, one of the largest
nished lubricants suppliers in North America, announces the
company has signed an agreement to continue manufacturing
and supplying service-ll lubricants for the American Honda
Motor Company, Inc. (AHM) through 2019.
As a result of the agreement, Phillips 66 Lubricants will
remain the exclusive provider for most Honda and Acura
branded engine oil, lubricants and other vital uids to deal-
ers throughout the U.S.
Our association with the team at AHM has been highly
effective over the past years, thanks in large part to our shared
commitment to developing high-performance, branded oil
that complements the quality service that their dealerships
provide, says Bryan Faria, manager, nished lubricants. We
value the relationship and are pleased to continue supporting
AHM in the next four years with our high-quality lubricants Anthony Conti, NextEra Resources, and Edward Wagner, Sen-
and best-in-class services. tient Science, accepted awards for industry excellence at the
Wind Energy Update Dallas O&M Show.
The relationship between Phillips 66 Lubricants and AHM
began in late 2010, when the company started supplying its
lubricants products to Honda and Acura dealerships located
in the U.S.
further validation that by working together with its custom-
REVISED ASTM INTERNATIONAL ers, its DigitalClone software is making a huge impact on
SPECIFICATION FOR GASOLINE the wind industry.
INCORPORATES 15% ETHANOL BLEND
A revision to the most widely used ASTM International fuel PROMOTIONS & TRANSITIONS
specication in the world incorporates the new ethanol blend
of up to 15%. The revision is aimed at improving drivabil- EMERY OLEOCHEMICALS HIRES AREA
ity and performance for consumers lling up with gas at the BUSINESS MANAGER
pump. Emery Oleochemicals LLC, based in Selan-
This important revision (available as D4814-16b) builds gor, Malaysia, is pleased to announce
on a standard that is used by businesses, governments, con- Ramesh Navaratnam has joined their team
sumers and others in many countries, according to members as area business manager and will be
of ASTM Internationals Committee on Petroleum Products, supporting their Bio-Lubricants busi-
Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants (D02). ness unit.
The standard reects changes in the marketplace while Emery Oleochemicals Bio-Lubri-
helping meet consumer expectations. Additional revisions to cants business covers a wide range of
the standard are in the pipeline. biobased additive and base stock solu-
Prior to the revision, the Coordinating Research Council, tions, which include ozone acids, dimer Ramesh Navaratnam
a nonprot organization that guides studies on the interac- acids, isostearic acids, esters and more
tion between vehicles and petroleum products, conducted that are recognized for their ability to
drivability tests to help ensure good customer performance. improve processing efciencies, deliver outstanding techni-
Subcommittee D02.A, focused on gasoline and oxygenated cal performance and enhance environmental compatibility
fuels, welcomes those who have interest in the twelve ASTM and safety.
standards they maintain. Navaratnam brings along a tremendous wealth of experi-
ence having spent over 25 years in the industry including
SENTIENT RECEIVES INNOVATION AWARD several years of research and formulating experience. He will
Sentient Science, based in Buffalo, N.Y., accepted another be closely working with our customers in automotive, greases,
major award this year after recently receiving the Bloomberg metalworking uids, marine and industrial applications.
New Energy Finance Pioneers Award for innovation and rapid
growth. The Wind Dallas O&M Show honored Sentient with EVONIK NAMES NEW OIL ADDITIVES COUNTRY MANAGER
the Best Technological Innovation Award. Darmstadt, Germany-based, Evoniks Oil Additives business an-
Sentient Science is honored by this recognition. It received nounces the appointment of STLE-member Dr. Jen-Lung Wang

58 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 EACH YEAR STLE grants two academic awards to undergraduate and
graduate students, which are administered by the STLE Presidential Council.

STLE
PRESIDENTIAL
These awards are designed to encourage students to pursue an advanced degree
or a career in tribology or lubrication engineering by subsidizing a research
project related to the eld.

AWARDS Qualied undergraduate students will be considered for the E. Richard Booser
Scholarship, while graduate students may apply for the E. Elmer Klaus
PROGRAM Fellowship at the discretion of the STLE Presidential Council. Students must
apply separately using the application forms.

For more information about the Presidential Awards Program, visit www.stle.org
to download applications. Applications are due Dec. 1, 2016.

Questions? Contact Myrna Scott at (847) 825-5536 or email mscott@stle.org.

AWARDS

The E. Richard Booser Scholarship The EE. Elme

Elmer Klaus Fellowship
for Undergraduate Students for Graduate Students

The purpose of the E. Richard Booser Scholarship
is to encourage undergraduate students to pursue
graduate degrees or a career in tribology by providing
an opportunity for them to participate in tribology
research. The student must be enrolled in an
engineering or science curriculum.
The purpose of the E. Elmer Klaus Fellowship is to
encourage graduate students to pursue graduate
degrees or a career in tribology by providing the
opportunity for them to participate in tribology research.
The student must be enrolled in a graduate engineering
or science curriculum at the time the research is started.

The Booser Scholarship provides $4,000 to the student
and $500 to the department in which the student will
perform the research. Students are selected on the basis of
grade point average, relevance of the research to tribology,
and quality of the proposed research experience.
The Klaus Fellowship provides $5,000 to the student and
$500 to the department in which the student will perform
the research. Students are selected on the basis of grade
point average, relevance of the research to tribology, and
quality of the proposed research experience.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 (USA), P: (847) 825-5536, F: (847) 825-1456, www.stle.org.
 as oil additives country manager, China.
In this role, he will lead the China HYDROTEX ADDS DIVISION PARTNER
team as Evoniks Oil Additives busi- IN OKLAHOMA
ness continues to expand in Asia. Con- Hydrotex, based in Farmers Branch, Tex-
currently, Wang also will assume re- as, announces Jeff Porter has joined the
sponsibilities for Asia-Pacic business company as division partner serving the
development as the business steps up agriculture, eet, food processing, man-
development of new opportunities be- ufacturing and pupil transportation mar-
yond its core activities. kets. His efforts will focus on the areas in
Wang began his career with Evoniks Dr. Jen-Lung Wang and around central Oklahoma. Jeff Porter
Oil Additives business line in 2000 as Prior to joining Hydrotex, Porters ca-
senior research scientist at the Horsham reer focused on consulting with indus-
Technology Center in Horsham, Pa. From 2006-2009, he trial companies concentrating on revenue generation working
served as technical service manager supporting customers in with owners and C-level executives. Taking on a partnership
the North American region and in Japan and Korea as well. role, he was able to help his customers produce signicant
In 2009 Wang was named global product manager, driveline increases in sales and protability while optimizing sales and
segment. In 2012 he took on the position of global business marketing programs. His industry experience includes pack-
director, wax modiers. aged goods, oil and gas, industrial, manufacturing, technol-
Prior to Evonik, Wang worked at Calgon Corp. in Pitts- ogy, transportation and food service.
burgh, Pa., as a research chemist and at Bayer AG in Leverku- As a division partner, Porter will counsel customers on
sen, Germany, as research laboratory manager. Wang received reliability-based cost-efcient machinery and equipment
his doctorate in chemistry from The Ohio State University and maintenance programs using environmentally sustainable
was a post-doctoral Fellow at Carnegie-Mellon University in solutions.
Pittsburgh. He earned his bachelors of science degree from Porter graduated from the University of Central Oklahoma
the National Taiwan University. with a bachelors of science in computer science and has vol-

Performance and service that are

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60 August 21, 1959: President Dwight Eisenhower signs a proclamation admitting Hawaii into the U.S. as the 50th state.
 Call for Papers!

2016 STLE Please mark your calendars for the 2016 TFC,
Tribology Nov. 13-15 in Chicagos historic Drake Hotel.
Well again gather an international community
Frontiers to share tribologys most cutting-edge research.

Conference
March 15 Abstract Deadline
The Drake Hotel Chicago
STLE is seeking papers for the following
Nov. 13-15, 2016
technical tracks:
Surfaces and Interfaces
Biotribology
Fluid Lubrication
Lubricants
Machine Elements and Systems
Energy/Environment/Manufacturing
Tribochemistry
Materials Tribology
Beyond the Cutting Edge

For full details on the technical program, abstract

submission process, registration and housing is
available on www.stle.org.

Can Stock Photo Inc. / rudi1976

Places of Interest The Art Institute of Chicago Museum of Science and Industry Follow us on:
Field Museum Shedd Aquarium Willis Tower Lincoln Park Zoo
John Hancock Building Navy Pier Millennium Park Michigan Avenue shopping

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068 info@stle.org www.stle.org 847-825-5536
 unteered with the American Red Cross
and the United Way.
RADCO INDUSTRIES PROMOTES
BRIAN FINCH
Batavia, Ill.-based, Radco Industries an-
nounces the promotion of Brian Finch
to vice president military products &
synthetic lubricants.
In his new executive role, Finch will
continue to build upon his signicant
past accomplishments in expanding
Radcos longstanding reputation of
award-winning
product design,
manufacturing
and service to
meet the high-
performance
demands of the
companys end
customers.
Finch joined
Radco Industries
management team
Brian Finch
in 2012 and has
23 years of successful experience in
the lubricants industry. Previously he
served as category manager for lubri-
cants and chemical products (aerospace
& defense) at Haas Group International
LLC, a Wesco Aircraft company and a
global supplier of chemical manage-
ment and distribution services.
During his career in the lubricants
industry, Finch has worked in a num-
ber of capacities that include sales,
procurement management, sourcing,
and supply chain management. He will
join the executive team in addition to
continuing his responsibilities for the
growth and management of those prod-
uct categories.
Radco Industries CEO Michael Da-
miani points to Finchs professionalism
and the quick impact that hes made on
the companys military business. Brian
has all of the traits we look for at the
executive levelfocus, clarity, creativ-
ity, compassion and courage, says Da-
miani. He has the leadership qualities
to handle the many challenges business
brings today, and the resolve to sustain
long-term success. Brian makes an ex-
cellent addition to our executive team.
IN MEMORIAM
MIKE RYTERSKI
With great sadness TLT reports that
Mike Ryterski passed away in May at
the age of 96.
Admired and respected by his co-
workers, Ryterski was known for his
wry sense of humor and dedication to
Schaeffer Manufacturing Co. Ryterski
was one of the few master blenders
of lubricants in the world; his exper-
tise was integral
to the superior
performance of
Schaeffers prod-
ucts.
Born in 1920,
Ryterski grew up
and worked on
his familys farm
in Tamaroa, Ill. Mike Ryterski
In 1941 Ryterski
started working for Schaeffer mak-
ing candles and medical soaps for the
Army. He then served in the Army Air
Crops during World War II for two
years before returning to work for
Schaeffer in 1945.
Ryterski quickly moved into su-
pervising oil and grease production at
Schaeffer. He experimented with differ-
ent formulations and was responsible
for creating many of Schaeffers propri-
etary formulas. Ryterski also developed
a unique gear-grease to use on dragline,
shovels and mills for the mining and
steel industries that is still used today.
Ryterski helped grow the plant
team from three employees to more
than 30 today. He retired as a vice
president in 1990 but continued to
work three or four days a week until
August 2015, sharing his decades of
knowledge about lubricants, and help-
ing the plant grow.

TLTT R I B O LO G Y &
LU B R I C AT I O N
T E C H N O LO G Y
Want to be recognized in TLT?
TLT is interested in hearing from our readers. Let us know whats happening in
your company. If you have news about a new employee or if someone in your
company has been recognized with an award or any other interesting items, let
us know. Please send us your news releases and photos for publication in News-
makers to TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL
60068, rfowler@stle.org.

62 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 CALL FOR PRESENTATIONS

72nd STLE Annual Meeting & Exhibition

May 21-25, 2017
Hyatt Regency Atlanta
Atlanta, Georgia (USA)

STLEs Annual Meeting & Exhibition is the industrys most respected venue
for technical information, professional development and international
networking opportunities. Each year STLEs conference showcases some
500 technical presentations, application-based case studies, best practice
reports and discussion panels on technical or market trends.

Education courses support professional development and prepare qualied

individuals for STLEs three certication programs: Certied Lubrication
Specialist, Oil Monitoring Analyst (I&II) and Certied Metalworking Fluids
Specialist. Our annual trade show and popular Commercial Marketing
Forum spotlight the latest products and services of interest to lubrication
professionals. STLEs conference is a truly international event, with some
1,600 professionals from around the world attending.

2017 presentations are being sought in the following areas:

Biotribology Nanotribology
Condition Monitoring Nonferrous Metals
Engine & Drive Train Power Generation
Environmentally Friendly Fluids Rolling Element Bearings
Fluid Film Bearings Seals
Gears Surface Engineering
Grease Synthetic and Hydraulic Lubricants
Lubrication Fundamentals Tribotesting
Materials Tribology (includes Wear
Ceramics and Composites) Wind Turbine Tribology
Metalworking Fluids

Abstract Submission
If you are interested in presenting at STLEs 2017 Annual Meeting & Exhibition, submit a 100-150-word abstract at
www.stle.org. Abstracts are due Oct. 1, 2016. Notication of acceptance will be sent in December 2016. While you do
not need to prepare a full manuscript to be included on the meeting technical program, you are invited and encouraged
to submit a manuscript for review and possible publication in STLEs peer-reviewed journal, Tribology Transactions.

For more information, please contact:

Merle Hedland mhedland@stle.org 630-428-2133 Follow us on #STLE2017

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org.

-IN MEMORIAM-
H. Peter Jost
(1921-2016)
Father of modern tribology
lived to see 50th anniversary
of his world-changing
research report.
With deep sadness TLT reports the
death of a tribology legend, professor H.
Peter Jost, CBE. He died peacefully at
the age of 95.
Professor Jost was regarded as the
founding father of tribology and was
trained as an engineer. On March 9,
1966, his report titled the Lubrication
(Tribology) Education and Research: A
Report on the Present Position and In-
dustrys Needsalso known as the Jost
Reportwas published. It was acclaimed
worldwide and changed the way our in-
dustry and science approach the question
of friction and wear. This is when the
word and concept of tribology rst en-
tered the public domain. This report was
the key to the development of tribology.
The Jost Report was published 50
years ago. In March 2016, Peter Jost,
STLE Immediate Past President Martin
Webster and President Ali Erdemir were
invited to a celebration that included a
reception at Buckingham Palace hosted
by His Royal Highness Prince Philip,
the Duke of Edinburgh. In Martins
May 2016 Presidents Report column,
he wrote about his experience at the
celebration. He stated, Professor Peter
Jost responded and thanked the Prince
for hosting the event. He also reminded
us that tribology is critical to life on this
planet and that indeed without friction
we would never be able to leave the
room. I think many of us would have
been happy with that, at least for a few
extra hours! He also noted that tribol-
ogy is undergoing a signicant expan-
sion as we see a greater emphasis on the
64 AUGUST 2016
Professor H. Peter Jost
new and emerging areas such as biotri-
bology, nanotribology and teratribology.
He stressed that we need to continue
identifying how improved tribological
practices can create economic benets
to industry and society, and it remains
critical that we educate the public, in-
dustry and governments on tribologys
role in solving many of the global issues
facing us today.
At the celebration, professor Jost ad-
dressed the prince and all the attendees.
He said, Tribology is not a specialist
subject. It is the physical science-based
technology of friction. Friction is vital
for mankind. Without friction life on
Earth would not be possible. People
could not move, sh could not swim,
birds could not y, nor could airplanes,
and without friction it would be im-
After thanking His Royal Highness,
Dr. Peter Jost (center) celebrated the
50th anniversary of the report named
after him in March 2016 with STLE
Immediate Past President Martin Web-
ster (left) and President Ali Erdemir.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
possible to drive a car or a horse-cart.
Indeed, without friction it would be
impossible for us to leave this room,
however much we like the most won-
derful paintings.
Tribology has grown into nanotri-
bology, green tribology, biotribology and
medical tribology. I hope those engaged
in universities and research establish-
ments and others of inuence will bridge
the gap between their excellent work and
the realms of application. We celebrate
today in the full knowledge that the out-
come of their endeavors will benet in-
dustry and the environment and reduce
the use of materials of which there is not
an unlimited supply. All these activities
lead to the security and the quality of life
for this and future generations and help
by the application of the ever-increasing
knowledge of tribology.
Professor Jost was president of the
International Tribology Council and
a Life Member of Council of the Par-
liamentary & Scientic Committee at
Westminster. He also was an Honorary
Fellow of the Institution of Engineering
and Technology, the Institution of Me-
chanical Engineers and of the Institute
of Materials. Previously he was director
and chairman of both public and private
companies operating in the engineering
and technological sectors. He became an
STLE Fellow in 2009 and later became
a Life Member.
In addition to his appointment as a
Commander of the British Empire, he
also received state honors from the Heads
of State of France, Germany, Poland and
Austria. In 2011 the Order of the Ris-
ing Sun was conferred upon him by the
Emperor of Japan. He held two honorary
professorships and 11 honorary doctor-
ates including, in January 2000, the rst
Millennium honorary science doctorate.
He has received professional awards and
honors in 15 countries.
Up until his death, he remained
actively engaged in the tribology com-
munity and served as an incredible ex-
ample of life-long commitments to their
respective elds of interest. He leaves a
wife, two daughters and three grand-
children.
For more on Dr. Josts passing, see
Presidents Report on Page 4.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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9 C
The presentation program is xed!
More than 90 high-class presentations from well-known speakersk iin th
three parallel
ll l sessions
i
Practical-orientated panel discussion with international maintenance experts
9 Condition Monitoring Online, On-Site, Ofine
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9 Lubricants Latest developments
9 Tribology Research targeting Experience
9 Lubricants Design to Application
9 Metal working and forming lubrication
9 Lubrication in Special Environments Check out the presentation
9 Functional uids Everything but lubrication program on our website!

Supported by

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DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM

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deviation of the inspected part from CAD.

Bruker Corp.
Billerica, Mass.
(978) 663-3660
www.bruker.com

66 August 24, 79 A.D.: Vesuvius, an active volcano in Southern Italy, erupts destroying the cities of Pompeii, Stabiae and Herculaneum.
 BATTERY-DRIVEN GREASE GUN
The new SKF Battery-Driven Grease Gun (TLGB 20) introduces
an ideal portable tool to maximize the efciency and accuracy of
manual lubrication for bearings, machines and off-road equipment
across industries. An integrated grease meter adds value by dispens-
ing the proper amount of lubricant for an application to prevent
over- or under-greasing. The grease guns rechargeable 20-volt lith-
ium battery delivers extended service life to enable timely manual
lubrication of equipment anywhere and anytime in a manufacturing
plant or in the eld. User-friendly features include a durable, ergo-
nomic design with a three-point stand for operator comfort and
convenience. A built-in light serves to illuminate the work area and
a display on the tool indicates battery charge level, amount of dis-
pensed grease, pump/motor speed and blocked lubrication points.
This versatile grease gun can dispense up to 15 grease cartridges per
battery charge and delivers two ow rates adjustable for a specic
application. Pressures up to 700 bar (10,000 psi) can be achieved.

SKF
Gothenburg, Sweden
+ 46 (0)31 337 6576
www.skf.com

Send us your new product news with color photos to: TLT Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, rfowler@stle.org

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W W W. ST L E .O RG T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY AUGUST 2016 67

SOUNDING BOARD

What is your favorite work of

science ction and why?
Star Trek vs. Star Warsthe
battle has waged for decades.
While both stories received a
ton of votes from TLT readers,
Luke, Obi-wan and Princess
Leia held a slight edge over
Kirk, Spock and Bones, accord-
ing to the 200 survey respon-
dents. Fans of both franchises
noted that much of the tech-
nology in those stories either
has become reality or soon will
be. STLE members are a liter-
ate bunch, with many of them
citing books they read as spurred my interest in scien- share of praise from members,
youngsters as the inspiration tic research. Jules Verne, with 2001: A Space Odyssey,
for their future careers. While H.G. Wells, Isaac Asimov, Rob- the 1951 version of The Day
growing up I enjoyed the Tom ert Heinlein and Arthur C. the Earth Stood Still and the
Swift series of books, one Clarke were the authors men- 1960 version of The Time Ma-
member said, the stories tioned most often. Classic chine garnering the most
about this young inventor movies also received their fair votes.

Do Androids Dream of Electric
Sheep? by Philip K. Dick, a
visionary sci- writer in the 1960s
and 1970s who was taken from us
prematurely in 1982. I like his books
because they deal with basic issues
of reality, humanity and morality,
and they are generally darn good
yarns. This book was made into one
of the great sci- movies, Blade
Runner. Many of his other stories/
books have been made into movies,
including Total Recall and Minor-
ity Report.
The book 1984, which seems to be
increasingly relevant to our society.
The X-Files TV series tied with the
Matrix movies. Im not a big con-
spiracy theorist, but X-Files had neat
ideas and wasnt too far out there.
The Matrix showed the crossover
from the real to the virtual (is there a
difference?).
Brave New World by Aldous
Huxley, an interesting view of an
attempt to perfect humanity.
Soylent Green. It really could
happen!
Superman. I like the morality of it
in that this one being who has the
ability to do essentially anything
chooses to use his powers for good
rather than abuse them to get what
he wants or to take over the world,
as so many villains wish they could.
2001: A Space Odyssey. The
opening scene with the primates is
unforgettable.

68 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG


The original Planet of the Apes
movie with Roddy McDowall. The
story is a mirror of humanity that has
been superimposed over comical
creatures simian in origin. The lesson
taken from the story is that our
struggles are the struggles of all major
life forms and equality can be found
in the strangest places such as Earth.
Star Wars because of the battle
between good, evil and conscience.
Time Enough for Love by Robert
Heinlein. This book chronicles a guy
who lived for 4,000 years and what
he saw and experienced. Knowledge
is power.
The Star Trek books, TV series and
movies. Wait 10 or 15 years, and
much of the technology used will
become reality.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
Do you actively seek works
of science
scie ce ction?
ction?
Yes
No
Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers.
The book Alas, Babylon. This is a
1960s account of what happened to
the few survivors of a nuclear attack.
It was one of the very rst works of
science ction I read and has stuck
with me all of these years. I saw the
movie on late-night TV some years
back, and it wasnt nearly as good as
the book, which I nd to be the case
most often.
Close Encounters of the Third
Kind because it keeps you on the
edge of your seat.
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Altered States by Paddy Chayef-
sky. I read the book before seeing the
3 %
35% movie. The idea of sensory depriva-
tion leading to an altered state of
65%
65% consciousness was pretty interesting.
Fantastic Voyage. Intriguing
because of the scientic nature of
the plot and applicability to human
physiology and health.
The Riverworld books by Philip
Jos Farmer.
I, Robot by Isaac Asimov.
The classic books by Jules Verne,
Ray Bradbury and H.G. Wells.
The Twilight Zone, Rod Serlings
TV series.
The Lensman series by E.E. Smith.
AUGUST 2016 69
SOUNDING BOARD
The Doc Savage book series. I
read them when I was an early teen.
The stories are mysteries and were
written in the 1930s to 1940s. Many
of the tools and gadgets used in the
stories were unheard of and consid-
ered fantastic at the time but have
come into use today.
Songs of Distant Earth by
Arthur C. Clarke. Its a story of
the meeting of two human cultures:
one for which Earth is only a
distant legend, and the other the
nal group of people who left
Earth before its nal destruction.
I found it both uplifting and
poignant. Or maybe Asimovs
Robot/Foundation series.
The Time Machine by H.G. Wells.
When it was published in the late
1890s it was way ahead of its time
and genre.
KRISTIN REDMAN
Enterprise
Account Manager
All other factors being equal,
wouldld you choose
h t watch
to t ha
science ction movie over a
lm in another genre?
Yes
No
Based on responses sent to 13,000 TLT readers.
The Hitchhikers Guide to the
Galaxy series is the most enjoyable
blend of sci- and humor Ive ever
seen while still predominantly being
a science ction work. A second-
place vote for Spaceballs, the fantastic
Mel Brooks Star Wars parody.
Star Trek the TV series. It in-
trigues me because although it is
science ction it seems sensible
enough that it could actually come
true and more than likely will.
The works from Dune. The worms,
the religion and the class structure of
the worlds.
49% The original lm The Day the
Earth Stood Still. It was a
5%
51% groundbreaking lm for that period
of time and presented a single,
important message for all man-
kindnamely that humankind is
destroying Earth more or less.
Second Foundation by Isaac
Asimov. It illustrates the intercon-
nectivity of human endeavor over
time, including developments in
technology. Also, how some things
endure through big distances in time
and space.
Wow, that is tough! I have tons of
favorites! Probably either Fahren-
heit 451 or one of Isaac Asimovs
short stories.
The movie 2001: A Space Odys-
sey is my favorite. It intrigues me
because it unies and connects
technology, music and visual artistry
through the development of man-
kind. It does so with a minimum of
dialogue and no distractions. And
2001 extrapolates into a future that
is other worldly, peaceful and
sublime beyond our imagination.
Stranger in a Strange Land by
Robert Heinlein.
John Carpenters movie The Thing.
Its intriguing because of the possi-
bility (well, not really) that this
could occur.
Spiderman because he is always
ghting evil and wins every time.
War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells.
The rst Alien movie, not the
sequels. I like it because it is about
normal people doing mundane jobs
who are thrust into an extraordinary
situation.
The book A Wrinkle in Time. The
theory actually makes sense.
Star Trek. It has several incarnations
and is available in all three genres. The
storyline between the different series
are new and intriguing.
I love stories involving the sea and
think someday the sea could be
inhabited like in the movies.
Jurassic Park. Book by Michael
Crichton. Movie by Steven Spielberg.
Lucifers Hammer by Larry Niven
and Jerry Pournelle. A truly superior
end-of-the-world story. This novel
would make a terric miniseries.
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
by Jules Verne.
Back to the Future. I wish I could
do that!

Editors Note: Reprinted from another issue of TLT. Sounding Board is based on an email survey of 13,000 TLT readers. Views expressed are those of the respondents
and do not reect the opinions of the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers. STLE does not vouch for the technical accuracy of opinions expressed in
Sounding Board, nor does inclusion of a comment represent an endorsement of the technology by STLE.

Were on the
job even when
were off the clock
Its not that we dont take time off, its that
we never waste time on. We invest in your
success. Were proactive in your prosperity.
And we approach our workdays with your
best interests front and center. Were ready
to show why Palmer Holland is more than
just a simple extension of your business.
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AUGUST 2016 VOL. 72, NO. 8
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For information on how to customize
STLE Certication 73
a multimedia marketing program that
ts your budget, contact: STLE 2017 Presidential Awards Program 59
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National Sales Manager The Dow Chemical Co. 15
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72 August 27, 1910: Mother Teresa is born in Skopje, Yugoslavia, and devotes her life to helping the poor of India. She is slated to become a saint next month.
 S T L E C E R T I F I C AT I O N
Invest in your greatest
assetyourself.
Credibility. Respect. Integrity.

Those are the qualities immediately conferred upon you

when you attain one of STLEs technical certications.
Becoming STLE certied not only veries your technical
expertise, it demonstrates your professional dedication
to your employer, customers and peers.

STLE offers four technical certications:

Certied Lubrication Specialist

STLEs signature certication is held by more than
1,500 lubrication professionals and remains the industrys
standard for technical excellence. Independent studies
show that CLS-certied professionals earn more money,
supervise larger staffs and are more likely to receive raises.
Designed for technical specialists, CLS also is held by
hundreds of sales and marketing reps.

Certied Oil Monitoring Analyst I & II

STLEs OMA certication is for the predictive maintenance
professional and demonstrates prociency in sampling and
analyzing oil properties. OMA I is for the individual taking
the oil sample on the shop oor. OMA II is for the person
responsible for running the proper tests, interpreting data
and managing the lubrication program.

Certied Metalworking Fluids Specialist

STLEs CMFS certication veries knowledge, experience
and education in this growing and specialized eld. CMFS
is for individuals with responsibility for metal-removal
or forming management, application and handling of
metalworking uids and related materials.

Invest in your greatest assetyourself. Plan now to attain

your STLE certication.

For more information or to schedule an exam, contact

STLE Certication Program Manager Alicia Skulemowski
at certication@stle.org, 847-825-5536.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers, 840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, info@stle.org, www.stle.org.
RESOURCES

TECHNICAL BOOKS
SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF NANOBIOMATERIALS STLE LOCAL SECTION
MEETING CALENDAR
Editor: Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu Events listed here are local section programs. For
Publisher: Elsevier further details and a full listing of other upcoming
section events in your area, visit www.stle.org.
Surface Chemistry of Nanobiomaterials brings Meeting announcements can be sent to TLT
together the most recent ndings regarding the Magazine, Attn: Rachel Fowler, rfowler@stle.org.
surface modication of currently used nano-
materials, a eld that has become increasingly
important in the last decade. This book enables AUGUST 2016
the results of current research to reach those STLE Cleveland Golf Outing Fundraiser, Aug.
who wish to use this knowledge in an applied 8, 10:30 a.m. (check in), 11:30 a.m. (cook-
setting. Leading researchers from around the out), 1 p.m. (modied shotgun start), 5:30
world present various types of nanobiomateri- p.m. (putting contest), 6 p.m. (dinner),
als such as quantum dots (QDs), carbon nano- Shale Creek Golf Club, 5420 Wolff Rd.,
tubes, silver nanoparticles, copper oxide, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, Medina, Ohio. Contact: Leah Morris,
magnetite, hydroxyapatite and graphene, and discuss their related func- lmorris@elcocorp.com, or Buck Evans,
tionalization strategies. This book will be of interest to postdoctoral buck.evans@sealandchem.com.
researchers, professors and students engaged in the elds of materials
science, biotechnology and applied chemistry. It also is highly valuable SEPTEMBER 2016
to those working in the industry, including pharmaceutics and biotech- STLE Northern California Section: Topic and
nology companies, medical researchers, biomedical engineers and ad- Speaker TBD, Sept. 28. Time and location
vanced clinicians. Available at www.elsevier.com. List Price: $165.75 TBD. Contact: stle.norcal@gmail.com.
(USD).

INTRODUCTION TO THE MICROMECHANICS

OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS STLE CERTIFICATION EXAMS
STLE is offering numerous certication exams in
Authors: Huiming Yin and Yingtao Zhao the coming months. Here is the information on
Publisher: CRC Press each exam:
Aug. 12 from 9-10 a.m. at the Oildoc GmbH,
Introduction to the Micromechanics of Com- Kerschelweg 29, 83098, Brannenburg, Ger-
posite Materials weaves the basic concepts, many (CLS German language).
mathematical fundamentals and formula-
tions of micromechanics into a systemic ap- Aug. 25 from 8:30-11:30 a.m. at Lubrication
proach for understanding and modeling the Engineers Inc., 1919 Tulsa St E, Wichita,
effective material behavior of composite ma- Kans.
terials. As various emerging composite ma- Sept. 15 from 9 a.m.-noon at ALS Tribology,
terials have been increasingly used in civil, 935 Sunshine Rd., Kansas City, Kans.
mechanical, biomedical and materials engi- Sept. 16 from 9 a.m.-noon at WearCheck
neering, this textbook provides students with Canada Inc., 1175 Appleby Line, Building C8,
a fundamental understanding of the mechan- Burlington, Ontario, Canada.
ical behavior of composite materials and pre-
pares them for further research and development work with new com- For the online registration form, go to www.stle.
posite materials. The content is organized in accordance with a org; click on the professional development tab
rigorous course. It covers micromechanics theory, the microstructure at the top. Then go to certication, then regis-
of materials, homogenization and constitutive models of different types tration. Online registration closes two weeks
of composite materials. It enables students to interpret and predict the prior to the exam date. Onsite registration may
effective mechanical properties of existing and emerging composites be available on a rst come, rst serve basis. For
through microstructure-based modeling and design. As a prerequisite, more information and for other methods of reg-
students should already understand the concepts of boundary value istering, you may contact STLE headquarters by
problems in solid mechanics. Available at www.crcpress.com. List Price: emailing certication@stle.org or call (847) 825-
$101.96 (USD). 5536.

74 AUGUST 2016 T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY W W W. ST L E .O RG

 Get an Unconventional Offer
on an Unconventional Book
STLE Members Take Advantage of Conference
Bonus Savings Now for a Limited Time
sets a benchmark for
understanding the complexity
of unconventional oil and gas
resources. The breath of the
topics covered and level within
each topic have set a high bar
for any future book in this space.
In my judgment, if you could
only have one book on this topic,
this is it.
Dr. Raymond Levey, Director,
Energy and Geoscience Institute,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA

The authors should be commend-

ed for carefully and painstakingly
assembling this comprehensive
collection of background data,
methods, and workflows current
to the industry with insight into
potential areas of ongoing
research and investigations
Heretofore, a comprehensive
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 RESOURCES

F+L WEEK 2017 lighted the importance of tribol-
Fuels & Lubes Asia (F&L Asia Ltd.)
is having their F+L Week 2017 Con-
ference Mar. 7-10, 2017, at the Four
Seasons Hotel in Singapore. The
call for papers is open until Sept. 9,
2016. This four-day conference of-
fers a strategic platform to learn
from world-renowned speakers who
are experts in their respective elds
about the latest market trends, OEM
specications, standards and govern-
ment regulations, as well as directly
meet, network and secure high-val-
ue contacts. For more information,
visit http://fuelsandlubes.com or con-
tact conference@fuelsandlubes.com.
43RD LEEDS-LYON
SYMPOSIUM ON TRIBOLOGY
Since the delivery of the landmark
Jost Report in 1966, which high-
ogy to the U.K. economy, the eld
of tribology has constantly evolved.
What has remained constant is the
importance of underpinning engi-
neering science across various dis-
ciplines to understand, model and
predict complex aspects of friction
and wear at interfaces.
The 43rd Leeds-Lyon Symposium
on Tribology is Sept. 6-9 at Leeds
Trinity University in the U.K. The
title of the symposium is Tribology
(The Jost report 50 years on).
It brings together experts in
experimental and mathematical
approaches to tackle some of the
most relevant issues in tribology. We
invite contributions across a wide
spectrum of topics, including but
not limiting to:
Molecular level systems, advanced
measurements and simulations
Energy efciency: novel and con-
ventional power systems for vehi-
cles and renewable technologies
Advanced materials: pushing the
boundaries to develop materials
with optimized properties
Tribology and medicine, from
biotribology of implants to tri-
bology in medical devices and at
tissue/devices interfaces
Whole systems simulations: ad-
vances in bridging the gap be-
tween laboratory and eld data.
For more information regarding
the symposium, visit www.engineering.
leeds.ac.uk/short-courses/Leeds
Lyon.shtml.

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 Basic Handbook of Lubrication
Third Edition
The only reference you need to
understand tribology fundamentals!
Edited by STLEs Alberta Section, the Basic Handbook of
Lubrication (Third Edition) is a comprehensive text authored
by more than 25 contributors. At 360 pages, this technical
reference thoroughly covers some 30 topics with material
edited to help newcomers and veterans to the lubricants
industry. This reference is included in the recommended
study material for STLEs Certied Lubrication Specialist
and Oil Monitoring Analyst (I&II) certications.

CHAPTER TITLES

Oil viscosity & selecting correct grade Turbine oils

depending on temperature Refrigeration system lubrication
Friction and lubrication regimes Grease, an introduction
Mineral base oils Solid lm lubricants
Synthetic base oils and nished lubricants Metalworking & preservative uids
Used oil re-rening to create base oils Environmentally friendly lubricants
Additives used in formulating lubricants Solvents & cleaners
New lubricants analysis & testing Aftermarket additives
Bearing lubrication Centralized lubrication systems
Engine oils Pneumatics
(Stationary) natural gas engine lubrication Filtration
Enclosed gear oils: Classications and Introduction to seals
additives Wear types
Hydraulics uids & related properties Degradation and analysis of oils
Hydraulic system components in service
Hydraulic system components sample Condition monitoring & industrial
calculation machinery
Hydraulic system components sample Effective bearing failure analysis
calculation appendix A guide to purchasing lubricants
Air compressor lubrication Storage of new lubricants (health, safety
Reciprocating natural gas compressor and environmental considerations)
lubrication Used oil collection
Lubrication of electric motor bearings Glossary of lubrication terms

Price: $155 to STLE members, $189 to others (includes shipping).

Comes in spiral-bound and perfect-bound editions.
Available only through STLE! Order at www.stle.org, or call 847-825-5536.

Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers

840 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Illinois 60068
P: 847-825-5536 F: 847-825-1456 www.stle.org info@stle.org
CUTTING EDGE
Drs. Wilfred T. Tysoe &
Nicholas D. Spencer

Coils in oils
It is widely believed that polymeric viscosity index improvers
work by expanding their coil size at higher temperatures.
MD simulations show that life is not so simple.

VISCOSITY-INDEX (VI) IMPROVERS ARE
ADDED TO LUBRICANTS to resist the ten-
dency of oils to lower their viscosity upon
increasing temperature. This, in turn, im-
proves energy efciency in engines at lower
temperatures because lower-viscosity oils can
be used without the fear that the viscosity will
then be too low to maintain uid-lm lubrica-
tion at higher temperatures. These additives
are typically high-molecular-weight polymers,
such as olen copolymers (OCPs) or polyalkyl-
methacrylates (PMAs).
Selby put forward a potential mechanism
for the functioning of VI improvers in 1958,1
which is still widely believed, although there
is no direct evidence that it is generally ap-
plicable. He suggested that at lower tem-
peratures the polymer chain is tightly coiled
and contributes little to the oils viscosity.
However, as its solubility in the oil improves
at higher temperatures, it expands upon
heating, increasing the viscosity of the oil-
polymer solution and compensating for the
viscosity decrease normally seen for the oil
at higher temperatures. In fact, recent, small-
angle neutron-scattering experiments2 have
shown that while certain VI improvers (such
as PMAs) show an increase in their coil sizes,
or radii of gyration (Rg) upon heating, others
(such as OCPs) do not. However, it also has
been suggested that VI improvers with an Rg
that increases with temperature appear to be
more effective.
STLE Board member professor Ashlie
Martini and STLE-member Uma Shantini Rama-
samy, of the University of California-Merced,
together with their colleague Professor Seth
Lichter of Northwestern University, have ad-
dressed this interesting issue by means of
molecular-dynamics simulations. They mod-
eled the behavior of several 50-repeat-unit
polymers dissolved in dodecane, as the tem-

Figure 1 | Frequency histograms of Rg and typical molecular congurations for PMA (left) and OCP (right) at 40 C and 100 C.

78 August 31, 1997: Princess Diana dies at age 36 in Paris of massive internal injuries
 perature of the solutions was increased.3 As representatives of PMA
and OCP, they chose poly(dodecyl methacrylate) and poly(ethylene- REFERENCES
ran-propylene) (in which the ethylene and propylene are randomly dis-
1. Selby, T.W. (1958), The non-Newtonian characteristics of lubricating
tributed), respectively. Interestingly, while the Rg of the PMA increased oils, ASLE Trans, 1, pp. 68-81.
signicantly upon increasing temperature from 40 C to 100 C, the Rg of
the OCP actually decreased a little (see Figure 1), conrming the neutron- 2. Covitch, M.J. and Trickett, K.J. (2015), How polymers behave as
scattering results. viscosity-index improvers in lubricating oils, Adv. Chem. Eng. Sci., 5,
The modelers extended their study to investigate whether the dif- pp. 134-151.
ferences between OCP and PMA were due either to the long side-chains
3. Ramasamy, U.S., Lichter, S. and Martini, A. (2016), Effect of molecular-
(present in the PMA, but not in the OCP) or the presence of oxygen scale features on the polymer coil size of model viscosity index
(present in the PMA, but not in the OCP). In the case of poly(methyl improvers, Trib. Lett., 62, p. 23.
methacrylate) (PMMA), which resembles poly(dodecyl methacrylate)
but without the long side-chains, they found that its Rg did, in fact,
increase upon heating to a similar extent to that seen for the PMA.
Thus, the side chains appear not to be responsible for the expansion.
They then modeled a polymer that resembled PMMA but with CH2
groups replacing the oxygen atoms in the carbonyl and ester groups.
Eddy Tysoe (left) is a distinguished
In this case, the polymer contracted with temperature, as was the
professor of physical chemistry at the
case for the OCP. It therefore appears that it is the presence of oxygen
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
in the polymers, rather than the long side-chains, that affects their You can reach him at wtt@uwm.edu.
expansion behavior upon heating. Nic Spencer (right) is professor of
Molecular-dynamics simulations seem to be a very useful approach surface science and technology at
in the molecular design of new, effective VI improvers, which can con- the ETH Zurich, Switzerland. You can
tribute to the ongoing development of new generations of energy- reach him at nspencer@ethz.ch.
efcient lubricants. Both serve as editors-in-chief of STLE-afliated Tribology Letters journal.

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following a high-speed car crash, reportedly while being pursued by car loads of paparazzi. 79
AUTOMOTIVE TRIBOLOGY
Dr. Edward P. Becker
What stalled the Wankel?
Acceptance of the rotary engine slowed due to issues related to fuel
economy, emissions and, yes, lubrication.
NOT EVERY AUTOMOTIVE INNOVATION that
reaches the marketplace is destined for
widespread adoption.
In 1970 Mazda began selling vehicles
in the U.S. equipped with the Wankel
rotary engine, achieving a respectable
0.02% market share. By 1973 the Mazda
RX-3 captured 0.82% of U.S. sales, near-
ly 90,000 units.
This growth rate resulted in a bout
of what could fairly be called Wankel
fever in the automotive industry. Virtu-
ally every automaker (including Gen-
eral Motors, Ford, Chrysler and Toyota)
signed licensing agreements for the
technology, and many announced plans
to take the Wankel into production.
However, no commercially viable Wan-
kel-powered cars were ever introduced
by other manufacturers, and today even
Mazda sells only piston engine vehicles
in North America.
So what happened?
The best way to understand the op-
erating principles of the Wankel is to
view one of the many excellent anima-
tions available online. The key advan-
tage of the Wankel is that it produces
rotary motion directly (as opposed to
the piston engine which must convert
reciprocating motion into rotary mo-
tion). This results in fewer moving
parts, and the mechanical simplicity
translates into ease of manufacture and
maintenance, as well as a high power-to-
weight ratio.
There are some key disadvantages,
however. The constraints on the shape
of the combustion chamber means that
combustion is relatively inefcient in
the Wankel; therefore, fuel economy is
usually lower than a comparable output
piston engine.
Also, the large surface area of the
80 AUGUST 2016
combustion chamber contributes to
higher emissions. By 1973 the U.S. was
struggling with rising fuel prices and
gasoline shortages due to an oil embar-
go. At the same time, the Clean Air Act
required automakers to have plans in
place to reduce emission.
As bad as this was, the Wankel was
also faced with a daunting tribological
problem.
An interesting (and necessary) prop-
erty of the roughly triangular rotor is
that all three apexes remain in contact
with the roughly oval housing through-
out the engine cycle. A device called an
apex seal is required to keep the gasses
in each chamber conned. Sealing the
chamber during combustion is particu-
larly critical, as pressure loss during this
phase results in both loss of power and
increased emissions. The apex seal per-
forms functions similar to the piston
rings in a reciprocating engine.
Piston engines typically use three
rings per cylinder. The uppermost is the
top compression ring, which connes
the combustion gasses. Next is the sec-
ond compression ring, also sometimes
called the scraper ring, which adds some
redundancy to sealing the cylinder and
also removes oil from the cylinder bore
T R I B O LO GY & LU B R I CAT I O N T EC H N O LO GY
Although the
Mazda RX-3
climbed to sales
of 90,000 units
in the U.S. by
1973, Wankel
fever was short
lived.
walls on the down stroke. At the bottom
is the oil control ring, which meters a
small amount of oil (which splashes up
or is sprayed up) onto the bore as the
piston travels upward, to lubricate the
rings in order to manage friction and
wear during the power stroke.
In the Wankel engine, a single apex
seal must perform all these functions
and, further, there is no inherent mech-
anism for oil to reach the seals. Also, the
apex seal moves in one direction only,
so there is no opportunity to place and
remove lubricant. Finally, while piston
rings are circular seals and provide seal-
ing force only in the radial direction, the
apex seals are linear seals, and must pro-
vide sealing force in both the radial and
axial directions.
Development continues on the Wan-
kel engine, and its devotees maintain
that the problems are solvable, and its
time is yet to come. We shall see!
Ed Becker is an STLE Fellow and
past president. He is president of
Friction & Wear Solutions, LLC in
Brighton, Mich., and can be
reached through his website at
www.frictionandwearsolutions.
com.
W W W. ST L E .O RG
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