Equations:

Q=m(Vap)+(cm@T) 1.Acetic Acid (Vinegar) C2H4O2

nm-> Cm (/10^7)-> xd-> 2.Acetone C3H6O
3.Ammonia NH3
g/#atoms->ava
4.Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
pm->cm(10^10) 8.Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol) C2H5OH
molarity=mol solute/L soln 9.Hydrogen molecule H2
molality= mol slute/kg slv 10.Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2
%mass= g solute/gsolute+solv 11.Lime CaO/Ca(OH) 2
d=g sln/ml soln 12.Lye or Sodium HydroxideNaOH
mole frac= mol solu/mol tot 13.Methane CH4
14.Methanol CH3OH
Raoult's Law:
15.Nitrate NO3
Psolution = Xsolvent Psolvent 16.Nitric Acid HNO3
BP elev/FP Depression 17.Nitrogen gas N2
@T(sol-solv*boi) = m Kb or Kf 18.Nitrogen Oxides NOX
Osmotic Pressure 19.Nitrous Oxide (laughing gas)N2O
Pi= c R T ((in atm, K, c= conc.) 21.Particulate Matter PM
R= 0.0821 L atm/mol K 22Phosphate PO4
Boiling Point Elevation 23.Phosphoric acid H3PO4
@Tb/f(sol-solv) = (molality) i 24.Potassium Hydroxide KOH
Kb/f [i= (# moles of solute 25.Propane C3H8
particles / mole of solute)] 26.Salt (table salt) NaCl
Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4
27.Sulfate SO4
28.Sulfuric Acid H2SO4
S

Terms: Terms:
A solution that has a relatively large amount of solute per unit The boiling point of a solution INCREASES with the
amount of solvent is called concentrated. number of dissolved solute particles.
A solution that has a relatively small amount of solute per unit For nonelectrolytes: i=1
amount of solvent is called dilute. For strong electrolytes: i = number of (cations + anions)
The maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a given For weak electrolytes: 1 < i < number of (cati + anions)
amount of solvent at a given temperature is called
the solubility of that solute in that solvent at that temperature. Boiling Point Elevation/Freezing Point Depression
A solution whose concentration is at the solubility limit for a @T = m K
given temperature is said to be saturated. Fp=@T = T(pure solvent) - T(solution)
A solution whose concentration is lower than the solubility Bp=@T = T(solution) - T(pure solvent)
limit for a given temperature is said to be unsaturated.
A solution whose concentration is greater than the solubility F2(g) F (g) Ag (s) Ag (g)
limit for a given temperature is said to be supersaturated. F (g) + e- F -(g) Ag (g) Ag +(g) + e-
Such a solution can only be prepared under carefully Ag +(g) + F -(g) AgF (s)
controlled conditions and is not stable. Ag (s) + F2(g) AgF (s)
If two liquids dissolve in each other in all proportions, they are
said to be miscible. The lowest freezing point, therefore, will depend upon the
If two liquids are insoluble in each other, they are said to highest product mi.
be immiscible. The most likely reason for colloidal dispersion is electrostatic
Liquids that will dissolve in each other in appreciable, but repulsion.
limited, amounts are said to be partially miscible. Highest boiling point- mxi
When a solution becomes saturated, a dynamic equilibrium is metallics have delocalized electrons inherent to its structure
established in which the rate of dissolving is equal to the rate
of crystallization.
The vapor pressure of a pure solvent is REDUCED when a
nonvolatile solute is added.