LINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

BAR AND TRUSS ELEMENTS

Homework Assignment: 1D-Bar and Truss Problems

MAE563 Homework Assignment: 1D Bar and Truss Problems (25 points)
(1) Problems 2.8, 2.9, 2.10: by (a) hand calculation and (b) FEADLAB
(2) Problems 2.14, 2.19 by (a) hand calculation and (b) FEADLAB
(3) Problems 2.21, 2.23 by FEADLAB
(4) Problem: Symmetric truss
Solve the problem using a symmetric model.

E = 200 GPa
AAD = ACD = ABD = 1800 mm2
AAB = ABC = 2400 mm2

1
 Sample: Solution of HW Problem using FEADLAB
===========================================
Condensed (Reduced) System Stiffness Matrix
===========================================
DOF of [K]: u2,u3
[K](2x2 matrix) =
9e+07 -5e+07
-5e+07 5e+07
======================================
Condensed (Reduced) System Load Vector
======================================
{F}(2x1 column vector) =
10000
0
===================
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
===================
---------------------------------------------
NID u v w
---------------------------------------------
1 0 0 0
2 0.00025 0 0
3 0.00025 0 0
---------------------------------------------
=========================================
BAR2 ELEMENT FORCES, STRAINS AND STRESSES
=========================================
EID F ex sx
1 10000 0.001 1e+08
2 0 0 0
============================================
REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BOUNDARY CONDITION
============================================
------------------------------
NID DOF R
------------------------------
1 1 -10000
------------------------------ 6

BLANK PAGE

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 1D BAR ELEMENT
L A
Two-force member
Only constant f1 f2
cross-section
Element force is x
proportional to
(e ) Node i Node j f (e )
relative displacement fi k(e)=EA/L j

First node: i
ui uj
second code: j
Force-displacement relation
(e)
AE ( e ) ( e ) du
P(e) (u j ui ) A E
(e)
AE
fi (e)
(ui u j ) L dx
L
(e)
AE
f j( e ) fi ( e ) (u j ui )
L
9

1D BAR ELEMENT

fi(e ) Node i Node j f (e )

k(e)=EA/L j

Matrix notation ui uj

fi ( e ) AE ( e ) 1 1 ui
(e) {f ( e ) } [k ( e ) ]{d ( e ) }
f j L 1 1 u j
Nodal equilibrium Fj
In general
fj(e) fj(e+1)
ie
Element e Element e+1
Fi f i ( e )
e 1 Node j

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 1D BAR ELEMENT
[K s ]{D s } {Fs }
[K ]{D} {F}
Element forces
After solving nodal displacements, the element force can be calculated
(e)
AE
P(e)
L
u j ui f j( e )

P ( e ) fi ( e ) AE 1 1 ui
(e)

(e) (e)
P f j L 1 1 u j Note fj = -fi = P(e)

Element stress P(e)

A( e )

11

Energy Approach Bar Elements

xl u xl u
u ( x) 1 i j N1ui N 2u j

x ui
u 1
x
[N]{d}
l l u j
1 1 ui
[N ]{d} [N]{d}
du d
x [B]{d}
dx dx l l u j

where [B] [ N]
1 1
l l
E
x E x E[B]{d} (u j ui )
l

12

4
 Energy Approach Bar Elements
Element potential energy:

U (e)
1 1 L
x x dV ( E x ) x Adx
2 2 0
V (e)
1
{d}T
2
[B] EA[B]dx {d} 12{d} [k ]{d}
L
0
T T

EA 1 1 EA 1 1
L
l
[k ] [B] EA[B]dx 2
T
dx
0 0 L 1 1 L 1 1
l l l N1
V ( e ) pudx {d}T [N]T pdx {d}T p dx
0 N
2
0 0

l 1 x l
{d}T p ( x) dx {d} {feq }
T
0 x l
l 1 x l pl 1
{feq } p ( x) dx, If p const {feq }
0 xl 2 1

13

Energy Approach Bar Elements

External PE due to external nodal loads: V ( c ) Pd

i i
i

1 1
U U ( e ) {d}T [k ]{d} {D s }T [K s ]{D s }
e e 2 2
V V ( e ) V ( c ) V ( e ) Pd
i i
e e i

{d} {feq } {D s } {P} {D s }T {Fs }

T T

1
U V {D s }T [K s ]{D s } {D s }T {Fs }
2
0 [K s ]{Ds } {Fs }

14

5
 Linearly Distributed Load
p ( x ) ax
a 1000 lb in 2 , E 30 106 psi
A 2 in 2 , L 12 in.

L2 L2 aL2
L L
x x
f (e)
eq1 p ( x) 1 dx ax 1 dx a
0 L 0 L 2 3 6
L L
x x aL2
f eq( e2) p ( x) dx ax dx
0 L 0 L 3
a 1000 lb in 2 , L 12 in.
f eq( e1) 24000 lb, f eq( e2) 48000 lb
L L
F p ( x)dx axdx a L2 2 72000 lb
0 0

15

Distributed Loads
p ( x ) p0 const p0 L
2
{ f eq( e ) }
p0 L
2

p( x )
p0
x
p0 L
L 6
{ f eq( e ) }
p0 L
3

p1L p2 L
p ( x ) p1
p2 p1
x 3 6
L {f (e)
eq }
p1L p2 L
6 3

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 EXAMPLE 2.2
Statically indeterminate bars A B C
E = 100 GPa
F = 10,000 N RL F RR
A1 = 104 m2, A2 = 2104 m2 0.25 m 0.4 m
Element stiffness matrices:
1011 104 1 1 4 4 u1
[k (1) ] 107
0.25 1 1 4 4 u2
1011 2 104 1 1 5 5 u2
[k (2) ] 107
0.4 1 1 5 5 u3
Assembly
4 4 0 u1 F1

10 4 9 5 u2 10,000
7


0 5 5 u3 F3

17

EXAMPLE 2.2
Applying BC
107 9u2 10,000 u2 1.11104 m

Element forces or Element stresses

P
AE
L
u j ui
P (1) 4 107 u 2 u1 4, 444 N
P (2) 5 107 u3 u2 5,556 N
A B C
Reaction forces 4444 10000 5556

RL P (1) 4, 444 N , 0.25 m 0.4 m

RR P (2)
5,556 N

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 FEADLAB: 2-BAR Member (INPUT)
%---------------------------
% problem parameters setting
%---------------------------
fea.param.simpleFEM = 1;
%-------------- A B C
% analysis type
%-------------- 4444 10000 5556
fea.analysis = 'statics';
%------------------
% nodal coordinates 0.25 m 0.4 m
%------------------
% fea.node = [NID,x,y]
fea.node = [1 0;2 0.25;3 0.65]; % m
%--------------------
% nodal connectivity
%--------------------
% fea.element.bar2 = [eid,pid,nid1,nid2]
fea.element.bar2 = [1 1 1 2;2 2 2 3];
%---------------------
% section properties
%---------------------
% for bar2: fea.property{pid}.mid = mid, fea.property{pid}.A = A
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
fea.property{1}.A = 1e-4; % m^2
fea.property{2}.mid = 1;
fea.property{2}.A = 2e-4; % m^2
19

FEADLAB: 2-ROD BAR (INPUT)

%----------------------
% material properties
%----------------------
% material{mid}.E = E
fea.material{1}.E = 100e9; % N/m^2
%---------------------
% applied constraints
%---------------------
% fea.boundary = [nid ndid value]
fea.boundary = [1 1 0;3 1 0];
%---------------------
% applied nodal force
%---------------------
% fea.cload = [nid ndid value]
fea.cload = [2 1 10000];
%-------------------
% perform feadlab
%-------------------
feadlab_interface(fea)

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 FEADLAB: 2-ROD BAR (OUTPUT)
===================
NODAL DISPLACEMENTS
===================
---------------------------------------------
NID u v w
---------------------------------------------
1 0 0 0
2 0.00011111 0 0
3 0 0 0
---------------------------------------------
================================
BAR2 ELEMENT FORCES AND STRESSES
================================
EID F sx
1 4444.4 4.4444e+007
2 -5555.6 -2.7778e+007
============================================
REACTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH BOUNDARY CONDITION
============================================
------------------------------
NID DOF R
------------------------------
1 1 -4444.4
3 1 -5555.6
------------------------------ 21

Example: Linearly Distributed Load

p0
p( x ) x
L
E 10 106 psi
A 0.5 in 2 , L 10 in.
p0 1200 lb/in

p0 L 1 1
6 6 6 2000
{ f eq( e ) } p0 L (1200)(10)
p0 L 1 1 4000
3 3 3

What to change if there is also an external load P applied at x = L?

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 Example: Linearly Distributed Load
%-----------------------------
% problem parameters setting
%-----------------------------
fea.param.simpleFEM = 1;
%-----------------------------
fea.analysis = 'statics';
%-----------------------------
% nodal coordinates
%-----------------------------
fea.node = [1 0;2 10];
%-----------------------------
% nodal connectivity
%-----------------------------
fea.element.bar2 = [1 1 1 2];
%---------------------
% section properties
%---------------------
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
fea.property{1}.A = 0.5;
%----------------------
% material properties
%----------------------
fea.material{1}.E = 10e6;
23

Example: Linearly Distributed Load

%-----------------------------
% applied constraints
%-----------------------------
fea.boundary = [1 1 0];
%-----------------------------
% applied nodal force
%-----------------------------
fea.dload{1}.eid = 1;
fea.dload{1}.type = 'FX';
fea.dload{1}.distribution = [0,1200];
%-------------------
% perform feadlab
%-------------------
feadlab_interface(fea)

24

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 Homework Problem: Linearly Distributed Load
p0
p( x ) x
L

E 10 106 psi
A 0.5 in 2 , L 10 in.
p0 1200 lb/in
P 2500 lb at mid-point

25

Example: Non-uniform Bar

A non-uniform cross section bar is subjected to a load as shown in the figure.

Assume E = 10106 psi, L = 40 in, A0 = 1.2 in2 and P = 1000 lb. Solve the
problem by using two elements. A constant cross sectional area for each
element is assumed and is approximated by the algebraic mean of the end areas
of the element A( e) ( A(1 e) A( 2)e ) 2 .
(a) Express the system matrix equation [Ks]{Ds}={Fs}.
(b) Express the reduced system matrix equation [K]{D}={F} and determine
the nodal displacements.
(c) Determine the element internal stresses and the wall reaction.

34

11
 Example: Gap

E = 20103 N/mm2
P = 60103 N
u, , R = ?

38

PLANE TRUSS STRUCTURES

47

12
 PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT
What is the difference between 1D and 2D finite elements?
2D element can move in x- and y-direction (2 DOFs per node).
However, the stiffness exists only in axial direction.
N2
Local Coordinate System 50 N
1D FE formulation can be used
if a body-fixed local coordinate system y x
is constructed along the length of 8 cm
the element
y
The global coordinate system N1
(x and y axes) is chosen to 12 cm
represent the entire structure x N3
The local coordinate system (x and y axes)
is selected to align the x axis along the length
of the element
f1x EA 1 1 u1

f 2 x L 1 1 u2
50

PLANE TRUSS ELEMENT

Element Equation (Local Coordinate System)
Axial direction is the local x-axis.
2D element equation y
Local coordinates
v2 u2 f2x
f1x 1 0 1 0 u1
f
1 y EA 0
0 0 0 v1 y x
v1 2
u1 f
f 2 x L 1 0 1 0 u2
f 2 y
0 0 0 0 v2 1 Global coordinates
f1x
{f } [k ]{d} x

How to connect to the neighboring elements?

Cannot connect to other elements because LCS is different
Use coordinate transformation

51

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 COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
Transform to the global coord. and assemble

u1 cos f sin f u1 v

cos f v1
v
v1 sin f u
f
u2 cos f sin f u2
f
v2 sin f cos f v2 u

Transformation matrix
u1 cos f sin f 0 0 u1

v1 sin f cos f 0 0 v1
{d} [T]{d}
u2 0 0 cos f sin f u2
v2 0 0

sin f cos f v2
Transformation matrix
local global
52

COORDINATE TRANSFORMATION
The same transformation for force vector
f1x cos f sin f 0 0 f1x
f
1 y sin f cos f 0 0 f1 y
{f } [T]{f }
f2 x 0 0 cos f sin f f 2 x
f
f2 y
0 0 sin f cos f
2y
local global

Property of transformation matrix

[T]1 [T]T {f } [T]{f } {f } [T]T {f }

53

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 ELEMENT STIFFNESS IN GLOBAL COORD.
Element 1
y
v2
f1x 1 0 1 0 u1 u2 f2x
f
1 y EA 0 0 0 0 v1
v1
N2
L 1 0 1 0 u1 K
f2 x u2 f
f 2 y v2
0 0 0 0
f1x
N1
element stiffness matrix
x
{f } [k ]{d}
Transform to the global coordinates
[T]{f } [k ][T]{d} {f } [T]1[k ][T] {d}
global global

[k ] [T]1[k ][T] {f } [k ]{d}

54

ELEMENT STIFFNESS IN GLOBAL COORD.

Element stiffness matrix in global coordinates
[k ] T [k ]T
T

cos 2 f cos f sin f cos 2 f cos f sin f

EA cos f sin f sin f
2
cos f sin f sin 2 f
[k]
L cos 2 f cos f sin f cos 2 f cos f sin f

cos f sin f sin 2 f cos f sin f sin 2 f

Depends on Youngs modulus (E), cross-sectional area (A), length (L),

and angle of rotation (f)
Axial rigidity = EA

55

15
 ELEMENT FORCE AND STRESS CALCULATION
Element force for plane truss
(e) (e)
AE AE
P(e)
L

(e)

L
u j ui

Write in terms of global displacements

(e)
AE
P(e) lu j mv j lu i mvi
L l cos f
(e)
AE m sin f
l u j ui m v j vi
L
(e)
AE
u j ui cos f v j vi sin f
(e)
P
L
(e)
E
( e ) u j ui cos f v j vi sin f
L
56

2D SPRING AND TRUSS ELEMENT STIFFNESSES

c2 cs c 2 cs

cs s2 cs s2
2D spring: [k ] k 2
(e)

c cs c2 cs

cs s2 cs s2

c2 cs c 2 cs

EA cs s 2
cs s2
2D struss: [k ]
(e)

L c 2 cs c2 cs

cs s2 cs s2

57

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 EXAMPLE: Two-Bar Truss N2
50 N

Two-bar truss
Diameter = 0.25 cm Element 1

E = 30106 N/cm2 8 cm

Element 2
Element 1 N1 N3
In local coordinate
12 cm
{f (1) } [k (1) ]{d (1) }

f1x 1 0 1 0 u1 y
f
0 0 0 v1
v2 u2 f2x
1 y EA 0

f 2 x L 1 0 1 0 u2 v1
u1 K N2
f 2 y f1 f = 33.7o
0 0 0 0 v2 1
E = 30 x 106 N/cm2
N1
f1x A = pr2 = 0.049 cm2
L = 14.4 cm x
58

EXAMPLE
Element 1 cont.
Element equation in the global coordinates
f (1)
1x
0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u1
0.462
f
(1)
0.308 0.462 0.308 v1 (1)

1y
102150 {f } [k ]{d }
(1) (1)

f
(1)
2x 0.692 0.462 0.692 0.462 u2
f

(1)
2y 0.462 0.308 0.462 0.308 v2
y f2x

Element 2 N2 v2
f2 = 90o f2
f 2(2)
x
0 0 0 0 u2 E = 30 x 106 N/cm2 u2
(2) 0 1 A = pr2 = 0.049 cm2 K
f2 y 0 1 v2
(2) 184125 L = 8 cm
f3 x 0 0 0 0 u3
x
f3 y N3

(2)
0 1 0 1 v3 v3
f3x
u3
59

17
 EXAMPLE
Assembly
After transforming to the global coordinates Element 1

F1x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u1

F v
1 y 47193 31462 47193 31462 0 0
1
F2 x 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u2

2 y 47193 31462 47193 215587
F 0 184125 v2
F3 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 u3

F3 y 0 0 0 184125 0 184125 v3
Element 2
Boundary Conditions
Nodes 1 and 3 are fixed.
Node 2 has known applied forces: F2x = 50 N, F2y = 0 N

60

EXAMPLE cont.
Boundary conditions (striking-the-rows and columns)
70687 47193 u2 50
47193 215587 v 0
2
Solve the global matrix equation
u2 8.28 104 cm
v2 1.81104 cm
Support reactions
F1x 50 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 0
F 33.33
47193 31462 47193 31462 0 0 0
1 y

50 70687 47193 70687 47193 0 0 u2 4
8.28 10

0 47193 31462 47193 215587 0 184125 v2 1.81 104
F3 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

F 3 y 33.33
0 0 0 184125 0 184125 0

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 EXAMPLE cont.
Element internal force for plane truss
(e)
AE
P(e) u j ui cos f v j vi sin f
L
u2 8.28 104 cm, v2 1.81 104 cm
f1 33.7, f2 90
(1)
AE
P (1) u2 u1 cos f1 v2 v1 sin f1 60.2 N
L
(2)
AE
P (2) u3 u2 cos f2 v3 v2 sin f2 33.33 N 33.33
L N
N2

N3
33.33
N
63

EXAMPLE: Reduced Element Equations

Reduced element equations:
0.692 0.462 u2
r ]{d } 102150
[k (1) (1)

0.462 0.308 v2
0 0 u2
r ]{d } 184125
[k (2) (2)

0 1 v2

Reduced system equations

70687 47193 u2 F2 x
47193 215587 v F
2 2y
70687 47193 u2 50
47193 215587 v 0 [K ]{D} {F}
2

64

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 EXAMPLE: Two-Bar Truss
%-----------------------------
% problem parameters setting
%-----------------------------
fea.param.simpleFEM = 2;
%--------------
% analysis type
%--------------
fea.analysis = 'statics';
%------------------
% nodal coordinates
%------------------
fea.node = [1 0 0;2 12 8;3 12 0]; % cm
%--------------------
% nodal connectivity
%--------------------
% fea.element.bar2 = [eid,pid,nid1,nid2]
fea.element.bar2 = [1 1 1 2;2 1 2 3];
%---------------------
% section properties
%---------------------
% for bar2: property{pid}.mid, property{pid}.A
fea.property{1}.mid = 1;
fea.property{1}.A = pi*0.25^2/4; % cm^2
65

EXAMPLE: Two-Bar Truss

%----------------------
% material properties
%----------------------
fea.material{1}.E = 30e6; % N/cm^2
%---------------------
% applied constraints
%---------------------
fea.boundary = [1 1 0;1 2 0;3 2 0];
%---------------------
% applied nodal force
%---------------------
fea.cload = [2 1 50;3 1 -30];
%-------------------
% perform feadlab
%-------------------
feadlab_interface(fea)

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 Example: Symmetric Model

E = 200 GPa
AAD = ACD = ABD = 1800 mm2
AAB = ABC = 2400 mm2

Symmetric model?

87

Boundary Conditions

AE = 106 N, L = 1 m

2
L 3

1 2
1
L

1,000 N

88

21
 ERROR in BC
AE = 106 N, L = 1 m
y
3
3
x

2 2
L 3 L 3

1 2 1 2
1 1
L L

1,000 N 1,000 N
(a) Improper case (b) Proper case

89

Example: Space Truss Eelment

The space truss shown has four members. Determine the displacement components
of Node 5 and the force in each member. The node numbers are numbers in the
circle in the figure. The dimensions of the imaginary box that encloses the truss
are: 1m 1m 2m. Assume AE = 106 N. The coordinates of the nodes are given in
the table below:

92

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