PK.FKK.PPM.

MANUAL MAKMAL CHE574

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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY ΙΙΙ
(CHE574)

NAME : MOHD HAZIM BIN ELIAS

STUDENT NO. : 2004624588
EXPERIMENT : DEEP BED FILTER
DATE : JANUARY 2006
PERFORMED
SEMESTER : DECEMBER 2005 – APRIL 2006
PROGRAMME / : Bachelor of Engineering (Hons.) in Chemical
CODE Engineering/ EH220

No. Title Allocated marks % Marks %

1 Abstract/Summary 5
2 Introduction 5
3 Aims/Objectives 5
4 Theory 5
5 Procedures 3
6 Apparatus 5
7 Results 20
8 Calculations 10
9 Discussions 20
10 Conclusions 10
11 Recommendations 5
12 References 5
13 Appendices 2
TOTAL 100

Remarks:

Checked by: Rechecked by:

Cik Siti Ida Farida bte Abd Razak

ABSTRACT / SUMMARY
 This particular experiment is about separating solid particle from suspension
in liquid. The experiments were conduction using the deep bed filtration apparatus.
This equipment allows particles penetrated into the interstices of the filter bed where
then they are trapped following impingement on the surfaces of the material of the
bed.
The very fine particles of solids are removed by mechanical action but the
particles finally adhere as a result of surface electrostatic forces or adsorption. The
objective of this experiment is to determine the pressure drop across the bed, the
nature of flow in filter bed and to determine the performance of the bed.
Three theory is used to calculate the result, Darcy-Weisbach formulation,
friction factor estimation and pressure drop in porous bed. The result from the
experiment is calculated and graph is plotted.

INTRODUCTION
 Filtration is a physical operation that used largely in industry to separate solid
particle from suspensions in liquid. In a filtration system, porous layer is used where
only liquid is allowed to follow through them.

There are many reasons on why filtration systems are used in industries. They
are:
i. To separate solid particles that has commercial value from liquid or gas.
ii. To separate solid waste from valuable liquid, such as solid suspension from
oil.
iii. To separate both solid and liquid when both have commercial value.
iv. To separate both solid and liquid even if both does not have any commercial
value such as if both is harmful material and has to be disposed accordingly.

Deep bed filter allows particles penetrated into the interstices of the filter bed where
then they are trapped following impingement on the surfaces of the material of the
bed. The very fine particles of solids are removed by mechanical action but the
particles finally adhere as a result of surface electrostatic forces or adsorption.

AIMS / OBJECTIVES
 To determine the pressure drop across the bed
 To determine the nature of flow in filter bed
 To determine the performance of the bed
THEORY

Darcy – Weisbach Formulation

The formula involves the study of straight pipe in which an incompressible

fluid flows in it. Consider the following functional relationship:

ΔP = f (v, ρ, D, μ, L, ε)

Where

ΔP Pressure drop between two points

v Velocity of fluid
ρ Density of fluid
D Pipe diameter
μ Viscosity of fluid
L length of pipe
ε Roughness of pipe wall

From above, seven magnitudes are expressed as a function of three basic

dimensions i.e L, M and T, which then form 4 dimensional parameters. By repeating
v, ρ, D and with the addition of other magnitudes, the parameters are:

Π1 = ΔP Π2 = ρ v D Π3 = ε Π4 = L
ρv2 μ D D

Thus, we can also express the relationship as dimensional function:

ΔP / ρv2 = f (ρvD / μ, ε / D, L /D)

Consider ΔP = ρghf, where hf is the loss of total load between two sections of the pipe,
then

hf = λ (L / D) (v2 / 2g)
where λ is the friction factor from Moody diagram

Friction Factor, λ Estimation.

Nikuradse and Moody determined the friction factor, λ experimentally where

Nikuradse used pipes with artificial roughness whilst Moody used commercial pipes
with roughness is the characteristic of the pipe. The results obtained by Moody are
shown in Figure 2.

From the diagram, following are the parameters that can be considered:

a. For Re < 2000, in the fluid flow, friction factor only dependence on Reynolds
number but not wall roughness, ε where λ = 64 / Re

b. The transition region of Reynolds number gives the friction factor, λ

depending simultaneously on the viscous effects and on the roughness of the
pipe and hence λ = f (Re, ε / D)

c. For sufficiently high Re number, the viscous effect do not cause effect and the
friction factor, λ only depend on the roughness of the wall, where λ = f (ε / D)

Pressure Drop in Porous Beds.

The pressure drop caused by the contact between particles and the media
accompanying the flow of fluid can be calculated using the following general
procedure:

a. Reynolds number of the fluid flow in the packed bed, Re’ based on the
diameter of the particles, dp and the approach velocity of the fluid to the bed,
va is affected by the correction coefficient, FRe (Figure 3) where:

Re’ = (ρvadp / μ) FRe

 Where FRe = f (χ, ψ) χ – porosity / voidage of the bed
ψ – sphericity of particles

b. The friction factor, λ’ (Figure 4) depends on Reynolds number, Re’, so

λ’ = f (Re’)

c. The pressure drop in the porous drop gives similar expression to the pressure
drop in pipes but however, it is affected by a correction coefficient, Ff’ (Figure
5):

Hf = λ (L / dp) (va2 / 2g) (Ff’)

Where Ff’ = f (χ, ψ)

PROCEDURES

Preliminary Experiment

Tank D1 and D2 was filled with clean water. Pump switched on. Valve V 2 and
V2’, V5 and V7 opened, and valve V4 and V6 closed. Valve V3 was adjusted to
establish flow and the water allowed circulating in 2 to 3 minutes. If there was bubble
trapped in the water manometer column, purging method was applied by increasing
water height in the manometer column until the bubbles disappeared. Total height of
bed measured.

Experiment 1: Lost of Load of a Porous Bed

Valve V3 adjusted, and if necessary, valve V2 closed to obtain the difference of

pressure of 1000 mm between tube 1 and 30. The readings from tube 1 to tube 30
were noted. The experiment repeated to get the 10 different flows covering the range
of flowmeter. Before stopping the pump, valve V2 fully opened and valve V3 fully
closed to avoid entrance of air to the circuit.

Experiment 2: Loss of Load hf’ in Function of Depth and Time

Solid-suspension liquid was prepared in tank D2 (about 100 g of flour). The

clarity of the liquid was test using turbidimeter. Valve V1 and V2 opened, and valve
V3 closed and pump started. Valve V3 opened until flow rate, Q = 60 L / hr reached.
When the cloudy suspension reached the packed bed, the timing started and the time
registered. Verify that the flow remains constant and if necessary, the flow adjusted
using valve V3. The reading repeated in every 30 minutes. The samples were collected
at the 1st, 2nd, 6th, 10th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th tubes. The turbidity of each samples
measured using turbidimeter. The results recorded. Besides that, the reading of the
tubes also recorded. The length of the column from the base to the respective tappings
measured. The pump stopped when the experiment finished.
APPARATUS

 Deep bed filter

 Turbidimeter
 Stopped watch
 Beaker for making the solution of flour
 Spatula for stirring the solution of flour
RESULTS

Experiment 1: Lost of Load of a Porous Bed

Flow Rate, Q (L / hr) h1 h30 hf = h1 - h30

10 572 520 52
20 592 504 88
30 612 490 122
40 642 468 174
50 662 438 224
60 682 408 274
70 708 380 328
80 738 346 392
90 764 304 460
100 802 268 534

Table 1: Data for experiment lost of load in a porous bed

Flow Rate, Q (L /
hr) Q (m3 / s) va (m / s) Re' λ' Hf (m)
10 2.778E-06 3.537E-04 17.684 4.0 0.0657
20 5.556E-06 7.074E-04 35.368 1.7 0.1116
30 8.333E-06 1.061E-03 53.052 1.2 0.1773
40 1.111E-05 1.415E-03 70.735 0.8 0.2101
50 1.389E-05 1.768E-03 88.419 0.7 0.2873
60 1.667E-05 2.122E-03 106.103 0.6 0.3546
70 1.944E-05 2.476E-03 123.787 0.5 0.4022
80 2.222E-05 2.829E-03 141.471 0.4 0.4203
90 2.500E-05 3.183E-03 159.155 0.4 0.5319
100 2.778E-05 3.537E-03 176.838 0.3 0.5582

Table 2: Table of calculation for theoretical head loss

 Graph of Head Loss versus Flowrate

0.6
0.5
Head Loss

0.4
experimental value
0.3
theoretical value
0.2
0.1
0
2.778E-06

1.667E-05
1.944E-05
5.556E-06
8.333E-06
1.111E-05
1.389E-05

2.222E-05
2.500E-05
2.778E-05
Flowrate

Experiment 2: Loss of Load hf’ in Function of Depth and Time

number
of L (mm) Lapsed time (minutes)
tube 30 60 90
hf' turbidity hf' turbidity hf' turbidity
1 90 670 42.8 690 50.5 694 38.1
2 120 656 45.6 680 47.1 682 37.3
6 220 636 48.1 648 40.7 650 32.7
10 320 608 47.6 620 34.8 622 30.1
15 440 570 45.1 580 34.6 574 33.8
20 570 542 39.6 540 33.1 538 29.1
25 690 506 33.3 498 31.2 500 28.2
30 1020 420 32.4 394 30.5 408 25.5
Table 3: Table of loss of load and turbidity in function of depth and time

Graph Length of column vs Pressure drop

1200

1000
length of column

800 30 min
600 60 min

400 90 min

200

0
0.00 2000.00 4000.00 6000.00 8000.00
pressure drop

Graph Turbidity versus Length of Column

60

50

40 30 min
Turbidity

30 60 min

20 90 min

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Length of Column
CALCULATIONS

Data:
Internal diameter of the column, D: 100 mm
Density of sand, ρp = 2650 kg / m3
Sphericity of sand, ψ = 0.8
Diameter of sand, dp = 1 mm
Density of water, ρf = 1000 kg / m3
Viscosity of water, μf = 0.001 kg / ms
Length, L = 1030 mm
Mass of bulk, m = 8.7 kg
Voidage of bed = 0.4

Voidage of the bed, χbed = 1 – (ρb / ρp)

0.4 = 1 – __ρb kg / m3
2650 kg / m3
ρb = 1590 kg/m3

From the figure 3, the value of FRe = 50

From the figure 5, the value of Ff = 2500
Sample of Calculation

Consider the first reading in experiment 1

Q = A . va
va =Q/A
= 10 L 1 hr 1E-3 m3 1_______
hr 3600 s 1L 7.854 x 10-3 m2
= 3.537 x 10-4 m / s

Re’ = (ρvadp / μ) FRe

= 1000 kg m-3 x 3.537 x 10-4 m s-1 x 1E-3 m x 50
0.001 kg m-1 s-1
= 17.684

From figure 4, λ’ for first reading = 4.0

From figure 5, Ff = 2500

Hf = λ (L / dp) (va2 / 2g) (Ff’)

= 9 x 1030E-3 m (3.537 x 10-4 m s-1)2 (2500)
1E-3 (2) (9.81 m s-2)
= 0.0657 m
ΔP = ρghf
=1000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m s-2 x 0.67 m
DISSCUSSIONS

The separation of solids from a suspension in a liquid by means of a porous

medium or screen which retains the solid and allows the liquid to pass is termed
filtration. In general, the pores of the medium will be larger than the particles which
are to be removed, and the filter will work efficiently only after an initial deposit has
been trapped in the medium. The most important factors on which the rate of filtration
depends be are the pressure drop from the feed to the far side of the filter medium, the
area of the filtering surface, the viscosity of the filtrate, the resistance of the filter
cake, and the resistance of the filter medium and initial layers of cake.
For first experiment the graph that been plot from the experiment result and
theoretical result shows the similarity in the graph pattern. It’s show that the particular
theory is suite for that particular experiment condition. For second experiment the
pressure drop is decreasing when the column height increase. However the pressure
drop value is similar for different time taken 30 minute, 60 minute and 90 minute.
This condition happen because the changes in concentration of solid suspend in liquid
is not affecting the pressure drop.
The value of turbidity that determine from the turbid meter is non consistent.
This is because the sand particle that used in the filter bed is not equal. However the
turbidity value is still decreasing at the maximum height of the column.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The bed voidage is 0.4 and the bulk density is 1590 kg/m3
2. The theoretical head loss hf of the porous bed is

Flow Rate, Q (L / hr) Hf (m)

10 0.0657
20 0.1116
30 0.1773
40 0.2101
50 0.2873
60 0.3546
70 0.4022
80 0.4203
90 0.5319
100 0.5582

3. The data that gained from the experiment is similar to the data that obtained
from theoretical calculation using the formulation. It’s show that the
experimental value is valid.
4. The nature of the flow is analyzed based on the Reynolds number

Q (m3 / s) Re' Nature of flow

2.778E-06 17.684 laminar
5.556E-06 35.368 laminar
8.333E-06 53.052 laminar
1.111E-05 70.735 laminar
1.389E-05 88.419 laminar
1.667E-05 106.103 laminar
1.944E-05 123.787 laminar
2.222E-05 141.471 laminar
2.500E-05 159.155 laminar
2.778E-05 176.838 laminar

RECOMMENDATIONS
 1. Mix the liquid with colored dye in order to differentiate the liquid in the
manometer tube with the wall scale. This is important in order to get the
accurate reading
2. All bubble must be vanish from the manometer tube by increasing water level
in manometer to the maximum value.
3. Take the average reading because the water level in the manometer tube is not
stable in order to prevent from parallax error.

REFERENCES
  Rhodes, M; Introduction to Particle Technology; John Wiley

 Coulson J. M and Richardson J. F; Chemical Engineering Volume 2;

Butterworth Heinemann

 McCabe, Smith, Harriott; Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering; McGraw

Hill

APPENDICES