Exercise Set in Math 2193

1. Given the vectors u = (1, 0, 1), and v = (2, 2, 0).

(a) Calculate 2u 3v.

(b) Is ku + vk = kuk + kvk? Justify.
(c) Find cos if is the angle between u and v.
(d) Is (8, 6, 2) a linear combination of u and v? How about (3, 2, 1)?

2. Show that the linear system

x + 2y z = 4

x 3y 2z = 1


2x y 3z = 5

has infinitely many solution. Write a parametric equation for the solutions and give at
least three solutions.
" # " #
1 2 2 3
3. Given that A = and B = .
3 0 1 1

(a) Calculate (A + B)2 and A2 + 2AB + B 2 .

(b) Is (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2 ?
(c) Let A, B Mn . Prove that (A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B 2 if and only if AB = BA.
n
X
4. The trace of an n-by-n matrix A = [aij ] is defined as tr(A) = aii the sum of the
i=1
diagonal entries of A.

"# 1 2 3
1 3
(a) Find the trace of , 4 5 6 and In .

0 5
7 8 9
(b) Prove that if A, B Mn , then
i. tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B).
ii. tr(rA) = r tr(A), for any scalar r.
iii. tr(AT ) = tr(A).
iv. tr(AB) = tr(A) tr(B).
(c) Show that there does not exist matrices A and B such that AB BA = In .

9 8 7
5. Write the matrix A = 6 5 4 as a sum of a symmetric matrix S and a skew

3 2 1
symmetric matrix T .
Exercise Set in Math 2193

6. Let A Mm,n . If X1 , X2 Mn,1 are solutions to the matrix equation AX = 0m,1 , prove
that for any scalars r1 and r2 , the column vector r1 X1 + r2 X2 is also a solution.

2 1 0
7. If A = 1 0 1, find A1 whenever it exists. Also, prove that the matrix S =

0 1 1

3 2 1
2 0 5 is singular.

5 1 6

8. If A and B are n-by-n matrices, define the Lie product

[AB] := AB BA.

Establish the following identities:

(a) [[AB]C] + [[BC]A] + [[CA]B] = 0n .

(b) [(A + B)C] = [AC] + [BC].
(c) Show by means of an example that in general, [[AB]C] 6= [A[BC]].

9. Let A Mn . If A2 = A, prove that either A is singular of A = In .

10. Let A Mn . Prove that the matrix AT A + AAT is always symmetric.

11. Prove that a matrix A is row equivalent to B if and only if there exists a nonsingular
matrix P such that B = P A.

12. A square matrix Q is an orthogonal matrix if QT Q = In .

1/ 3 1/ 6 1/ 2

(a) Verify that the matrix 1/ 3 2/ 6 0 is orthogonal.


1/ 3 1/ 6 1/ 2
" #
cos sin
(b) Prove that the matrix is orthogonal for any R.
sin cos
(c) If T is skew-symmetric and In +T is nonsingular, prove that Q := (In A)(In +A)1
is an orthogonal matrix.

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