Na’Vi Language

Phonology & Orthography 1

Vowels 1
Consonants 2
Sound Change 2
Grammar 3
Pronouns 3
Nouns & Prepositions 3
Adjectives 5
Numbers 5
Verbs 6
Questions & Demonstratives 7
Changing Parts of Speech 7
Phrases 7
Lexicon 9
 Phonology and orthography
Na‟vi lacks voiced stops like [b d ɡ], but has the ejective consonants [pʼ tʼ kʼ], which are spelled
px, tx, kx when writing them in Latin script. It also has the syllabic consonants ll and rr. There
are seven vowels, a ä e i ì o u. Although all the sounds were designed to be pronounceable by the
human actors of the film, there are unusual consonant clusters, as in fngap "metal” and tskxe
"rock"

Na‟vi syllables may be as simple as a single vowel, or as complex as skxawng "moron" or

fngap above (both CCVC).

The fictional language Na‟vi of Pandora is unwritten. However, standardized Na‟Vi is written
using the Roman alphaet. Sample words: zìsìt "year", fpeio "ceremonial challenge", nìawve
"first" (aw "one"), muiä "be fair", tiréa-ióang "spirit animal", kllpxìltu "territory",
unil-tìran-tokx "avatar" (dream-walk-body)

***Please note that pronunciation of all words can be found in the bilingual lexicon at the end of
the analysis transcribed using IPA.

Vowels

There are seven simple vowels:

Front Back
High [i]i [u]u
[ì] ì
Mid [e]ɛ [o]o
Low [ä]ä [a]a

and four diphthongs [aw], [ew], [ay], [ey]. Note that the e is open-mid while the o is close-mid,
and that there is no *oy.

These vowels may occur in sequences, as in the Polynesian languages and Japanese. Each vowel
counts as a syllable, so that tsaleioae has six syllables, [tsa.lɛ.i.o.a.ɛ], and meoauniaea has
eight, [mɛ.o.a.u.ni.a.ɛ.a].

In addition, the syllabic consonants ll [l̩ ] and rr [r̩] behave as vowels, as in pllte’ [pl̩ .tɛʔ] "to
speak". The rr is strongly trilled, and the ll is "light", never a "dark" (velarized) *[ɫ̩ ]. These may
occur directly before another vowel, as in hrrap [hr̩.ap] "dangerous".

Na‟vi does not have vowel length or tone, but it does has contrastive stress: túte [ˈtutɛ]
"person", tuté [tuˈtɛ] "female person". Although stress may move with derivation, as here, it is
not affected by inflection (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc). So, for example, the verb lu "to

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be" has stress on its only vowel, the u, and no matter what else happens to it, the stress stays on
that vowel: lolú [loˈlu] "was" (l‹ol›u), lolängú [loläˈngu] "was (ugh!)" (l‹ol›‹äng›u), etc.

Consonants

There are twenty consonants. There are two Latin transcriptions: one that more closely
approaches the ideal of one letter per phoneme, with the c and g for [ts] and [ng] (the values they
have in much of Eastern Europe and Polynesia, respectively), and a modified transcription used
for the actors, with the digraphs ts and ng used for those sounds. In transcriptions, the ejective
consonants are written with digraphs in x, a convention that appears to be unique to Na‟vi.

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Ejective [px]p‟ [tx]t‟ [kx]k‟
Plosive [p]p [t]t [k]k [„]ʔ
Affricate [ts]ʦ
Fricative [f]f [v]v [s]s [z]z [h]h
Nasal [m]m [n]n [ng]ng
Flap [r]r
Trill [rr]r
Liquid/glide [w]w [l]l or [ll]l: [y]j

The fricatives and the affricate, f v ts s z h, are restricted to the onset of a syllable; the other
consonants may occur at either the beginning or at the end (though w y in final position are
considered parts of diphthongs, as they only occur as ay ey aw ew and may be followed by
another final consonant, as in skxawng "moron"). However, in addition to appearing before
vowels, f ts s may form consonant clusters with any of the unrestricted consonants (the stops and
liquids/glides) apart from’ making for 39 clusters. Other sequences occur across syllable
boundaries, such as na’vi [naʔ.vi] "person", ikran [ik.ran] "banshee", and atxkxe [atʼ.kʼɛ]
"land".

The plosives p t k and the affricate ts are tenuis, as in Spanish or French. In final position, they
are unreleased, as in Indonesian and other languages of Southeast Asia. The r is flapped, as in
Spanish and Indonesian; it sounds a bit like the tt or dd in the American pronunciation of the
words latter / ladder.

Sound change

The stop consonants undergo lenition after certain prefixes and prepositions. The ejective
consonants px tx kx become the corresponding plosives p’ t’ k’; the plosives and affricate p t ts k
become the corresponding fricatives f s h; and the glottal stop ’ disappears entirely. For example,
the plural form of po "s/he" is ayfo "they", with the p weakening into an f after the prefix ay-.

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 Grammar
Accounts of the grammar cover parts of speech, their uses, and some of their inflections, but not
much about the syntax.

Pronouns

Na‟vi pronouns encode clusivity. That is, there are different words for "we" depending on
whether I'm including you or not. There are also special forms for "the two of us" (with or
without you), "the three of us", etc. They do not inflect for gender; although it's possible to
distinguish "he" from "she", the distinction is optional.

sing. dual trial plural

Exclusive oe moe — ayoe
Inclusive — oeng — ayoeng
2nd person nga — — aynga
3rd person po mefo — ayfo

The deferential forms of "I" and "you" are ohe and ngenga. Possessive forms include ngeyä
"your" and peyä "her/his". "He" and "she" can optionally be differentiated as poan and poé.

Pronouns are declined for case as nouns (below) are.

Nouns and prepositions

Nouns show greater number distinctions than human languages: besides singular and plural, they
not only have special dual forms for two of an item (eyes, hands, lovers, etc.), which are not
uncommon in human language (English has a remnant in "both"), but also trial forms for three of
an item, which on Earth are only found with pronouns. However, gender is only occasionally
(and optionally) marked.

The plural prefix is ay+, and the dual is me+ (nari "eye", menari "eyes"). Both trigger lenition
(indicated by the "+" signs rather than the hyphens that usually mark prefix boundaries). In
nouns which undergo lenition, the plural prefix may be dropped, so the plural of tokx "body" is
either aysokx or just sokx.

Masculine nouns may be distinguished by the suffix -an, and feminine by -é, which is stressed:
tsmuk or tsmúktu "sibling", tsmúkan "brother", tsmuké "sister". There are no words for "a"
or "the".

Nouns are conjugated for case in a tripartite system, which is rare among human languages. In a
tripartite system, there are distinct forms for the object of a clause, as in "he kicks the ball"; the
agent of a transitive clause which has such an object, as in "he kicks the ball"; and the subject of

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an intransitive clause, which does not have an object, as in "he runs". An object is marked with
the accusative suffix -ti, and an agent with the ergative suffix -l, while an intransitive subject has
no case suffix. For example:

Oe-l nga-ti kam‹ei›e

I-ERG you-ACC See‹LAUD›
"I See you" (a greeting)

The use of such case forms leaves the word order of Na‟vi largely free.

There are two other cases, genitive in -yä and dative in -ru, as well as a topic marker -ri. The
latter is used to introduce the topic of the clause, and is somewhat equivalent to (though much
more common than) English "as for". It preempts the case of the noun: that is, when a noun is
made topical, usually at the beginning of the clause, it takes the -ri suffix rather than the case
suffix one would expect from its grammatical role. For example, in,

Oe-ri ontu teya l‹äng›u

I-TOP nose full be‹PEJ›
"My nose is full (of his distasteful smell),"

since the topic is "I", the subject "nose" is associated with "me": That is, it's understood to be
"my nose". Note that "nose" itself is unmarked for case, as it's the subject of the intransitive verb
"to be".

Many of the case markers have several allomorphs.

Besides case, the role of a noun in a clause may be indicated with adpositions. Any adposition
may occur either as a preposition before the noun, or as an enclitic after the noun, a greater
degree of freedom than human languages allow. For example, "with you" may be either hu nga
or ngahu. When used as enclitics, they are much like the numerous cases found in Hungarian
and Finnish. When used as prepositions, more along the lines of what English does, certain of
them trigger lenition. One of the leniting prepositions is mì "in", as in mì sokx "in the body".
This may cause some ambiguity with short plurals: mì sokx could also be short for mì aysokx
"in the bodies".

Adpositions include fa "per" (with, by means of), hu "with" (accompaniment), fpi "for the sake
of", ne "to" (direction), ftu "from" (direction), ta "from" (generic), ta’em "from above", ìlä
"via, along", ka "across", and mì "in".

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Adjectives

Na‟vi adjectives are uninflected—that is, they do not agree with the noun they modify—and may
occur either before or after the noun. They are marked by a syllable a, which is attached on the
side closest to the noun. For example, "a long river" can be expressed either as,

ngim-a kilvan
long-ATTR river

or as,

kilvan a-ngim
river ATTR-long

The free word order holds for all attributives: Genitives (possessives) and relative clauses can
also either precede or follow the noun they modify. The latter especially allows for great freedom
of expression.

The attributive affix a- is only used when an adjective modifies a noun. Predicative adjectives
instead take the "be" verb lu:

kilvan ngim lu
river long be
"The river is long"

Numbers

As the Na‟vi have four digits per hand, they have a base-eight number system. Only a few
numbers are attested:

’aw 1
mune 2
tsìng 4
vofu 16
tsìvol 32

From this it would appear that the root for 4 is tsì, for 8 is vo, and that 32 is "4 eights".

Numerals form various derivatives, such as ’awpo "one" (an individual), (nì)’awve
"first", ’awsiténg "together" (one-make-same), kawtu "no-one" (negative k-), kawkrr "never"
(not-one-time), nì’aw "only", and nì’awtu "alone" from "one"; also nìmun "again" and
perhaps muntxa "to mate" from mun- "two".

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Verbs

Verbs are conjugated for tense but not for person. That is, they record distinctions like "I am, I
was, I would", but not like "I am, we are, s/he is". Conjugation relies exclusively on infixes,
which are like suffixes but go inside the verb. "To hunt", for example, is taron, but "hunted" is
t‹ol›aron, with the infix ‹ol›.

There are two positions for infixes: after the consonant (onset) of the penultimate syllable, and
after the consonant of the final syllable. Because many Na‟vi verbs have two syllables, these
commonly occur on the first and last syllable, as in the examples below. In monosyllabic words
like lu "be" and tsun "can", they both appear after the initial consonant, keeping their relative
order, as in tsolängun [ts‹ol›‹äng›un] "was able to (ugh!)".

The first infix position is taken by infixes for tense and aspect, or both, as well as by participle
and reflexive forms, which precede tense and aspect when they co-occur. Tenses are past, recent
past, present (unmarked), future, and immediate future; aspects are perfective (completed or
contained) and imperfective (ongoing or uncontained). The aspectual forms are not found in
English but are somewhat like the distinction between 'having done' and 'was doing'.

taron [hunt] "hunts"

t‹ìm›aron [hunt‹REC›] "just hunted"
t‹ay›aron [hunt‹FUT›] "will hunt"
t‹er›aron [hunt‹IMPV›] "hunting"
t‹ol›aron [hunt‹PFV›] "hunted"
t‹ì‹r›m›aron [hunt‹REC‹IMPV››] "was just hunting"

Other temporal and aspectual forms include tovaron, telaron, tusaron, tairon. Tense and
aspect need not be marked when they can be understood by context or elsewhere in the sentence.

The second infix position is taken by infixes for affect (speaker attitude, whether positive or
negative) and for evidentiality (uncertainty or indirect knowledge). For example, in the greeting
in the section on nouns, Oel ngati kameie "I See you", the verb kame "to See" is inflected
positively as kam‹ei›e to indicate the pleasure the speaker feels in the meeting. In the
subsequent sentence, Oeri ontu teya längu "My nose is full (of his smell)", however, the
phrase teya lu "is full" is inflected negatively as teya l‹äng›u to indicate the speaker's
distaste at the experience. Examples with both infix positions filled:

t‹ìrm›ar‹ei›on [hunt‹REC.IMPV›‹LAUD›] "yeah, was just hunting": The speaker is

happy about it, whether due to success or just the pleasure of the hunt
t‹ay›ar‹äng›on [hunt‹FUT›‹PEJ›] "ugh, will hunt": The speaker is anxious about or
bored by it.

There are two "be" verbs, lu, which is "be" in the sense that "A is B" and is used with adjectives
(a copula), and tok, which is "be" in the sense of "A is in/at a place" (a verb of existence).

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Negation is made with the particle ke. Various other grammatical particles such as conjunctions
join phrases and clauses: na "like, as", to "(more, less) than", sìk (unquote), sì, últe "and",
fu "or", slä "but".

Questions and demonstratives

Yes-no questions are asked with the final question marker srak? Information questions are
asked with question words based on the leniting morpheme pe "which?". These correspond with
demonstratives in fì "this" and tsa "that" (accusative tsat):

peú, ’úpe "what? which fì’u "this, this tsa’u "that, that
thing?" thing" thing"
pesu, tupe "who?" tsatu "that person"
peyfa, fyape "how?" fìfya "like this"
pehem, kempe "what? which fìkem "this (action)" tsakem "that (action)"
action?"
pehrr, krrpe "when?" tsakrr "then"
pelun, lumpe "why?"
peseng, "where?" fìtseng(e) "here" tsatseng "there"
tsengpe

These are merely the more common forms; pe, fì (and its plural fay "these") and tsa may
combine with any noun (without needing the attributive a; cf. kea "no" + noun), and other words
may combine with the morphemes in the table, such as tengfya "as" ('same way'), tengkrr
"while" ('same time'), and ké’u "nothing".

Changing parts of speech

Adjectives may be derived from nouns with le-: hrrap "danger", lehrrap "dangerous".
Verbs may be made from nouns with the generic action verb si "to make, to do": kelku "home",
kelku si "to live (dwell)". Adverbs are formed in nì-: ftúe "easy", nìftúe "easily".
Abstract nouns may be derived from verbs and adjectives with the prefix tì-: rey "to live",
tìrey "life"; ngay "true", tìngay, "truth". People associated with a verb are indicated by
compounding with -tu: spe’é "to capture", spe’étu "a captive". A person who specializes
in a verb (English -er) is indicated with -yu: táron "to hunt", táronyu "hunter".

Phrases

"Hello, how are you?"

Kaltxì. nga-ru lu fpom srak?

[ kaltʼì ngaru lu fpom srak ]
Greetings. You-DAT be well.being QUESTION

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"It‟s a pleasure to be able to chat with you in Na‟vi"

Tsun oe nga-hu nì-Na’vi pivängkxo a fì-’u oe-ru prrte’ lu

be.able I you-with ADV-Na‟vi pleasure? that this-thing I-DAT speak[9] be

"I apologise for this moron"

Fì-skxawng-ìri tsapxalute s‹eng›i oe

this-moron-TOP apology make‹?› I

"These demons are forbidden here"

F-ay-vrrtep fì-tsenge lu kxanì

this-PL-demon this-place be forbidden

"My nose is full of his alien smell."

Oe-ri ta peyä fahew a-kewong ontu teya l‹äng›u

me-TOP from his smell ATTR-alien nose full be‹PEJ›

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 Lexicon
Na’Vi - English English – Na’Vi
‘ A
'ampi v touch across ka pr
/ʔam.‟pi/
'aw n one number again nìmun adv
/ʔaw/
agree mllte v
'awpo pn one one (person)
/ʔaw.‟po/ alarm cry rawke n
'awsiteng adv together
/ʔaw.si.‟tɛŋ/ alien ketuwong n
'awve adj first
/‟ʔaw.vɛ/ alien kewong n
'e'al adj worst Alien (i.e. non- faketuan n
/‟ʔɛ.ʔal/ Na'vi)
'eko n attack
/‟ʔɛ.ko/ all all (of),in to, nìwotx pr
'ekong n beat (rhythmic) to,completely
/‟ʔɛ.koŋ/
'engeng n level allow tung v
/‟ʔɛ.ŋɛŋ/
almost stum adv
'eveng n child
/‟ʔɛ.vɛŋ/ alone alone (as one nì'awtu adj
'evi n kid (affectionate form of person)
/‟ʔɛ.vi/ "child")
among kip pr
'ì'awn v remain,stay
/‟ʔɪ.ʔawn/ ancestor pizayu n
'ìheyu n spiral
/‟ʔɪ.hɛ.ju/ and sì conj
'ìnglìsì n English language
and ulte conj
/‟ʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/
'it n bit a small amount animal,beast ioang n
/ʔit/
'itan n son apology tsap'alute n
/ʔi.‟tan/
'ite n daughter arm pxun n
/‟ʔi.tɛ/ arrive pähem v
'ok n remembrance
/ʔok/ arrow swizaw n
'ong v unfold,blossom
/ʔoŋ/ art tseo n

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'upe n what (thing) as as (= same way tengfya adj, conj
/‟ʔu.pɛ/ as)
'upxare n Message
/‟ʔu.p‟a.ɾɛ/ ask pawm v
A attack 'eko n
a adj which, that
/a/ avatar; dreamwalker uniltìrantokx n
äie n vision body
/æ.‟i.ɛ/
alaksì adj ready awake txen adj
/al.‟ak.sɪ/
away (direction) neto pr
alìm adj far far away,at a
/‟al.ɪm/ distance away (position) mìso pr
Amhul n child's name B
/‟am.hul/
Änsìt n child's name baby carrier/sling iveh k'nivi s'di n
/‟æn.sɪt/
apxa adj large back (direction) ne'ìm pr
/ap‟a/
bad,evil kawng adj
atan adj, n light
/a.‟tan/ badge pätsì n
atokirina' n Seeds of the great tree
/a.to.ki.ɾi.‟naʔ/ be at,occupy a space tok v
ätxäle n request
/‟æt‟.æ.lɛ/ be be (am,is,are) lu v
atxkxe n land
be responsible kllfriyo' v, c
/‟at‟k‟.ɛ/
au n drum (made of skin) beat (rhythmic) 'ekong n
/au/
aungia n sign,omen become slu v
/‟auŋ.i.a/
ayfo pn they beetle larva(e) teylu n
/‟aj.fo/ before, in front of eo pr
aylaru conj to the others
/aj.la.‟ɾu/ (contraction of aylaberu) begin,start sngä'i v
aynga pn you beginning,start time sngä'ikrr n
/‟aj.ŋa/
ayoe pn we (exclusive) big big (in stature) tsawl adj
/aj.o.‟ɛ/
ayoeng pn bind yìm v
we (inclusive)
/aj.o.‟ɛŋ/ bit a small amount 'it n
E
ean adj blue bit a small amount nì'it n
/‟ɛ.an/

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eltu n brain blue ean adj
/‟ɛl.tu/
eltu si v, c listen pay attention,quit blue flower seze n
/‟ɛl.tu si/ goofing off
Blue Flute Clan Omatikaya n
eltungawng n brainworm
body tokx n
/‟ɛl.tu.ŋawŋ/
emza'u v pass (a test) bond bond (neural Tsahaylu n
/ɛm.‟za.ʔu/ connection)
eo pr before, in front of
/ɛo/ boom kxangangang n
Eyaye n Plant species
/ɛ.‟ja.je/ (Warbonnet) bow and arrow tsko swizaw n

eyk v lead bow bow (weapon) tsko n

/ɛjk/ brain eltu n
eyktan n leader
/‟ɛjk.tan/ brainworm eltungawng n
Eywa n World spirit guiding
/‟ɛj.wa/ force and deity branch branch (of a vul n
(equivalent to Gaia); tree)
Eywa PN
brave tsteu adj
Eywa ngahu int good-bye,Eywa (be with
/‟ɛj.wa „ŋa.hu/ you) bring zamunge v

brother tsmukan n
F
fa pr with with (by means of) burn,consume nekx v
/fa/
faheu v smell but slä conj
/‟fa.hɛ.u/
faketuan n Alien (i.e. non-Na'vi) butt,rear end txìm n
/fa.‟kɛ.tu.an/ by,via,following ìlä (also: ìlä) pr
fìfya pn this this way,like this
/‟fɪf.ja/ C
fìkem pn this this (action)
/‟fɪ.kɛm/ call syaw v
fìpo pn this this one (person or
/‟fɪ.po/ thing) calm mawey adj

fìtseng(e) pn this, here here,this place can,be able tsun v

/fɪ.‟ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/
captive spe'etu v
fì'u pn this this (thing)
/‟fɪ.ʔu/ capture spe'e v
fkarut v peel
/‟fka.ɾut/ center (or place in kxamtseng n

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fkeu adj mighty the middle)
/fkɛu/
fko adj one challenge challenge fpeio v
/fko/ (ceremonial)
fmawn n news news,something to
change latem v
/fmawn/ report
child 'eveng n
fmetok n test
/‟fmɛ.tok/ child's name Amhul n
fmi v try
/fmi/ child's name Änsìt n
fnu v, c quiet quiet ("be quiet!")
/fnu/ child's name Ralu n
fo pn they choose ftxey v
/fo/
fpak v hold off,suspend action clan olo' n
/fpak/
fpe' v send clan leader olo'eyktan n
/fpɛʔ/
clear,certain law adj
fpeio v challenge challenge
/fpɛ.‟i.o/ (ceremonial) clever clever (thing) sìlronsem adj
fpi i for the sake of close close to lok adj
/fpi/
fpom n well-being, peace colleague lertu n
/fpom/
fpxafaw n medusa (animal) come za'u v
/‟fp‟a.faw/
continually nìtut adv
fpxäkìm v enter
/‟fp‟æ.kɪm/ cord telem n
frapo pn everyone
/fɾapo/ create ngop v
fra'u pn everything
/fɾaʔu/ creature swirä n
ftang v stop cut mun'i v
/ftaŋ/
fte conj so that D
/ftɛ/
fteke conj so that not,lest daddy sempu n
/‟ftɛ.kɛ/
ftia v study dance sreu v
/‟fti.a/
danger hrrap n
ftu pr from from (direction)
/ftu/ dangerous lehrrap adj
ftue adj easy
/‟ftu.ɛ/

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ftxey v choose daughter 'ite n
/ft‟ɛj/
fu conj or day trr n
/fu/
dead kerusey adj
fya'o n path, way
/‟fja.ʔo/ demon vrrtep n
fyape conj how
/‟fja.pɛ/ destroy ska'a v
fyawìntxu n guide
/fjawɪn.‟t‟u/ die terkup v
H dig up kllkulat v
ha conj so so (or "in that case")
/ha/ dim dim (of a snumìna adj
hapxì n part person)
/ha.‟p‟ɪ/
hasey adj done, finished dinner dinner,served wutso n
/‟ha.sɛj/ meal
hawnu v protect,shelter Direhorse pa'li n
/‟haw.nu/
hì'i adj small dive tawng v
/‟hɪ.ʔi/
hiyìk adj funny, strange do not negative (do rä'ä v
/‟hi.jɪk/ not)
hrrap n danger
do,make si v
/hrap/
hu adj with with doctor toktor n
/hu/ (accompaniment)
done, finished hasey adj
hufwe n wind
/‟huf.wɛ/ dream unil n
hum v leave, depart
/hum/ Dream Hunt Uniltaron n
I dreamwalker uniltìranyu n
i'en n stringed instrument
/i.‟ʔɛn/ drive out kurakx v
Iknimaya n Thundering
/ik.ni.ma.‟ja/ rocks,Stairway to drum (made of skin) au n
Heaven (floating
duck tawng n
mountains)

ikran n mountain banshee E

/ik.‟ɾan/
ear mikyun n
ìlä (also: ìlä) pr by,via,following
/‟ɪ.læ/ or /‟ɪl.æ/ easily nìftue adv
ioang n animal,beast
/‟i.o.aŋ/

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irayo n, i thank you easy ftue adj
/i.‟ɾa.jo/
iveh k'nivi s'di n baby carrier/sling eat yom v
/‟i.vɛh „k‟ni.vi
elbow pxuntil n
s‟di/
K English language 'ìnglìsì n
ka pr across
/ka/ enough nìtam adj
kä v go
enter fpxäkìm v
/kæ/
kaltxì n hello everyone frapo pn
/kal.‟t‟ɪ/
kämakto v ride out everything fra'u pn
/kæ.‟mak.to/
kame v See (spiritual sense) evil tìkawng adj
/‟ka.mɛ/ examine steftxaw v
kangay adj valid
/‟kaŋ.aj/ example tìkenong n
karyu n teacher
/‟kaɾ.ju/ eye nari n
kato n rhythm
/‟ka.to/ eyes (two) menari n
kawkrr adv never
F
/kaw.‟kr/
kawng adj bad,evil false tsleng adj
/kawŋ/
kawtu pn no one far far away,at a alìm adj
/kaw.‟tu/ distance
ke adv not
/kɛ/ fast nìwin adj
kea adj no no (before a noun) father sempul n
/‟kɛ.a/
kehe adv no fear txopu n
/‟kɛ.hɛ/
kelku n home feed yomtìng v
/‟kɛl.ku/
female female tutee n, adj
kelku si v live,dwell
/‟kɛl.ku si/ (person)
Kelutrel n Hometree Hometree finger zekwä n
/‟kɛl.u.tɾɛl/ (tree for living in)
fire txep n
kempe pn what what (action)
/‟kɛm.pɛ/ first 'awve adj
kenong v model,represent,exempli
/‟kɛ.noŋ/ fy first nì'awve adj

14
kerusey adj dead fly tswayon v
/‟kɛ.ɾu.sɛj/
ketuwong n alien for the sake of fpi i
/‟kɛ.tu.woŋ/
forbidden kxanì adj
ke'u n nothing
/‟kɛ.ʔu/ forest na'rìng n
kewong n alien
/‟kɛ.woŋ/ forgiveness txoa n
keye'ung n insanity
/kɛ.‟jɛ.ʔuŋ/ four tsìng n, adj
kifkey n world world fresh pxasul adj
/kif.‟kɛj/ (physical,solid) fresh,appealing as
kìm v spin food
/kɪm/ from above ta'em pr
kin v need
/kin/ from from ftu pr
kinä n, adj seven (direction)
/‟ki.næ/
kinam n leg from from (various ta pr
/‟ki.nam/ uses)
kinamtil n knee
full teya adj
/‟ki.nam.til/
kìng n thread funny, strange hiyìk adj
/kɪŋ/
kì'ong n species of fruit or G
/‟kɪ.ʔoŋ/ vegetable
get down get down! ne kllte! i
kip pr among (literally,"to the
/kip/ ground!")
kìte'e n service
/kɪ.‟tɛ.ʔɛ/ give tìng v
kìyevame n good-bye good-bye,see
/kɪ.jɛ.‟va.mɛ/ you again soon go kä v

kllfriyo' v, c be responsible good sìltsan adj

/kl:.‟fri.jo/ good-bye good- kìyevame n
kllkulat v dig up bye,see you again
/kl:.‟ku.lat/ soon
kllkxem v stand
/kl:.‟kɛm/ good-bye,Eywa (be Eywa ngahu int
kllpxìltu n territory with you)
/kl:.‟p‟ɪl.tu/
kllte n Ground Got it. I understand. tslolam i
/kl:.‟tɛ/
grab niä v

15
krr n time grant teswotìng v
/kr/
krrnekx v take/consume time great leonopteryx toruk n
/kr.‟nɛk‟/ last shadow (great
krrpe adv when leonopteryx)
/kr.‟pɛ/
great,much,many txan adj
kunsìp n gunship great (in quantity);
/‟kun.sɪp/ much
kurakx v drive out
/ku.‟ɾak‟/ great,noble nawm adj
Kx
kxam n middle,midpoint ground kllte n
/k‟am/ group of pongu pn
kxamtseng n center (or place in the people,party
/‟k‟am.ʦɛŋ/ middle)
guide fyawìntxu n
kxangangang n boom
/‟k‟aŋ.aŋ.aŋ/ gunship kunsìp n
kxanì adj forbidden
/k‟anɪ/ H
kxawm adv perhaps,maybe
/k‟awm/ halt txey v
kxener n species of fruit or
he poan pn
/‟k‟ɛ.nɛɾ/ vegetable
he,she po pn
kxetse n tail
/‟k‟ɛ.ʦɛ/ heart txe'lan n
L
lahe adj, pn other hello kaltxì n
/‟la.hɛ/
help help,assistance srung n
lam v seem,appear
/lam/ hexapede,hexapod Yerik n
lapo pn other other one (person
/‟la.po/ or thing) hold off,suspend fpak v
action
latem v change
/‟la.tɛm/ home kelku n
law adj clear,certain
/law/ Hometree Hometree Kelutrel n
lehrrap adj dangerous (tree for living in)
/ lɛ.‟hrap/
honor meuia n
Lenay'ga n Slinger Slinger
/‟lɛ.naj.ʔga/ (predatory creature) hot som adj
lertu n colleague how fyape conj
/‟lɛɾ.tu/

16
lì'u n word how peyfa adv
/‟lɪ.ʔu/
lok adj close close to hunt taron v
/lok/
hunter taronyu n
lonu v release,let go
/‟lo.nu/ I
lrrtok v smile
/‟lr.tok/ I oe pn
lu v be be (am,is,are)
/lu/ I I (deferential or ohe pn
lumpe adv why ceremonial form)
/‟lum.pɛ/
if txo conj
M
makto v ride if not if not,or else txokefyaw conj
/mak.‟to/
mawey adj calm in mì pr
/ma.‟wɛj/
insanity keye'ung n
mefo pn they (those two)
/‟mɛ.fo/ interpret ralpeng v
menari n eyes (two)
/mɛ.‟na.ɾi/ J
meuia n honor
/mɛ.‟u.i.a/ joint,hinge til n
meyp adj weak
/mɛjp/ K
mì pr in
kid (affectionate 'evi n
/mɪ/
form of "child")
mikyun n ear
/mik.‟jun/ kill tspang v
mìn adj turn
/mɪn/ knee kinamtil n
mìso pr away (position)
/‟mɪ.so/ know omum v
mllte v agree
/ml:.‟tɛ/ L
moe pn we we two (exclusive) land atxkxe n
/‟mo.ɛ/
mokri n voice large apxa adj
/‟mok.ɾi/
muiä adj proper,fair,right lead eyk v
/mu.‟i.æ/
leader eyktan n
mune n, adj two
/‟mu.nɛ/ learn nume v
munge v take,bring
/‟mu.ŋɛ/ leave, depart hum v

17
mun'i v cut leave,abandon txìng v
/mun.‟ʔi/
muntxa adj mated leg kinam n
/mun.‟t‟a/
level 'engeng n
N
na conj like,as life tìrey n
/na/
nang i particle for surprise or light atan adj, n
/naŋ/ exclamation
like us Nìayoeg adj, i
nantang n viperwolf Caniferratus
like,as na conj
/‟nan.taŋ/ costatus or “striped
armored wolf.” like,as pxel pr
nari n eye lip seyri n
/‟na.ɾi/
nari si c, v watch out,be careful listen tìng mikyun v
/‟na.ɾi si/
na'rìng n forest listen pay eltu si v, c
/‟na.ʔ.ɾɪŋ/ attention,quit
Na'vi n the People the People goofing off
/naʔ.‟vi/ (name for themselves) live rey v
nawm adj great,noble live,dwell kelku si v
/nawm/
ne kllte! i get down get down! long (period of yol adj
/nɛ kl:.‟tɛ/ (literally,"to the time)
ground!")
longer longer (time) nulkrr adj
ne pr to (direction)
/nɛ/ look tìng nari v
ne'ìm pr back (direction)
/nɛʔɪm/ look look (at) nìn v
nekx v burn,consume
/nɛk‟/
M
neto pr away (direction) male male (person) tutean n, adj
/‟nɛ.to/
neu v want many pxay adj, pn
/‟nɛ.u/
niä v grab marker for yes-no srak(e)
/‟ni.æ/ questions
nì'aw adj only mated muntxa adj
/nɪ.‟ʔaw./
nì'awtu adj alone alone (as one matriarch Tsahìk n
/nɪ.‟ʔaw.tu/ person)
matter matter txele v

18
nì'awve adj first (subject)
/nɪ.‟ʔaw.vɛ/
nìayoeg adj, i like us matter matter,be of tsranten v
/nɪ.‟aj.o.ɛg/ importance
nìftue adv easily
meaning ral n
/nɪ.‟ftu.ɛ/
nìftxavang adv passionately,with all medusa (animal) fpxafaw n
/nɪ.‟ft‟a.vaŋ/ heart
meeting ultxa n
nìhawng adv too too,excessively
/nɪ.‟hawŋ/ message 'upxare n
nì'it n bit a small amount
/nɪ.‟ʔit/ middle,midpoint kxam n
nìltsan adv well mighty fkeu adj
/nɪl.‟ʦan/
nìmun adv again mind ronsem n
/nɪ.‟mun/
nìn v look look (at) model,represent,exe kenong v
/nɪn/ mplify
nìngay adv truly
moment swaw n
/nɪŋ.‟aj/
nìtam adj enough mommy sa'nu n
/nɪ.‟tam/
nìtut adv continually more nì'ul adj
/nɪ.‟tut/
nìtxan adj much moron skxawng n
/nɪ.‟t‟an/
mother sa'nok n
nì'ul adj more
/nɪ.‟ʔul/ mountain banshee ikran n
nìwin adj fast
/nɪ.‟win/ move,shift position rikx v
nìwotx pr all all (of),in to,
/nɪ.‟wot‟/ to,completely much nìtxan adj

nulkrr adj longer longer (time) music pamtseo n

/nul.‟kr/
must zene v
nume v learn
/nu.‟mɛ/ N
Ng
nga pn you need kin v
/ŋa/
ngawng n need tìkin v
worm
/ŋawŋ/ never kawkrr adv
ngay adj true
/ŋaj/ news fmawn n
news,something to

19
ngenga pn you you (honorific report
/‟ŋɛ.ŋa/ form)
night txon n
ngop v Create
/ŋop/ no kehe adv

no no (before a kea adj

O noun)
oe pr I
/‟o.ɛ/ no one kawtu pn
oeng pr We two (you and I) nose ontu n
/‟o.ɛŋ/
ohe pr I (deferential or not ke adv
/‟o.hɛ/ ceremonial form)
nothing ke'u n
olo‟ n clan
/‟o.loʔ/ now set adv
olo'eyktan n clan leader
/‟ol.o.‟ʔɛjk.tan/ O
Omatikaya n Blue Flute Clan offence,insult zoplo n
/om.a.ti.‟kaj.a/
omum v know one fko adj
/‟o.mum/
ontu n nose one number 'aw n
/‟on.tu/
one one (person) 'awpo pn
P
pähem v arrive only nì'aw adj
/‟pæ.hɛm/
pak i particle for surprise or or fu conj
/pak/ exclamation
other lahe adj, pn
pa'li n Direhorse
/‟paʔ.li/ other other one lapo pn
palulukan n Thanator Dry Mouth (person or thing)
/‟pa.lu.‟lu.kan/ Bringer of Fear outside wrrpa adj
(Thanator)

pam n sound
P
/pam/ part hapxì n
pamtseo n music
/‟pam.ʦɛ.o/ particle for surprise nang i
pänutìng v promise (a thing to or exclamation
/pæ.‟nu.tɪŋ/ someone) promise (a
thing to someone) particle for surprise pak i
or exclamation
pätsì n badge
/pæ.‟ʦɪ/ particle used in full te pa

20
pawm v ask names
/pawm/
pe pn, adv what what (before a pass (a test) emza'u v
/pɛ/ noun)
passionately,with all nìftxavang adv
pehem pn, adv what what (action) heart
/‟pɛ.hɛm/
path, way fya'o n
pehrr adv when
/pɛ.‟hr/ pattern renu n
pelun adv why
/‟pɛ.lun/ peel fkarut v
peng v tell
/pɛŋ/ People the People Na'vi n
peseng adv where (name for
/‟pɛ.sɛŋ/ themselves)
pesu pn who perhaps,maybe kxawm adv
/‟pɛ.su/
peu pn, adv what what (thing) person tute n
/‟pɛ.u/
pey c, v wait place tseng(e) n
/pɛj/
Plant species Eyaye n
peyfa adv how
(Warbonnet)
/‟pɛj.fa/
pizayu n ancestor please rutxe v
/‟pi.za.ju/
plltxe v speak poison txum n
/pl:.‟t‟ɛ/
po pn he,she pretty sevin adj
/po/
promise (a thing to pänutìng v
poan pn he someone) promise
/po.‟an/ (a thing to someone)
poe pn she
/po.‟ɛ/ proper,fair,right muiä adj
pongu pn group of people,party
/‟poŋu/ protect,shelter hawnu v
Px protection tìhawnu n
pxan adj worthy
/p‟an/ pull za'ärìp v
pxasul adj fresh fresh,appealing as
/‟p‟a.sul/ food Q
pxay adj, pn many quiet quiet ("be fnu v, c
/p‟aj/ quiet!")
pxel pr like,as
/p‟ɛl/

21
pxi adj sharp R
/p‟i/
pxun n arm rain tompa n
/p‟un/
pxuntil n Elbow ready alaksì adj
/‟p‟un.til/ release,let go lonu v
R
rä'ä v do not negative (do not) remain,stay 'ì'awn v
/‟ɾæ.ʔæ/
ral n meaning remembrance 'ok n
/ɾal/ request ätxäle n
ralpeng v interpret
/‟ɾal.pɛŋ/ rhythm kato n
Ralu n child's name
/‟ɾa.lu/ ride makto v
rawke n alarm cry
ride out kämakto v
/ɾaw.‟kɛ/
renu n pattern rock,stone tskxe n
/‟ɾɛ.nu/
rey v live run tul v
/ɾɛj/
rikx v move,shift position S
/ɾik‟/
rim adj yellow sacred swok n
/ɾim/ sacred place swotu n
rina' n seed
/‟ɾi.naʔ/ safe place,refuge zongtseng n
riti n stingbat
/ɾiti/ save zong v
rol v sing
saying; quote san n
/ɾol/
ronsem n mind see (physical sense) tse'a v
/‟ɾon.sɛm/
rutxe v please See (spiritual sense) kame v
/ɾu.‟t‟ɛ/
S seed rina' n
san n saying; quote Seeds of the great atokirina' n
/san/ tree
sa'nok n mother
/‟saʔ.nok/ seem,appear lam v
sa'nu n mommy
/‟saʔ.nu/ send fpe' v
sänume n teaching,instruction
service kìte'e n
/sæ.‟nu.mɛ/

22
sat pn that that (after ftu only) seven kinä n, adj
/sat/
sempu n daddy sharp pxi adj
/‟sɛm.pu/
she poe pn
sempul n father
/‟sɛm.pul/ show wintxu v
set adv now
/sɛt/ sibling tsmuk,tsmuktu n
sevin adj pretty
/sɛvin/ sign,omen aungia n
seyri n lip sing rol v
/sɛjɾi/
seze n blue flower sister tsmuke n
/‟sɛ.zɛ/
sì conj and sixteen vofu n, adj
/sɪ/
sky taw n
si v do,make
/si/ Sky Person Tawtute n
sìk v unquote
/sɪk/ Slinger Slinger Lenay'ga n
sìlronsem adj clever clever (thing) (predatory creature)
/sɪl.‟ɾon.sɛm/
sìltsan adj good small hì'i adj
/sɪl.‟ʦan/
smell faheu v
ska'a v destroy
/‟ska.ʔa/ smile lrrtok v
skxawng n moron
/skʔawŋ/ so so (or "in that ha conj
slä conj but case")
/slæ/
slu v become so that fte conj
/slu/ so that not,lest fteke conj
sngä'i v begin,start
/‟sŋæ.ʔi/ son 'itan n
sngä'ikrr n beginning,start time
/‟sŋæ.ʔi.kr/ song tìrol n
snumìna adj dim dim (of a person)
/‟snu.mɪ.na/ song way n
som adj hot songchord waytelem n
/som/
spe'e v capture soon ye'rìn adv
/spɛ.‟ʔɛ/
spe'etu n captive sound pam n
/spɛ.‟ʔɛ.tu/
speak plltxe v
srak(e) marker for yes-no
/sɾak(ɛ)/

23
 questions spear tukru n

srane adv yes species of fruit or kì'ong n

/‟sɾa.nɛ/ vegetable
sreu v dance
/‟sɾɛ.u/ species of fruit or kxener n
srung n help help,assistance vegetable
/sɾuŋ/
spin kìm v
steftxaw v examine
/stɛf.‟t‟aw/ spiral 'ìheyu n
stum adv almost
/stum/ spirit tirea n
sutx v track,lock up
/sut‟/ spirit animal tireaioang n
swaw n moment spirit path tireafya'o n
/swaw/
swirä n creature spread,proliferate virä v
/‟swi.ɾæ/
swizaw n arrow stand kllkxem v
/‟swi.zaw/
star tanhì n
swok n sacred
/swok/ stingbat riti n
swotu n sacred place
/‟swo.tu/ stop ftang v
syaw v call
/sjaw/ stopping tìftang n
T straight yey adj
ta pr from from (various uses)
/ta/ strength tìtxur n
ta'em pr from above
/‟ta.ʔɛm/ strike takuk v
täftxu v weave
stringed instrument i'en n
/tæ.‟ft‟u/
täftxuyu n weaver strong txur adj
/tæ.‟ft‟u.ju/
takuk v strike study ftia v
/‟ta.kuk/
talioang n sturmbeest sturmbeest talioang n
/‟tal.i.‟o.aŋ/ suffice suffice,"do" tam v
tam v suffice suffice,"do"
/tam/ sun tsawke n
tangek n trunk trunk (of a tree)
/‟taŋ.ɛk/ T
tanhì n star
/tan.‟hɪ/ tail kxetse n

24
taron v hunt take,bring munge v
/‟ta.ɾon/
taronyu n hunter take/consume time krrnekx v
/‟ta.ɾon.ju/
teacher karyu n
taw n sky
/taw/ teaching,instruction sänume n
tawng n duck
/tawŋ/ tell peng v
tawng v dive
/tawŋ/ territory kllpxìltu n
Tawtute n Sky Person test fmetok n
/‟taw.tu.tɛ/
te pa particle used in full test tìfmetok n
/tɛ/ names
than; comparative to conj
telem n cord mark
/‟tɛ.lɛm/
tengfya adj, conj as as (= same way as) Thanator Dry palulukan n
/‟tɛŋ.fja/ Mouth Bringer of
tengkrr conj, pr while (= same time as) Fear (Thanator)
/tɛŋ.‟kr/
thank you irayo n, i
terkup v die
/‟tɛɾ.kup/ that tsnì pn
teswotìng v grant
/tɛ.‟swo.tɪŋ/ that that (action) tsakem pn
teya adj full
/tɛja/ that that (after ftu sat pn
teylu n beetle larva(e) only)
/tɛj.‟lu/
that that (as object) tsat pn
tìfmetok n test
/tɪf.‟mɛ.tok/ that that (thing tsa'u pn
tìftang n stopping
/tɪ.‟ftaŋ/ that that person tsatu pn
tìhawnu n protection
/tɪ.‟haw.nu/ then then,at that tsakrr pn
tìkawng adj evil time
/tɪ.‟kawŋ/ there there,that tsatseng adv
tìkenong n example place
/tɪ.‟kɛ.noŋ/
tìkin v need they ayfo pn
/tɪ.‟kin/
til n joint,hinge they fo pn
/til/
they (those two) mefo pn
tìng mikyun v listen
/tɪŋ „mik.jun/ thirty-two thirty-two tsìvol n, adj

25
tìng nari v look (octal: 40)
/tɪŋ „na.ɾi/
tìng v give this this (action) fìkem pn
/tɪŋ/
this this (thing) fì'u pn
tìngay n truth
/‟tɪŋ.aj/ this this one (person fìpo pn
tìran v walk or thing)
/tɪ.‟ɾan/
tirea n spirit this this way,like fìfya pn
/ti‟ɾɛ.a/ this
tireafya'o n spirit path
/tiɾ.‟ɛ.a.‟fja.ʔo/ this, here here,this fìtseng(e) pn
tireaioang n spirit animal place
/ti.‟ɾɛ.a.i.‟o.aŋ/ thread kìng n
tìrey n life
/tɪ.‟ɾɛj/ Thundering Iknimaya n
tìrol n song rocks,Stairway to
/tɪ.‟ɾol/ Heaven (floating
tìtxur n strength mountains)
/tɪ.‟t‟uɾ/
to conj than; comparative mark time krr n
/to/
to (direction) ne pr
tok v be at,occupy a space
/tok/ to the others aylaru conj
toktor n doctor (contraction of
/tok.‟tor/ aylaberu)
tokx n body
/tok‟/ together 'awsiteng adv
tompa n rain
/‟tom.pa/ too too,excessively nìhawng adv
toruk n great leonopteryx last touch 'ampi v
/‟to.ɾuk/ shadow (great
leonopteryx) track,lock up sutx v
trr n day training,exercise tskxekeng n
/tr/
tukru n spear tree utral n
/tuk.‟ɾu/
Tree of Voices Utral Aymokriyä
tul v run
/tul/ n
tung v allow true ngay adj
/tuŋ/
tupe adv who truly nìngay adv
/tu.‟pɛ/
tute n person trunk trunk (of a tangek n
/‟tu.tɛ/

26
tutean n, adj male male (person) tree)
/tu.tɛ.‟an/
tutee n, adj female female (person) truth tìngay n
/tu.tɛ.‟ɛ/
try fmi v
Ts
tsahaylu n bond (neural turn mìn adj
/ʦa.‟haj.lu/ connection)
two mune n, adj
tsahìk n matriarch
/‟ʦa.hɪk/ U
tsakem pn that (action)
/‟ʦa.kɛm/ understand tslam v
tsakrr conj then, at that time unfold,blossom 'ong v
/ʦa.‟kr/
tsam n war unquote sìk v
/ʦam/
tsampongu n war party V
/‟ʦam.poŋ.u/
tsamsiyu n warrior valid kangay adj
/‟ʦam.si.ju/
viperwolf nantang n
tsap'alute n apology
Caniferratus
/ʦa.‟p‟a.lu.tɛ/
costatus or “striped
tsat pn that that (as object) armored wolf.”
/ʦat/
tsatseng adv there there,that place vision äie n
/‟ʦa.ʦɛŋ/
tsatu pn that that person voice mokri n
/‟ʦat.u/
tsa'u pn that that (thing W
/ʦa.‟ʔu/
wait pey c, v
tsawke n sun
/‟ʦaw.kɛ/ walk tìran v
tsawl adj big big (in stature)
/ʦawl/ want neu v
tse'a v see (physical sense)
/‟ʦɛ.ʔa/ war tsam n
tseng(e) n place war party tsampongu n
/ʦɛŋ(ɛ)/
tsengpe conj where warrior tsamsiyu n
/‟ʦɛŋ.pɛ/
tseo n art wash yur v
/‟ʦɛ.o/
tsìng n, adj four watch out,be careful nari si c, v
/ʦɪŋ/ we (exclusive) ayoe pn
tsìvol n, adj thirty-two thirty-two
/‟ʦɪ.vol/

27
 (octal: 40) we (inclusive) ayoeng pn

tsko n bow bow (weapon) we we two moe pn

/ʦko/ (exclusive)
tsko swizaw n bow and arrow
/ʦko „swi.zaw/ we we two (you and oeng pn
tskxe n rock,stone I)
/ʦk‟ɛ/
weak meyp adj
tskxekeng n training,exercise
/‟ʦk‟ɛ.kɛŋ/ weave täftxu v
tslam v understand
/ʦlam/ weaver täftxuyu n
tsleng adj false
/ʦlɛŋ/ well nìltsan adv
tslolam i Got it. I understand. well-being, peace fpom n
/‟ʦlo.lam/
tsmuk,tsmuktu n sibling what (thing) 'upe n
/ʦmuk/ /‟ʦmuk.tu/
tsmukan n brother what what (action) kempe pn
/‟ʦmuk.an/
what what (action) pehem pn, adv
tsmuke n sister
/‟ʦmuk.ɛ/ what what (before a pe pn, adv
tsnì pn that noun)
/ʦnɪ/
tspang v kill what what (thing) peu pn, adv
/ʦpaŋ/
tsranten v matter matter,be of when krrpe adv
/‟ʦɾan.tɛn/ importance
when pehrr adv
tsteu adj brave
where peseng adv
/‟ʦtɛ.u/
tsun v can,be able where tsengpe conj
/ʦun/
tswayon v fly which, that a adj
/‟ʦwaj.on/
tsyal n wing while (= same time tengkrr conj, pr
/ʦjal/ as)
Tx who pesu pn
txan adj great,much,many great
/t‟an/ (in quantity); much who tupe adv

txantslusam adj wise wise,much- why lumpe adv

/‟t‟an.ʦlu.sam/ knowing
why pelun adv
txe'lan n heart
/‟t‟ɛʔ.lan/ wind hufwe n

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txele v matter matter (subject) wing tsyal n
/‟t‟ɛ.lɛ/
txen adj awake wise wise,much- txantslusam adj
/t‟ɛn/ knowing
txep n fire with with hu adj
/t‟ɛp/
(accompaniment)
txey v halt
/t‟ɛj/ with with (by means fa pr
txìm n butt,rear end of)
/t‟ɪm/
txìng v leave,abandon word lì'u n
/t‟ɪŋ/
txo conj if World spirit guiding Eywa n
/t‟o/ force and deity
(equivalent to
txoa n forgiveness
Gaia); Eywa PN
/‟t‟o.a/
txokefyaw conj if not if not,or else world world kifkey n
/‟t‟o.kɛ.fjaw/ (physical,solid)
txon n night
/t‟on/ worm ngawng n
txopu n fear
/‟t‟o.pu/ worst 'e'al adj
txum n poison
worthy pxan adj
/t‟um/
txur adj strong Y
/t‟uɾ/
U year zìsìt n
ulte conj and
/‟ul.tɛ/ yellow rim adj
ultxa n meeting yes srane adv
/‟ul.t‟a/
unil n dream you aynga pn
/‟un.il/
Uniltaron n Dream Hunt you nga pn
/‟un.il.ta.ɾon/
you you (honorific ngenga pn
uniltìrantokx n avatar; dreamwalker
form)
/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.tok‟/ body

uniltìranyu n dreamwalker
/un.il.tɪ.‟ɾan.ju/
Utral Aymokriyä n Tree of Voices
/‟u.tɾal
aj.‟mok.ɾi.jæ/
utral n tree
/‟u.tɾal/

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V
virä v spread,proliferate
/‟vi.ɾæ/
vofu n, adj sixteen
/vo.‟fu/
vrrtep n demon
/‟vr.tɛp/
vul n branch branch (of a tree)
/vul/
W
way n song
/waj/
waytelem n songchord
/‟waj.tɛ.lɛm/
wintxu v show
/win.‟t‟u/
wrrpa adj outside
/‟wr.pa/
wutso n dinner dinner,served
/‟wut.so/ meal

Y
Yerik n hexapede,hexapod
/‟jɛ.ɾik/
ye'rìn adv soon
/‟jɛʔ.ɾɪn/
yey adj straight
/jɛj/
yìm v bind
/jɪm/
yol adj long (period of time)
/jol/
yom v eat
/jom/
yomtìng v feed
/‟jom.tɪŋ/
yur v wash
/juɾ/
Z
za'ärìp v pull
/zaʔ.‟æ.ɾɪp/
zamunge v bring
/za.‟mu.ŋɛ/
za'u v come
/‟za.ʔu/

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zekwä n finger
/zɛk.‟wæ/
zene v must
/‟zɛ.nɛ/
zìsìt n year
/‟zɪ.sɪt/
zong v save
/zoŋ/
zongtseng n safe place,refuge
/zoŋ.‟ʦɛŋ/
zoplo n offence,insult
/‟zo.plo/

31