Shifting the automatic gear transmission (eg: push, pull, change gear) Meri and Faisal

In the report, you should highlight:

1)Introduction: Literature review (background about the scenario, muscle involve)
2)Methodology: Keyword search, case study if you go to the site
3)Result: review regarding your findings (role of the muscle, function, stories/compilation/findings about past studies, etc.),
case findings
4)Conclusion

Note:
You can refer to the journals/reliable articles by using suitable keywords, such as: Muscle activity, surface
electromyography, driver, sport activity, agriculture etc.
Use this Template to make your report.
Dateline: 27 November 2017 (Monday).
Introduction

The significance of vehicle quality as a sales factor has increased in recent years due to greater internationalization of the automobile
markets andmore intense competition between manufacturers (Schiitte and Schiider 1996).As the functional characteristics of
passenger vehicles reach satisfactory levels, customers concerns with the ergonomic and aesthetic aspects of the interior design
have increased. Based on literature survey, customer reviews on the web, and expert opinions, 815 material design variables were
defined for the interior parts (You, Ryu et al. 2006). As the mechanical performance (e.g., acceleration,breaking distance, and fuel
consumption efficiency) of passenger vehicles reach satisfactory levels, issues of ergonomic and aesthetic designs are highlighted.
When making purchase decisions, more customers are placing high importance on driving comfort, availability of convenience
features (add-on features for convenience, such as automatic headlight on/off, anti-lockout device, and underseat storage),
luxuriousness of materials, and quality of finish rather than engine power and fuel consumption rate(Jindo,Hirasago 1997).The
sensational during gear shifting in a manual transmission during driving is the one of the most remarkable actions to show that
comfort perception of the drivers. Nowadays there are high demand of the higher quality by the markets. All movements and efforts,
mainly the so-called double bump, are directly transferred to the drives hand thru the gearshift lever inside the vehicle and cables
that make the connection of the lever with the shifting tower (Duque and Aquino 2015). Increased requirements regarding ergonomic
comfort, limited space, weight reduction, and electronic automation of functions and safety features are on the rise for future
automotive gear levers. At the same time, current mechanical gear levers have restrictions to achieve this. The shift feeling is
diminished by hard, unsmooth or loose shifting as well as gear clash. These negative occurrences in shifting performance should be
analyzed at the development stage of the transmission (Kim, Park et al. 2003). Drivers were found to construe performance in terms
of two main dimensions, both situationally specific: dynamic performance (involving acceleration, power, and responsiveness during
pulling away, overtaking and hill climbs) and cruising performance (involving smoothness and low noise, during high speed cruising
on highways). Users of gasoline fuelled cars emphasised dynamic performance more than did users of diesel fuelled cars, but the
opposite was the case for cruising performance(Skippon 2014).
Muscle Involved When Changing Automatic Gear (Push and Pull)

Push and pull activity is the dominant movement while handling the gear stick. Push and pull movement are also are the most activity
performed while handling material that was estimated around 50% - 75%(Baril-Gingras and G. 1995). Therefore, proper research
must be done in order to reduce overexertion injuries that will experience to individual that is doing push and pull activity. This is
because 20% of all overexertion injuries are because of push and pull movement(Kumar 1995). Therefore, performing a task that
required muscle activity are in it best to select the position with the smallest amount of muscular activity required in an effort to
reduce muscle fatigue . Muscle involve in this process are specifically divided into two activity

i) Muscle Involved While Pulling

ii) Muscle Involved While Pushing

i) Muscle Involved While Pulling

Muscle involved in pulling stated by (Basmajian and Latif, 1957; Hintermeister et al., 1998; Illyes and Kiss, 2005) are scapula,
retractor, long head of triceps and biceps brachii(Robert A. Hintermeister and Michael J. Bey , V.Basmajian 1957, Illyes and Kiss
2005)The muscles are located in the upper body region that can be illustrated in Fig. 1. But according to the finding of ( Herring , S
& Susan hallbeck, M. (2007), there are two muscle activity that are significant in pulling activity, there are posterior deltoid and the
flexor digitorum profundus. Moreover these two muscle are greatly affected by the height of the pedal location(Herring and Susan
Hallbeck 2007). The posterior deltoid muscle is illustrated in Fig 2 and flexor digitorum profundus illustrated in Fig. 1.
ii) Muscle Involved While Pushing

Anterior deltoid, triceps brachii and serratus anterior are the contributors of muscle involved in the pushing task(Robert A.
Hintermeister and Michael J. Bey , Illyes and Kiss 2005). (Herring, S & Susan hallbeck, M.2007) stated that muscle involved while
pushing activity are tricep, bicep and anterior deltoid. The muscles are significantly affected by the distance of the pedal location.

Workspace Design of the Gear Compartment

Reach capability is the main setup for designing workspace. The term is referred to reach envelope. To classified the body reach
envelopes, the workspace area is defined as normal or neutral reach envelope, medium to maximum envelope and extreme reach
workspace. The neutral reach envelope is defined as the workspace located closest to the body, where the forearm can pivot about
around a relaxed vertical arm. Movement fully extended arm around the shoulder in fully extended position is refer to the medium
to maximum envelope.Next, for the extreme reach workspace, is described as the movement of trunk extend to reach of the fully
extended arm. The study stated that the highest value of pulling activity in seated position is it best in extreme envelope(Das and
Wang 2004). The finding result also indicate that the extreme envelope for pushing activity in seated position is the highest value of
force. The extreme envelope for both activity, pushing and pulling giving same result for highest value of force due to in extreme
envelope elbow is permitted to fully extend that resulting higher torque generated. The value will decrease as the working space
decreasing to maximal envelope and normal reach envelope.

(gambar)

Martin and Chaffin (1972) and Chaffin et al. (1983) stated that they found that the height at which pushpull forces were applied
was the most important variable affecting the force output[11][12].Tested (Tukey Test) that are made by (Herring , S & Susan
hallbeck, M. (2007) show that there are three significant interaction found during the analysis. There are Height by direction and
distance by direction and height by distance by direction.The Tukey test also show that the average force exerted in middle and high
position did not give any significant value for those positioning(push and pull) For both pushing and pulling tasks, the lowest heights
force at the lowest height was only 88% of the force exerted in the middle position and for the average force exerted for the lowest
position was 84% of the highest positions average force when pushing and 90% of the highest positions when pulling(Herring and
Susan Hallbeck 2007).

(gambar tukey test)

For both finding for (Das and Wang, 2004a, 2004b) and (Herring , S & Susan hallbeck, M.(2007) founded that the better location
for pushing and pulling lever tasks would be located at the furthest position from the body that approximately elbow extension to be
maximize
Driver Attitude and Transmission Gears

The term driver error encompasses a wide range of behaviors that may arise from very different psychological processes. Errors
occur when a driver's planned action fails to achieve its intended consequence. There is three types of driver errors slips, lapses, and
mistakes. Slips and lapses result from the unwitting deviation of action from an appropriate intention and mistakes occur when the
intention was inappropriate. In 2008 survey shown that drivers shifted to Park in a ballistic manner, and continued to apply force to
the gearshift lever after reaching the Park detent in an amount that far exceeded that which was required to move the lever into Park.
These manners lead to the mis-shifted the lever gear from drive to the reverse or vice versa (Harley, Trachtman et al. 2008).In
Accident analysis and prevention journal said At the beginning of the experimental drive (Peugeot 206, left-hand drive simulator
vehicle and manual gear box), participants adopted a 10 and 2 oclock position or 9 and 3 oclock position. Comfort positions were
observed after only 20 min. For the left arm, participants often rested their arm by leaning their elbow on the window sill or the
forearm on their thigh. For the right arm, drivers often rested their arm by laying their right hand on the gear lever or the forearm on
their thigh. Participants regularly came through one comfort position to another one. Then, when drivers realized a crash was
imminent, they modified their posture (Hault-Dubrulle, Robache et al. 2011).
Manual Vs Automatic Transmission Gears

Automotive manual transmission is totally dependent drivers action which mean it is the power matching. The gearshift system,
since the shift lever inside the vehicle compartment till the synchronization system inside the transmission, has a considerable
importance in terms of perception, once it is one of the primary interfaces among the driver and the car. Generally, the gear shift
system can be divided into two internal and external systems (Figure 1)

Internal: forks, sleeves, synchronizers, struts, selection bars, etc.

External: cables, rod, compensation device and shift lever.
 Figure 1

In a manual transmission, the driver manipulates the gear shifter into different gears (park, reverse, neutral, and the driving gears)
and will use it each time the car accelerates or decelerates. In an automatic transmission, the gear shifter is referred to as the gear
selector because the driver is selecting the overall gear function as opposed to shifting into each one. Which is means there some
kind of interaction of the entire gear system with drivers. On traditional gear shifters, manufacturers clearly label the gears to ensure
the driver purposefully selects which gear he or she wants to drive in (Kim, Park et al. 2003). This is important, as proper use of the
gear shifter is essential to the health and maintenance of a vehicles transmission. Anyone who has accidentally shifted a car into
park while moving, for example, can attest to the importance of being in the right gear at the right time. Nowadays car manufacturers
more focused on modern gear shifters rather than traditional. Typically traditional gears are located near to the steering wheel or
between the driver and passenger seats. Modern gear shifter designs are more space-savings and ergonomic.

Current Gear lever Vs Highly Integrated Mechatronic Gear selector.

Current gear selector levers for automatic transmission (AT) gearboxes in passenger cars are mostly large mechanic constructions
connected to the gearbox by a massive Bowden cable. These traditional components are large, heavy, slow, uncomfortable to use,
and difficult to integrate in center consoles. Therefore to overcome this problems electronic selector levers were created. Due to the
customer demand comfortable handling with small operation angle and a low but precise, switching force, an electronic lever with
a shift-by-wire system is necessary. This is relatively independent of the temperature and is less susceptible to mechanical transfer
tolerances. An electronic lever combines further advantages, such as reduced weight, and is therefore, better for less fuel
consumption, space for other elements, such as switches on the center console, automating functions (such as automatic park position
after engine stop), a higher safety level (such as no park position available while driving), integrated status display, and less noise
inside the passenger compartment, since there is no mechanical connection to the gearbox.

Ergonomics of Integrated Mechatronic Gear Lever

 Figure 2

A mechatronic lever with an electronic position-sensing system is able to work with much smaller operation angles than a standard
mechanic lever. It is possible to place much larger cup holders in front of the lever at the center console. For drivers, it is much more
comfortable to use a joystick-like lever with small operating angles, rather than one of the large traditional levers. The mechatronic
gear selector lever can be shifted by low forces, from human fingers. To operate the traditional mechanic lever, it is necessary to
move the whole arm and it should be possible to place it asymmetrically into the center console beside the central control element.
For users comfort, the leather surface of the knob back has an elastomeric underlay. For good ergonomics, it is important to choose
the right implementation position and an asymmetric design of the knob. The lever knob needs its assymmetric design to support
driver orientation of the surface and the index display. The display of the knob is turned approximately 20 towards the driver to
make it easily readable. The surface of the lever knob is designed to fit exactly into the relaxed palm of the driver resting on the
center console (Lindner and Tille 2011). In auto driver work design, so long as the center ofthe respective handle (say, gearshift
handle) is positioned between two parallel planes tangent to the P95 fist-ellipse on both sides, we can achieve driver satisfaction of
90% (Tian, Jin et al. 2001).
Figure 3
The haptical element is a 3-D cam with a polished surface made of PA6.6. A smooth progression and little play at zero position are
important. A typical haptic diagram is shown in Fig. 3.The forces for pushing are quite little bit higher than for pulling. This is
because it is easier to push lever by palm rather than pulling it by the fingers. Beside that R and D are at the end of the rail
and it make the users no need to do visual contact in driving position. By reducing the shifting angle from 30 to 9.6 degree it
allows the lever to be moved using fingers only. For the quick shifting impression, it is important to have a fast bus network to get
the driver command fast enough to the gearbox and to have quick haptic actuators (Lindner and Tille 2011).

Result

The location in the center console was chosen because the customer demands this position for dynamic driving and the possibility
to design an ergonomically perfect lever. This position has the ability to integrate the manual switching modus in that lever.
Furthermore, customers demand comfortable handling with small operation angles and, a low but precise, switching force.
Comfortable shifting is the main requirement of the gearshift lever. There a lot of advantages Mechatronic Gear Selector rather than
traditional mechanic lever, which is increased comfort through smaller shifting angles and forces, and driver-orientated ergonomics,
reduced packaging and smaller operation area of the knob, to enable more freedom of design in the center console. No mechanic
constraints to the gearbox, allowing for flexible positioning of the lever and no transmitted noise along a Bowden cable into the
passenger compartment. The mechatronic lever is approximately 2 kg lighter than comparable mechanic ones, thus yielding
advantages at fuel consumption and functions can be automated (such as automatic P) caused by the monostability of the lever
and integrated index display of the engaged driving position.In china ,especiall a family car the sub-workspaces and fist-ellipse are new
concepts in the fields ofergonomics and automotive engineering.The new concepts expand the concept of SAE automobile design
tool contours and provide the automotive gearshift handles with a more rigorous scientific location.

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