LECTURE 1

Definition of Terms

Here are some common terms used in digital electronics:

Digital systems are used in almost all aspects of life, in communications, business transactions, traffic
control, medical treatment, the internetetc.
Digital logic is the first course in studying digital systems, which is an essential part of almost all branches
of Electrical Engineering.
Logicalrefers to a signal or device in terms of its meaning, such as "TRUE" or "FALSE"
Physicalrefers to a signal in terms of voltage or current or a devices physical characteristics
HIGHthe signal level with the greater voltage LOWthe signal level with the lower voltage
TRUE or 1the signal level that results from logic conditions being met
FALSE or 0the signal level that results from logic conditions not being met.
Active Higha HIGH signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring
Active Lowa LOW signal indicates that a logical condition is occurring
Truth Tablea table showing the logical operation of a devices outputs based on the devices inputs
Statea stable combination of signals or of a set of inputs and outputs, can refer to a device, a circuit, or a
set of signals
A binary digit is called a bit.
Terminology
analog: continuously valued signal, such as temperature or speed, with infinite possible values in between
digital: discretely valued signal, such as integers, encoded in binary
analog-to-digital converter: ADC, A/D, A2D; converts an analog signal to a digital signal
digital-to-analog converter: DAC, D/A, D2A
An emOffset: minimum analog value
Span (or Range): difference between maximum and minimum analog values
Max - Min
n: number of bits in digital code (sometimes referred to as n-bit resolution)
Bit Weight: analog value corresponding to a bit in the digital number
Step Size (or Resolution): smallest analog change resulting from changing one bit in the digital number, or
the analog difference between two consecutive digital numbers; also the bit weight of the
Span / 2n (Assume M = 2n)
Let AV be Analog Value; DN be Digital Number:
AV = DN * Step Size + Offset = (DN / 2n )* Span + Offset
DN = (AV - Offset) / Step Size = (AV - Offset) * 2n / Span
Embedded systems surroundings typically involve many analog signals.

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Conversion from any base to decimal

Example 1:
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Example 2:

Example 3:

Binary to Octal and vice versa

Binary to Hexadecimal

Conversion of Decimal Integers to Octal

Convert decimal 153 to octal:

Conversion of Decimal Integers to Binary

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Convert decimal 41 to binary:

Conversion of Decimal Fractions to Binary

Convert decimal 0.6875 to binary:

Conversion of Decimal Fractions to Octal

Convert decimal 0.71875 to octal fraction:

Conversion of decimal fractions to Hexadecimal

Convert decimal 0.05859375 to hexadecimal