Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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and Deformation of
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Segmental Bridges
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O Maher K. Tadros
O Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
O The University of Nebraska at Omaha
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Omaha, Nebraska
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O Amin Ghali
O Professor of Civil Engineering
O The University of Calgary
O Calgary, Alberta
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O Walter H. Dilger
O Professor of Civil Engineering
O The University of Calgary
O Calgary, Alberta
66
n the segmental method of bridge While the erection of a cantilever is
' construction,' 4 units (or segments) in progress, it continues to deflect
of the bridge are precast, assembled in with time; so do parts of the bridge
appropriate position and tied together which have been previously erected.
by prestressing to form the bridge When the cantilever is connected with
superstructure. Segments can also be the rest of the structure, there may be
cast in place. a significant difference between the
Several methods are used for levels of the ends to be joined. This
erecting segmental bridges.5- 7 One difference can be eliminated or re-
common method suitable for medium duced by jacking or by constructing
to long span bridges is called the predetermined camber during the
"Cantilever Construction." In this casting of the segments.
method, segments are placed progres- The prestressing forces, which are
sively to form a balanced cantilever, introduced in consecutive stages, will
starting generally from the piers. be subjected to gradual change due to
When the cantilevers from two adja- creep and shrinkage of concrete and
cent piers meet, they are joined to- stress relaxation of prestressed steel.
gether to form a continuous span. The analysis of the prestress loss and
Continuity prestressing cables are the associated deformations becomes
often used to resist bending moments more involved when the concrete
caused by superimposed loads and segments are of different ages and
those developed gradually with time when the segments are joined to form
as a result of creep and shrinkage of a statically indeterminate structure.
concrete and relaxation of prestressed Time-dependent statically indetermi-
steel. nate forces gradually develop, causing
BRIDGE ELEVATION
Ap91. A92,...
CENTROID
^ x
NON PRESTRESSE
STEEL A ns CONCRETE SECTION, AREA Ac,
MOMENT OF INERTIA = IC
Y
SECT/ON A-A
68
is adopted for the determination of the prestressed steel is considered to be a
stress and displacement increments of linear elastic material obeying
the structure in a step-by-step proce- Hooke's law.
dure. For stresses within the service
range, the instantaneous strain and
creep of concrete are assumed to be
General Description linearly proportional to the applied
of Proposed Method stress. Thus, a stress increment Of^,
applied and sustained for a period of
A step-by-step computer procedure time, produces a strain which equals
is adapted.: The same method was de- (Of^/E,) (1 + v); where E, is the mod-
veloped in an earlier paper" for con- ulus of elasticity of concrete and v a
tinuous frames with composite cross creep coefficient equal to the ratio of
sections. The theoretical derivations creep at the end of the period consid-
will not be repeated here. Only the ered to the instantaneous strain.
differences in applying it to segmental Thevalue of E, is considered a
construction as well as the basic prin- function of the age of concrete at the
ciples and assumptions will be dis- time of application of stress incre-
cussed. ment, while the creep coefficient v is
The time for which the bridge is a function of both the age at loading
analyzed, usually an extensive period, and the duration for which the stress
is divided into discrete intervals. The is sustained.
stress increments in each interval are If the time is divided into intervals
assumed to occur at the middle of the during which the stress changes and
interval. The strain increments in an also shrinkage occurs freely, the total
interval are calculated in terms of the concrete strain (instantaneous plus
stresses applied in that interval and in creep plus shrinkage) occurring be-
preceding ones. Instantaneous ap- tween the beginning of the first inter-
plied loads such as the prestressing or val and the end of any interval i is:
the self weight are assumed to occur
at the middle of an interval of length E e (i + 1/2,0)=
zero.
The bridge superstructure is
f c U) [ 1+ v (+ )]}
,j +
idealized as an assemblage of linear E,
prismatic elements connected at Il l
1
nodes. The nodes are on the centroi- S(i + 1/2, 0) (1)
dal axis of the cross section. For each
interval, the usual displacement (stiff- where i and j refer to the time at the
ness) method of structural analysis is middle of the ith and jth intervals;
used to calculate the increments of [i + ( r/2)] refers to the time at the end
displacements and stresses. of the ith interval; and 0 refers to the
time at the beginning of the first
interval, in which the first stress in-
Constitutive Relations crement is applied to the concrete.
Thus, Of(j) = concrete stress in-
Three different materials are in- crement introduced at the middle of
volved: (1) concrete; (2) prestressing the jth interval; E(j) = modulus of
steel; and (3) non-prestressed rein- elasticity of concrete at the middle of
forcing bars. Because of creep, the the jth interval; s Pi + ( 1/2), 0] = the
first two materials have a time-de- free shrinkage of concrete between
pendent stress-strain relation. Non- the beginning of the first interval and
4]
is the free shrinkage in interval i Thus, the initial strains Ye (i) are
Eq. (4) can be rewritten in the form: known quantities, which can be
treated in the same way as if they
fc (i) +
DE c (i) _ _ AE c(i) (5) were produced by a change of tem-
E ce (i) perature of known magnitude. The
where Dee is equal to the sum of the term "initial," often used in conjunc-
second and third terms in Eq. (4); its tion with the stress analysis for the
physical meaning is discussed above. effect of temperature variation, should
The value E Ce (i) represents an "effec- not be confused with the instantane-
tive" modulus of elasticity for con- ous elastic deformation.
crete in interval i: From the above discussion, it can
be seen that for each time interval a
linear elastic analysis is performed for
E ee(i ) = Ee(i) (6)
1 + U (i + ,i) the bridge structure, which is as-
sumed to have a composite cross sec-
By a similar treatment using the
tion made up of the three materials:
constitutive relation for prestressed
concrete, prestressed steel and non-
steel [see Eq. (2)] the incremental
prestressed steel.
strain occurring during the ith interval
For concrete, an effective modulus
can be expressed as follows:
of elasticity is used, with a value
varying in each interval according to
DE ng (Z ) _ fns
(Z) (i)
+ AEns (7) Eq. (6); for the two kinds of steel the
E,,
constant values E P, and E ns are
where employed in all intervals. In any
interval i, the concrete and the pre-
DEpg (i ) _ ^p (i) (8) stressed steel are considered as
though subjected to a change in tem-
The increment in strain in the non- perature producing initial (free)
prestressed steel occurring during the strains Dee (i) and Ye8 (i) of known
ith interval '[see Eq. (3)] is: magnitude.
The stress increment Af(i) in each of
(Z) (9)
AE ., (i ) _ A f,, the three materials is an unknown to
E,
be found by the analysis for interval i;
The constitutive relations for the it represents the stress produced by
three materials involved are in a the external loads (if any) applied at
linear form [Eq. (9)] or a pseudolinear the middle of the interval plus the
form [Eqs. (5) and (7)]. The strain stress necessary to restore compatibil-
AE (i) in each of Eqs. (5) and (7) repre- ity of strain in the three materials
sents "initial" deformation indepen- forming the composite cross section.
dent of the stress increment intro- This compatibility has been tem-
duced in interval i, and thus its value porarily violated by the introduction
can be determined if the stress incre- of the initial strain A (i).
ments in preceding intervals are In the analysis, plane cross sections
known [see the last two terms in Eq. of the bridge are assumed to remain
(4)] . plane during deformation. This im-
In the step-by-step method, a com- plies that the bending theory of shal-
plete analysis of the structure is done low beams is applicable. Brown and
in each interval. When the analysis is Burns" in their analysis of instantane-
done for interval i, the stress incre- ous stresses and deformations of the
ments in all preceding intervals would Corpus Christi segmental bridge,
have been determined in earlier steps. using a "finite segment" method, have
72
SEGMENT I SEGMENT 2
1 2
^ B
F
A C
JOINT I B B' 1 D2B '11 3
D3 2
"2C TYPICAL DISPLACEMENTS
INITIAL DISPLACEMENTS OF AT A JOINT
JOINT C: D3C^C'
D IC = DIB JOINT 3
D2C = D 2B + D 3 B !2 DIC
D 3C = 038
Fig. 2. Joint displacements before application of loads of Segment 2 in match-cast
cantilever construction method.
statements; the details of how this can Segment 2. The displacement incre-
be done are given in Reference 15. In ments in Stage 2, caused by the new
this way, the program can be used prestressing and the self weight of
with any chosen time functions. Segment 2, are to be measured from a
displaced "datum" AB' C' to give the
total displacements measured from
the horizontal ABC.
Deflections During Fig. 3a shows the time-dependent
Cantilever Erection deflection of a cantilever built in four
stages. For clarity, the deflected shape
Segmental construction is distin- of each segment is represented by a
guished by the type of joint between straight line and no horizontal dis-
the segments. The two basic types of placements are shown. At the end of
joints used are the wide cast-in-place Stage 4, and just before connecting
joints and the match-cast joints. 7 With the cantilever with the remainder of
the wide joints, curving (shaping) of the structure, the deflected shape of
the structure may be obtained within the cantilever is given by the line
the joint. Match-cast joints are more AB'C'D'E'.
commonly used. Perfect fit of adjacent A method to eliminate or reduce the
elements is achieved by casting each discontinuity (relative rotation and
segment against its neighbor. In this relative deflection) of the two meeting
type, the required shape of the ends of adjacent cantilevers is to build
superstructure has to be built into the camber into the segments. To elimi-
segments during the casting proce- nate the deflection of the cantilever at
dure. Match-cast jointing will be con- the end of Stage 4 (Fig. 3b), the
sidered in the following discussion. camber to be built into each segment,
The step-by-step method described is equal and opposite to the deflection
here gives increments of displace- measured from the tangent to its joint
ments occurring at each stage of con- with the preceding segment. It is
struction. Fig. 2 shows the horizontal therefore very important to accurately
and vertical translations and the rota- predict deformation of the structure at
tion of Joint B just before erecting various stages of construction.
Stage I Stage 2
Di
A B C D E
Stage 3
B' Deflection at
Stage 4
end of cantilever
C' at time of its
D 2connection with
Dadjacent part
Camber to be built in of bridge
in individual segments E,
Stage I Di
Stage 4
D2
A B C D E
74
Pier
0.5m,typ.(1.6ft.) G-Fixed rotation and
against translation
G 0.2m,typ.(0.7ft.)
0 2.8 m erection
Ito 4, cantilever
9.2ft Stages
Z
D
G
0.15m,typ.(0.5ft.)
support
Roller Hinge
support Pier 2
A ps = 12600 11970 11970 7980 mm2
19.5318.55 in2
18.55//0.12
erection
Stages 6 to 9, cantilever
Soon I iSpan 2 , Span 3
m Concrete section
8 type
CD
CD 9
o 6
a_ 8
N
N
0)
N
6
d 4 U)
3 4
2 ----)
2
I
I I I I
20
IC 40
30 50
+11
Tension
4
Fig. 6. Concrete stress in Section A, near Pier 1.
w
Pier
184
1260
82
1250
180
1240
1230 178
N
1220
O
a_ 176 y
1210 U)
4)
174 U)
1200
N 1190 172
1180
170
1170
1160 160
1150
10 30
20 40 1200
1000
50 1400 1600
1800 2000
Time (days)
I(
o i
a.
v-i
0 20
10 30 50
40
Time (days)
80
C)
0C
C-
M
z
C Section B EVENTS:
c 31.1 m A - ERECTION STAGE 11
B - APPLICATION OF WEARING SURFACE
n
c 102 f t. I
c
to C on I Top Creep, shrinkage and relaxation
V
considered
---- Creep, shrinkage and relaxation
6 ignored
Bottom
0 A
B
a-
4 0.6
N
2 Bottom
----------_ -------- 0.2 `n
Top
10
20
30
40
50 1000
1200 1400 1600
1800 2000
Time (days)
Fig. 9. Concrete stress in Section B near the middle of Span 2.
00
1
Abutment Pier I Pier 2 Abutment
Stage No. 10 5 T^4.T^32 1 4 1 ( 1,i4 2^ 14 3 b ,^4 bj II I4 9 1, ^ B N 1 4 7 0 I^6 0 1,6^ 1 7 i1 _8^ i .,9'.110
^ ^` ^I' T T T T T"-T 7 T T T T ^ T 7 1
Node No. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 819 10 II 12 13 14 1.5 16 17 1.8 19 20 21 22 23 24
t 5 days r
8 days
10.8 mm 10.8 mm
II days 0.43 in. 0.43 in.
Fixed support
1.7mm1 11.7 mm
15 days 007in.T 0.07 in.
6 11.9mm Hmge support
0.54 7in.
19 days 24 mm
0.94 in.
15.9mm 14.2m
11.5mm
35 1 days 048 mm
0.90 in.
23.6 mm
2000 days 13 mml0.93 in.
^ n.
Fig. 10. Vertical deflection of bridge at various construction stages (without any
corrections, as for example by built-in camber during casting of segments).
Deflection Deflection
(mm) (in.)
20
4
n
E -10
0
U
Time (days) 0.2
1000 200 1400 1600 1800
0
0.2
o`
I.0
3
30 1.2
0
0
1.4
40
Fig. 11. Deflection of Node 12; (a) Creep, shrinkage and relaxation considered;
(b) Creep, shrinkage and relaxation ignored.
84
APPENDIX I-NOTATION
f
E = modulus of elasticity
e = normal strain, positive
= normal stress, positive when corresponds to ex-
when tensile; subscripts tension
pso, psy and psu indicate s [i + 1/2, j 1/2] = shrinkage of con-
initial, 0.1 offset and ulti- crete during period {t[i +
mate stress in prestressed 1/2] t U 1/2] }
steel, respectively t = time, in days, measured
I = moment of inertia of sec- from reference date
tion v[i + Y2, j] = creep coefficient, ratio of
i, j = time interval number, re- creep strain at time
ferred to in step-by-step t[ i + 1/2] to instantaneous
calculation; when used strain caused by constant
with time-dependent pa- sustained stress applied at
rameters, they indicate t (j ); subscript N is used to
time at middle of interval; indicate normal creep,
i /2 and i+ 1/2 refer to equals value of creep coef-
beginning and end of inter- ficient when t[i + 1/2] = in-
val i, respectively finity and t3 = 28 days
Subscripts
c = concrete r = reduced relaxation in short-
e = effective modulus of elas- ened prestressed tendon
ro = intrinsic relaxation in con-
ticity [Eq. (6)]
stant-length tendon
ns = non-prestressed steel
Superscript = "initial" value de-
PS = prestressed steel fined in Eqs. (5) and (7)
Additional Notation
Used in Flow Chart
PC I JOURNAL/July-August 1979 85
APPENDIX II-FLOW CHART
START
YES
READ CHANGES IN DIMENSIONS, REINFORCEMENT
GEOMETRY. SUPPORT CONDITIONS
NO
^
STAGE?
F = F + EXTERNAL FORCES
86
CALCULATE ELEMENT STRESS AND STIFFNESS MATRICES
USING "Ece ( i ')" AND COMPOSITE SECTION "A" AND "I"
NO
i=i+1i=m?
YES
STOP