Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Course Outline
Lecture Date Speaker Title
1 21 Sep Charles Goodchild Introduction, Background and Codes
2 28 Sep Charles Goodchild EC2 Background, Materials, Cover
and effective spans
3 5 Oct Paul Gregory Bending and Shear in Beams
4 12 Oct Charles Goodchild Analysis
5 19 Oct Paul Gregory Slabs and Flat Slabs
6 26 Oct Charles Goodchild Deflection and Crack Control
7 2 Nov Paul Gregory Detailing
8 9 Nov Jenny Burridge Columns
9 16 Nov Jenny Burridge Fire
10 23 Nov Jenny Burridge Foundations
Foundations
Lecture 10
25th November 2015
Model Answers
Lecture 9 Exercise:
Foundations
Retaining walls
Piles
Eurocode 7
6 (p43 et seq)
Eurocode 7
How to 6. Foundations
The essential features of EC7, Pt 1 relating
to foundation design are discussed.
Note:
This publication covers only the design of
simple foundations, which are a small part
of EC7.
It should not be relied on for general
guidance on EC7.
Limit States
The following ultimate limit states apply to foundation
design:
EQU: Loss of equilibrium of the structure
STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the
structure or structural member
GEO: Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground
UPL: Loss of equilibrium due to uplift by water pressure
HYD: Failure caused by hydraulic gradients
Categories of Structures
For DA1 (except piles and anchorage design) there are two
sets of combinations to use for the STR and GEO limit
states.
Combination 1 generally governs structural resistance
Combination 2 generally governs sizing of foundations
Combination 1
Exp 6.10 1.35Gk 1.0Gk 1.5Qk 1.50,iQk
Notes:
If the variation in permanent action is significant, use Gk,j,sup and Gk,j,inf
If the action is favourable, Q,i = 0 and the variable actions should be ignored
Combination Combination
Parameter Symbol EQU
1 2
Angle of shearing
1.0 1.25 1.1
resistance
Effective cohesion c 1.0 1.25 1.1
Undrained shear
cu 1.0 1.4 1.2
strength
Unconfined strength qu 1.0 1.4 1.2
Bulk density 1.0 1.0 1.0
Geotechnical Report
The Geotechnical Report should:
be produced for each project (if even just a single sheet)
contain details of:
the site,
interpretation of ground investigation report,
geotechnical recommendations,
advice
Foundation design recommendations should state:
bearing resistances,
characteristic values of soil parameters and
whether values are SLS or ULS , Combination 1 or
Combination 2 values
Spread Foundations
EC7 Section 6
Three methods for design:
Direct method check all limit states:
Load and partial factor combinations (as before)
qult=cNcscdcicgcbc + qNqsqdqiqgqbq +BNsdigb/2
where
c = cohesion We just bung it in a
q = overburden spreadsheet
= body-weight
Ni = bearing capacity factors Settlement often critical
si = shape factors
di = depth factors See Decoding Eurocode 7 by A
Bond & A Harris, Taylor & Francis
ii = inclination factors
gi = ground inclination factors
bi = base inclination factors
Spread Foundations
EC7 Section 6
Three methods for design:
Direct method check all limit states
Indirect method experience and testing
used to determine SLS parameters that
also satisfy ULS
Prescriptive methods use presumed Used in sub-
bearing resistance (BS8004 quoted in NA). sequent slides).
Spread Foundations
Design procedures in:
Pressure distributions
SLS pressure
distributions
ULS pressure
distribution
Load cases
0,85 hF
(3gd/fctd,pl)
a
hF
where:
gd is the design value of the ground pressure
e.g. cavity wall 300 wide carrying 80 kN/m onto 100 kN/m2 hF
ground:
bf = 800 mm
a = 250 mm a a
hf = say assuming C20/25 concrete bF
0.85 x 250 = 213 say 225 mm
Pad foundation
Worked example
Worked Example
Design a square pad footing for a 350 350 mm column
carrying Gk = 600 kN and Qk = 505 kN. The presumed
allowable bearing pressure of the non-aggressive soil is
200 kN/m2.
Answer:
Category 2. So using prescriptive methods:
Base area: (600 + 505)/200 = 5.525m2
=> 2.4 x 2.4 base x 0.5m (say) deep.
Worked Example
Loading = 1.35 x 600 + 1.5 x 505
= 1567.5 kN
ULS bearing pressure = 1567.5/2.42
= 272 kN/m2
Critical section at face of column
MEd = 272 x 2.4 x 1.0252 / 2
= 343 kNm
d = 500 50 16
= 434 mm
Worked Example
z = 0.95d = 0.95 x 434 = 412mm
As = MEd/fydz = 343 x 106 / (435 x 412) = 1914mm2
Provide 10H16 @ 250 c/c b.w (2010 mm2) (804 mm2/m)
Beam shear:
Check critical section d away from column face
VEd = 272 x (1.025 0.434) = 161kN/m
vEd = 161 / 434 = 0.37MPa
= 2010/ (434 x 2400) = 0.0019 = 0.19% 6/Table 6 (p47)
vRd,c (from table) = 0.42MPa Concise Table 15.6
Worked Example
Punching shear:
Basic control perimeter at 2d from face of column
vEd = VEd / uid < vRd,c
= 1, ui = (350 x 4 + 434 x 2 x 2 x ) = 6854mm
VEd = load minus net upward force within the area of the
control perimeter)
= 1567.5 272 x (0.352 + x .8682 + .868 x .35 x 4)
= 560kN
vEd = 0.188 MPa; vRd,c = 0.42 (as before) => ok
Retaining Walls
Chapter 9
Calculation Model A
Rankine theory
Model applies if bh ha tan (45 - d/2)
Calculation Model B
General expressions
General Model A Model B
Ws = b sH k,c h = tb + H + bh tan
Wb = tbB k,c b tan
Wf = bhH + h k,f
bh = B b s b t 2
b b
L s = bt + s Lf bt + bs + h
2 2
B =
Lb =
2 Lvp = B
9 (Figure 4)
Overall design
procedure
Initial sizing
bs tb h/10 to h/15
B 0.5h to 0.7h
bt B/4 to B/3
9 (Figure 4)
Overall design
procedure
9 (Figure 6)
Soil Densities
Ex Concrete Basements
Ex Concrete Basements
Ex Concrete Basements
Clay soils
Ex Concrete Basements
Calcs
Material properties & earth pressures 9 (Panel 2)
9 Panel 2 (p71)
9 (Figure 4)
Overall design
procedure
9 (Figure 7)
Design against
sliding
(Figure 7)
Sliding Resistance
9 (Panel 3)
9 (Figure 4)
Overall design
procedure
9 (Figure 4)
Overall design
procedure
9 (Figure 4)
Overall design
procedure
Structural design
9 (Figure 13)
Piles
ICE Specication for piling and embedded retaining walls (ICE SPERW)
B1.10.2 states The dimensions of a constructed pile or wall element shall
not be less than the specified dimensions. A tolerance of 5% on auger
diameter, casing diameter, and grab length and width is permissible.
Bored piles
Reinforcement should be detailed for free flow of
concrete.
Minimum diameter of long. reinforcement = 16mm
Minimum number of longitudinal bars = 6
[BUT BS EN 1536 Execution of special geotechnical work Bored Piles
says 12 mm and 4 bars!]
Minimum areas:
Pile cross Min area of long. Pile
section: Ac rebar, As,bpmin diameters
Ac 0.5 m2 0.5% Ac < 800 mm
0.5 m2< Ac 1.0 m2 2500 mm2
Ac > 1.0 m2 0.25% Ac >1130 mm
Minimum reinforcement
Minimum area of reinforcement,
5000
4500
4000
3500
As,bpmin (mm2)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Pile diameter, mm
Workshop
Design a pad foundation for a 300mm square column
taking
Gk = 600kN, Qk = 350kN.
Permissible bearing stress = 225kPa.
Concrete for base C30/37.
Work out
size of base,
tension reinforcement and
any shear reinforcement.
Workshop Problem
Category 2, using prescriptive methods
Base size: (Gk + Qk)/bearing stress = _____ __ _____ __
= __ __ __ _ _m2
______ x ______ base x ______mm deep (choose size of pad)
Use C 30/37 (concrete)
Loading = g x Gk + q x Qk = ________________= _____kN
ULS bearing pressure = ______/________2 = _____kN/m2
Critical section at face of column
MEd = ______ x ______ x _______2 / 2 = _____kNm
d = _______ cover assumed = _______________= ____mm
K = M/bd2fck= ______
Workshop Problem
z = ____d = ______ x ______= ____mm Table 15.5
As = MEd/fydz = _____mm2
Provide H____ @ ______ c/c (_______mm2)
Check minimum steel
100As,prov/bd = _______
For C30/37 concrete As,min = ____ OK/not OK 12.3.1
Beam shear
Check critical section d away from column face
VEd = ______ x ________= ________kN/m
vEd = VEd / d = ________MPa
= _____/ (______ x ______) = _____ = _____ %
vRd,c (from table) = ____MPa beam shear OK/not OK.
Workshop Problem
Punching shear
Basic control perimeter at 2d from face of column
vEd = VEd / uid < vRd,c
= 1, ui = = _____mm
VEd = load minus net upward force within the area of the control
perimeter)
= _____ ____ x ( )
= _____kN
vEd = _____MPa; vRd,c = ______ (as before) => ok/not ok
End of Lecture 10
(and the course!)
Emails:
pgregory@concretecentre.com
cgoodchild@concretecentre.com
jburridge@concretecentre.com