Busana2 Beamer 2

BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and BUSANA2 LECTURE NOTES
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
CHAPTER 2
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Yvette Fajardo-Lim
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and Mathematics Department
Logarithmic
Functions De La Salle University - Manila
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
1 Limits, Continuity and Derivatives
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim The Concept of the Limit
Rules for Evaluating Limits
Limits,
Continuity Continuity of a Function
and
Derivatives The Derivative of a Function
The Concept of the
Limit Rules for Differentiation
Rules for
Evaluating Limits Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
2 Applications of the Derivative to Business and
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Exponential and Marginal Analysis
Logarithmic
Functions Relative Maximum and Minimum Values of a Function
Applications
of the
Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values on a Closed
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Applications of Absolute Extrema
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
Concavity and Points of Inflection
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
The Concept of the Limit
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
The limit is a means of describing the behavior of a function

Limits,
Continuity as the independent variable x gets very close to a fixed
and
Derivatives number, say a.
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Example
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
x2 + x 6
Function Consider the function defined by which is
Rules for
Differentiation
x 2
Derivatives of defined everywhere except at 2. When x 6= 2, we may write
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
f (x) = x + 3. Consider the table of function values for f (x)
Applications when the value of x is close to but not equal to 2.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
x f (x) x f (x)
Limits, 2.5 5.5 1.5 4.5
Continuity
and 2.1 5.1 1.92 4.92
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
2.003 5.003 1.997 4.997
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
2.00004 5.00004 1.999995 4.999995
Continuity of a
Function 2.0000003 5.0000003 1.9999998 4.9999998
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches 2 is 5, and we
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
denote this by
Functions
Applications
lim f (x) = 5
x2
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
x f (x) x f (x)
Limits, 2.5 5.5 1.5 4.5
Continuity
and 2.1 5.1 1.92 4.92
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
2.003 5.003 1.997 4.997
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
2.00004 5.00004 1.999995 4.999995
Continuity of a
Function 2.0000003 5.0000003 1.9999998 4.9999998
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation We say that the limit of f (x) as x approaches 2 is 5, and we
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
denote this by
Functions
Applications
lim f (x) = 5
x2
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Definition
Continuity
and Let f be a function and let a be a constant. Suppose that
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
f (x) is defined in an open interval containing a, except
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
possibly at a. If the values of f (x) become very close to a
Continuity of a
Function unique fixed number L as the values of x become very close
The Derivative of a
Function to a, then we say that the (two-sided) limit of f (x) as x
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
approaches a is equal to L and denote this by
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
lim f (x) = L
Applications xa
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
x 2 2 if x 2

Continuity
and For the function defined by f (x) = we
Derivatives x + 2 if x > 2
The Concept of the
Limit investigate the limit when a = 0. The following table gives
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
us some values for f (x) when x is close to 0.
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation x f (x) = x 2 2 x f (x) = x + 2
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
-1 -1 0.5 2.5
Functions
-0.2 -1.96 0.1 2.1
Applications
of the -0.001 -1.9999 0.002 2.002
Derivative to
Business -0.00002 -1.999999996 0.0000003 2.0000003
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
x 2 2 if x 2

Continuity
and For the function defined by f (x) = we
Derivatives x + 2 if x > 2
The Concept of the
Limit investigate the limit when a = 0. The following table gives
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
us some values for f (x) when x is close to 0.
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation x f (x) = x 2 2 x f (x) = x + 2
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
-1 -1 0.5 2.5
Functions
-0.2 -1.96 0.1 2.1
Applications
of the -0.001 -1.9999 0.002 2.002
Derivative to
Business -0.00002 -1.999999996 0.0000003 2.0000003
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and Observe that when x approaches 0 from the left (i.e. when x
Derivatives
The Concept of the is less than 0), the values of f (x) become very close to 3,
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
while if x approaches 0 from the right, gets very close to 2.
Continuity of a
Function
Since the definition of the limit requires that the function
The Derivative of a
Function values approach only one number, we conclude that the
Rules for
Differentiation (two-sided) limit of the given function as x approaches 0
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
does not exist.
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Limit Rule

Continuity
and (LR1) Limit Rule 1: The Limit of a Constant Function.
Derivatives
The Concept of the Let f be a constant function defined by f (x) = k . If a is a
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
fixed real number, then
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
lim k = k
Rules for
xa
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Example
Applications
of the
If f (x) = 2 then limx1 f (x) = 2
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Limit Rule

Continuity
and (LR1) Limit Rule 1: The Limit of a Constant Function.
Derivatives
The Concept of the Let f be a constant function defined by f (x) = k . If a is a
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
fixed real number, then
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
lim k = k
Rules for
xa
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Example
Applications
of the
If f (x) = 2 then limx1 f (x) = 2
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Limit Rule
Continuity
and (LR2) Limit Rule 2: The Limit of a Linear Function. Let f
Derivatives
The Concept of the
be a linear function defined by f (x) = mx + b, where m and
Limit
Rules for b are real constants and m 6= 0. If a is a fixed real number,
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
then
The Derivative of a
Function
lim mx + b == ma + b
Rules for
xa
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions Example
Applications
of the
If f (x) = 3x 2 then limx1 f (x) = 5
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Limit Rule
Continuity
and (LR2) Limit Rule 2: The Limit of a Linear Function. Let f
Derivatives
The Concept of the
be a linear function defined by f (x) = mx + b, where m and
Limit
Rules for b are real constants and m 6= 0. If a is a fixed real number,
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
then
The Derivative of a
Function
lim mx + b == ma + b
Rules for
xa
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions Example
Applications
of the
If f (x) = 3x 2 then limx1 f (x) = 5
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limit Rule
Limits,
Continuity (LR3) Limit Rule 3: The Limit of a Constant Multiple of a
and
Derivatives Function. Let f be a given function, and let k and a be
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
constants. If limxa f (x) = L, then
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
lim kf (x) = k lim f (x) = kL
The Derivative of a
Function
xa xa
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Example
Functions
Applications
If f (x) = 2x + 1 then limx2 f (x) = 3. If
of the
Derivative to
g(x) = 6x + 3 = 3f (x) then limx2 g(x) = 9.
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limit Rule
Limits,
Continuity (LR3) Limit Rule 3: The Limit of a Constant Multiple of a
and
Derivatives Function. Let f be a given function, and let k and a be
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
constants. If limxa f (x) = L, then
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
lim kf (x) = k lim f (x) = kL
The Derivative of a
Function
xa xa
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Example
Functions
Applications
If f (x) = 2x + 1 then limx2 f (x) = 3. If
of the
Derivative to
g(x) = 6x + 3 = 3f (x) then limx2 g(x) = 9.
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim Limit Rule
Limits,
(LR4) Limit Rule 4: The Limit of the Sum of Two
Continuity
and
Functions. Let f and g be two functions, and let a be a
Derivatives
The Concept of the
constant. Suppose limxa f (x) = L and limxa g(x) = M,
Limit
Rules for
then
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)] = L + M
Function xa xa xa
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic Example
Functions
Applications Suppose f (x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 3. Then

of the
Derivative to limx1 f (x) = 6 and limx1 g(x) = 5. Hence,
Business
and limx2 [f (x) + g(x)] = 11 = limx2 (7x + 4).
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
(LR4) Limit Rule 4: The Limit of the Sum of Two
Continuity
and
Functions. Let f and g be two functions, and let a be a
Derivatives
The Concept of the
constant. Suppose limxa f (x) = L and limxa g(x) = M,
Limit
Rules for
then
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a lim [f (x) + g(x)] = lim f (x) + lim g(x)] = L + M
Function xa xa xa
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic Example
Functions
Applications Suppose f (x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 3. Then

of the
Derivative to limx1 f (x) = 6 and limx1 g(x) = 5. Hence,
Business
and limx2 [f (x) + g(x)] = 11 = limx2 (7x + 4).
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
(LR5) Limit Rule 5: The Limit of the Product of Two
Continuity
and
Functions. Let f and g be two functions whose limits exist
Derivatives
The Concept of the
at a number a. If limxa f (x) = L and limxa g(x) = M, then
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim f (x) lim g(x)] = L M
Function xa xa xa
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Example
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Consider the function defined by
Applications f (x) = x 2 4x + 3 = (x 1)(x 3). Since LR2 gives us
of the
Derivative to limx3 (x 1) = 4 and limx3 (x 3) = 6 we get
Business
and limx3 (x 2 4x + 3) = limx3 (x 1) limx3 (x 3) = 24
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
(LR5) Limit Rule 5: The Limit of the Product of Two
Continuity
and
Functions. Let f and g be two functions whose limits exist
Derivatives
The Concept of the
at a number a. If limxa f (x) = L and limxa g(x) = M, then
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
lim [f (x) g(x)] = lim f (x) lim g(x)] = L M
Function xa xa xa
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Example
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Consider the function defined by
Applications f (x) = x 2 4x + 3 = (x 1)(x 3). Since LR2 gives us
of the
Derivative to limx3 (x 1) = 4 and limx3 (x 3) = 6 we get
Business
and limx3 (x 2 4x + 3) = limx3 (x 1) limx3 (x 3) = 24
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limit Rule
Limits,
Continuity (LR6) Limit of the nth Power of a Function. Let n be a
and
Derivatives positive integer and let a be a constant. If limxa f (x) = L,
The Concept of the
Limit then n
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
lim (f (x))n = lim f (x) = Ln
Function
xa xa
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Example
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
5
Applications 5
of the lim (3x 4) = lim (3x 4) = (7)5 = 16807.
Derivative to x1 x1
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limit Rule
Limits,
Continuity (LR6) Limit of the nth Power of a Function. Let n be a
and
Derivatives positive integer and let a be a constant. If limxa f (x) = L,
The Concept of the
Limit then n
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
lim (f (x))n = lim f (x) = Ln
Function
xa xa
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Example
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
5
Applications 5
of the lim (3x 4) = lim (3x 4) = (7)5 = 16807.
Derivative to x1 x1
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits, (LR7) Limit of the nth Root of a Function. Let n be a
Continuity
and positive integer and let a be a constant. If limxa f (x) = L,
Derivatives
The Concept of the then
Limit n
p
Rules for lim n f (x) = L.
Evaluating Limits
xa
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
If n is even, then L must be non-negative for the above limit
Rules for
Differentiation
to exist.
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Example
Applications
of the
p r
Derivative to lim 4x 2 3 = lim (4x 2 3) = 1 = 1.
Business x1 x1
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits, (LR7) Limit of the nth Root of a Function. Let n be a
Continuity
and positive integer and let a be a constant. If limxa f (x) = L,
Derivatives
The Concept of the then
Limit n
p
Rules for lim n f (x) = L.
Evaluating Limits
xa
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
If n is even, then L must be non-negative for the above limit
Rules for
Differentiation
to exist.
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Example
Applications
of the
p r
Derivative to lim 4x 2 3 = lim (4x 2 3) = 1 = 1.
Business x1 x1
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limit Rule
(LR8) Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions. Let f and g
Limits,
Continuity be two functions whose limits exist at a number a. If
and
Derivatives limxa f (x) = L and limxa g(x) = M, then
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits f (x) limxa f (x) L
Continuity of a lim = = .
Function
xa g(x) limxa g(x) M
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
provided that M 6= 0.
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications Example
of the
Derivative to 4x 2 3 limx1 (4x 2 3) 1 1
Business
and
lim = = = .
Economics x1 3x + 1 limx1 (3x + 1) 2 2
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limit Rule
(LR8) Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions. Let f and g
Limits,
Continuity be two functions whose limits exist at a number a. If
and
Derivatives limxa f (x) = L and limxa g(x) = M, then
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits f (x) limxa f (x) L
Continuity of a lim = = .
Function
xa g(x) limxa g(x) M
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
provided that M 6= 0.
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
of the
Derivative to 4x 2 3 limx1 (4x 2 3) 1 1
Business
and
lim = = = .
Economics x1 3x + 1 limx1 (3x + 1) 2 2
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
When the value of M is zero, in which case we can not use
Limits,
Continuity
LR8 directly, we transform the function into an equivalent
and
Derivatives
form where the limit of the denominator is not 0.
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Example
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
x2 4 (x 2)(x + 2)
Rules for lim 2
= lim
Differentiation x2 x x 2 x2 (x 2)(x + 1)
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
x +2 limx2 (x + 2) 4
Applications = lim = = .
of the x2 x + 1 limx2 (x + 1) 3
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
When the value of M is zero, in which case we can not use
Limits,
Continuity
LR8 directly, we transform the function into an equivalent
and
Derivatives
form where the limit of the denominator is not 0.
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Example
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
x2 4 (x 2)(x + 2)
Rules for lim 2
= lim
Differentiation x2 x x 2 x2 (x 2)(x + 1)
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
x +2 limx2 (x + 2) 4
Applications = lim = = .
of the x2 x + 1 limx2 (x + 1) 3
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and

Derivatives x +42 x +42 x +4+2
The Concept of the lim = lim
Limit
Rules for
x0 x x0 x x +4+2
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function (x + 4) 4 x
The Derivative of a
Function
= lim = lim
Rules for x0 x x +4+2 x0 x x +4+2
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic limx0 1 1
Functions
= = .
Applications limx0 x + 4 + 2 4
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
Continuity s s
and
Derivatives
8x3 (x 2)(x 2 + 2x + 4)
lim = lim
x 2 4 x2
The Concept of the
Limit x2 (x 2)(x + 2)
Rules for
Evaluating Limits s s
Continuity of a
Function
x 2 + 2x + 4 x 2 + 2x + 4
The Derivative of a
Function = lim = lim
Rules for
Differentiation
x2 x +2 x2 x +2
Derivatives of
Exponential and s s
limx2 (x 2 + 2x + 4) 12
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications = = = 3.
of the limx2 (x + 2) 4
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette Limit Rule

Fajardo-Lim
(LR9) Limit Rule 9: The Limit of a Polynomial Function.
Limits,
Continuity
Let f be a function defined by
and
Derivatives
f (x) = a0 x n + a1 x n1 + . . . + an1 x + an . Then for any real
The Concept of the
Limit
number a, we have
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function lim f (x) = a0 an + a1 an1 + . . . + an1 a + an = f (a).
The Derivative of a xa
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Example
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications

of the
Derivative to
lim (x 4 3x 3 + 4x 2) = (1)4 3(1)3 + 4(1) 2
x1
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
= 2.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette Limit Rule

Fajardo-Lim
(LR9) Limit Rule 9: The Limit of a Polynomial Function.
Limits,
Continuity
Let f be a function defined by
and
Derivatives
f (x) = a0 x n + a1 x n1 + . . . + an1 x + an . Then for any real
The Concept of the
Limit
number a, we have
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function lim f (x) = a0 an + a1 an1 + . . . + an1 a + an = f (a).
The Derivative of a xa
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Example
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications

of the
Derivative to
lim (x 4 3x 3 + 4x 2) = (1)4 3(1)3 + 4(1) 2
x1
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
= 2.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Continuity of a Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
The graph of a function can be drawn on paper in one
continuous motion without lifting the pencil from the paper
Limits,
Continuity
when there are no breaks in the graphs of these functions.
and
Derivatives
Functions which have this property are called continuous
The Concept of the
Limit
functions.
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function To understand better the concept of continuity, let us look at
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
the graphs of the following functions:
Differentiation
Derivatives of
x2 + x 6

Exponential and
Logarithmic 6 2
x + 3 if x =
Functions f (x) = g(x) = h(x) = x+3
Applications
x 2 3 if x = 2
of the
Derivative to
Business Note that for each of these three functions, the limit exists
and
Economics as x approaches a = 2 and the value of the limit is L = 5.
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
functions.
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
x2 + x 6

Exponential and
Logarithmic 6 2
x + 3 if x =
Applications
x 2 3 if x = 2
of the
Derivative to
and
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
functions.
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
x2 + x 6

Exponential and
Logarithmic 6 2
x + 3 if x =
Applications
x 2 3 if x = 2
of the
Derivative to
and
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
x2 + x 6
Applications

of the 6 2
x + 3 if x =
Derivative to f (x) = g(x) = h(x) = x+3
Business x 2 3 if x = 2
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
Definition
and
Derivatives Let f be a function, and let a be a fixed real number. Then f
The Concept of the
Limit is continuous at a if the following conditions are satisfied:
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
a. f is defined at x = a, i.e. the value f (a) exists;
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
b. limxa f (x) exists; and
Rules for
Differentiation c. limxa f (x) = f (a)
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
If any of the above three condition fails to hold, then f is
Applications discontinuous at a.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
of the
Derivative to In the above figure, the function f is discontinuous at a = 2
Business
and because f (2) is undefined, so that condition (a) of the
Economics
Marginal Analysis definition is not satisfied.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Example
Applications
of the In the above figure, g is discontinuous at a = 2 since
Derivative to
Business limx2 g(x) = 5 6= g(2) = 3 which shows that condition (c)
and
Economics of the definition fails to hold. The third function h is
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
continuous at 2 since all three conditions are satisfied.
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
The Derivative of a Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Definition
Continuity
and Let f be a function which is continuous on an interval
Derivatives
The Concept of the [x0 , x0 + h] where x0 is a fixed real number and h is positive.
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
The derivative of f at x0 is defined to be
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a f (x0 + x) f (x0 )
Function
Rules for
f 0 (x0 ) = lim
Differentiation xx0 x
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions if the limit exists. In this case, we say that f is differentiable
Applications
of the
at x0 .
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
The process of computing the derivative of a given function
Derivatives is called differentiation. Other notations that can be used
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
to denote the derivative of a function f defined by an
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
equation of the form y = f (x) are
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
dy
y 0,
Rules for
Differentiation , Dx y
Derivatives of
Exponential and
dx
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
Example
The derivative of the function defined by f (x) = x 2 at any
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
number x is obtained as f 0 (x) = limxx0 (2x + x) = 2x.
Function
The Derivative of a
Evaluating the derivative at x0 = 2, we get f 0 (2) = 4. This
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
means that at x = 2, the value of f (x) will increase by 4
Derivatives of
Exponential and
when x increases by 1.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2 If P(x, f (x)) and Q(x + x, f (x + x)) are two points on the
Yvette f (x + x) f (x)
Fajardo-Lim
graph of f , then represents the slope of
x
Limits, the secant line that passes through the P and Q.
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Example
and
Derivatives If we are asked to find the equation of the tangent line to the
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
curve y = x 2 at the point (2, 4), we use the obtained
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
derivative f 0 (x) = 2x. Hence, the slope m of the tangent line
Function
The Derivative of a is given by the derivative at x = 2. We have
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
m = f 0 (2) = 4. Since the point (2, 4) lies on this line, we
Derivatives of
Exponential and use the point-slope form to obtain the equation of the
Logarithmic
Functions tangent line y = 4x 4.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Example
and
Derivatives To determine the coordinates of the point on the graph of
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
the function defined by y = x 2 + 6x + 2 where the tangent
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
line is horizontal, we need to recall that the slope of the
Function
The Derivative of a horizontal line is 0. Using the definition of the derivative, we
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
get f 0 (x) = 2x + 6. Since m = 0, we have 0 = 2x + 6 and
Derivatives of
Exponential and
obtain x = 3 and y = 7. This means that the tangent line
Logarithmic
Functions is horizontal at the point (3, 7).
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Rules for Differentiation
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Differentiation Rule

Continuity
and
Derivatives
(DR1) The Derivative of a Constant Function. If f is a
The Concept of the
Limit
constant function defined by f (x) = k , then f 0 (x) = 0 for any
Rules for
Evaluating Limits number x. Thus, the rate of change of a constant function is
Continuity of a
Function 0.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Example
Functions
Applications If f (x) = 2 for all x, then f 0 (x) = 0 for any real number x.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Differentiation Rule

Continuity
and
Derivatives
(DR1) The Derivative of a Constant Function. If f is a
The Concept of the
Limit
constant function defined by f (x) = k , then f 0 (x) = 0 for any
Rules for
Evaluating Limits number x. Thus, the rate of change of a constant function is
Continuity of a
Function 0.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Example
Functions
Applications If f (x) = 2 for all x, then f 0 (x) = 0 for any real number x.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette Differentiation Rule

Fajardo-Lim
(DR2) The Derivative of a Power Function. Let n be a real
Limits,
Continuity
number, and let f be the power function defined by
and
Derivatives
f (x) = x n . Then
The Concept of the
Limit
f 0 (x) = nx n1 .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Example
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
1 If f (x) = x 4 , then f 0 (x) = 4x 3 .
Logarithmic
Functions
1
Applications 2 If f (x) = x = x 1/2 , then f 0 (x) = .
of the 2 x
Derivative to
Business
1 2
and
Economics
3 If f (x) = 2 = x 2, then f 0 (x) = 3 .
Marginal Analysis
x x
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
f (x) = x n . Then
The Concept of the
Limit
f 0 (x) = nx n1 .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Example
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
1 If f (x) = x 4 , then f 0 (x) = 4x 3 .
Logarithmic
Functions
1
of the 2 x
Derivative to
Business
1 2
and
Economics
3 If f (x) = 2 = x 2, then f 0 (x) = 3 .
Marginal Analysis
x x
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
f (x) = x n . Then
The Concept of the
Limit
f 0 (x) = nx n1 .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Example
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
1 If f (x) = x 4 , then f 0 (x) = 4x 3 .
Logarithmic
Functions
1
of the 2 x
Derivative to
Business
1 2
and
Economics
3 If f (x) = 2 = x 2, then f 0 (x) = 3 .
Marginal Analysis
x x
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
f (x) = x n . Then
The Concept of the
Limit
f 0 (x) = nx n1 .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Example
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
1 If f (x) = x 4 , then f 0 (x) = 4x 3 .
Logarithmic
Functions
1
of the 2 x
Derivative to
Business
1 2
and
Economics
3 If f (x) = 2 = x 2, then f 0 (x) = 3 .
Marginal Analysis
x x
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Differentiation Rule
Limits,
Continuity
and
(DR3) The Derivative of a Constant Multiple of a
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Function. Let f be a function defined by f (x) = kg(x),
Limit
Rules for
where k is a constant and g is a differentiable function. Then
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a f 0 (x) = kg 0 (x).
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions Example
Applications
of the If f (x) = 3x 5 , then f 0 (x) = 15x 4 .
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
(DR3) The Derivative of a Constant Multiple of a
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Function. Let f be a function defined by f (x) = kg(x),
Limit
Rules for
where k is a constant and g is a differentiable function. Then
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a f 0 (x) = kg 0 (x).
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions Example
Applications
of the If f (x) = 3x 5 , then f 0 (x) = 15x 4 .
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives (DR4) The Derivative of the Sum or Difference of Two
The Concept of the
Limit Functions. Let f and g be two differentiable functions. Then
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function Dx (f (x) g(x)) = f 0 (x) g 0 (x).
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation Thus, the derivative of the sum or difference of two
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
differentiable functions is obtained by taking the sum or
Functions
difference, respectively, of their derivatives.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Example
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
1 If f (x) = 3x 4 4x 3 + x 2, then
f 0 (x) = 12x 3 12x 2 + 1.
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
2 If
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
f (x) = 5x 2 x 3x x + 5 x = 5x 5/2 3x 3/2 + 5x 1/2 ,
Differentiation
25 9 5
Derivatives of
Exponential and then f 0 (x) = x x x+ .
Logarithmic
Functions
2 2 2 x
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Example
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
1 If f (x) = 3x 4 4x 3 + x 2, then
f 0 (x) = 12x 3 12x 2 + 1.
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
2 If
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
f (x) = 5x 2 x 3x x + 5 x = 5x 5/2 3x 3/2 + 5x 1/2 ,
Differentiation
25 9 5
Derivatives of
Exponential and then f 0 (x) = x x x+ .
Logarithmic
Functions
2 2 2 x
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
(DR5) Derivative of the Product of Two Functions. Let f
Limits,
Continuity
and g be two differentiable functions. The derivative of their
and
Derivatives
product fg is given by
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Dx (f (x)g(x)) = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x).
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Example
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
To get the derivative of the product function defined by
Applications y = (x 3 4x)(2x 2 + 1), we have
of the
Derivative to
Business dy
and
Economics
= (x 3 4x)(4x) + (2x 2 + 1)(3x 2 4) = 10x 4 21x 2 4.
Marginal Analysis
dx
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
(DR5) Derivative of the Product of Two Functions. Let f
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
product fg is given by
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Dx (f (x)g(x)) = f (x)g 0 (x) + g(x)f 0 (x).
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Example
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
To get the derivative of the product function defined by
Applications y = (x 3 4x)(2x 2 + 1), we have
of the
Derivative to
Business dy
and
Economics
= (x 3 4x)(4x) + (2x 2 + 1)(3x 2 4) = 10x 4 21x 2 4.
Marginal Analysis
dx
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
(DR6) Derivative of the Quotient of Two Functions. Let f
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
quotient f /g is given by
The Concept of the
Limit !
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
f (x) g(x)f 0 (x) f (x)g 0 (x)
Continuity of a Dx = .
Function
The Derivative of a
g(x) (g(x))2
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
A mnemonic device to help you recall the formula for the
Applications
derivative of a quotient is given by the formula
of the
Derivative to
Business LOdeHI HIdeLO
and
Economics LO 2
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2

Fajardo-Lim
(DR6) Derivative of the Quotient of Two Functions. Let f
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
quotient f /g is given by
The Concept of the
Limit !
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
f (x) g(x)f 0 (x) f (x)g 0 (x)
Continuity of a Dx = .
Function
The Derivative of a
g(x) (g(x))2
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
A mnemonic device to help you recall the formula for the
Applications
derivative of a quotient is given by the formula
of the
Derivative to
Business LOdeHI HIdeLO
and
Economics LO 2
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and Example
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
To get the derivative of the function defined by
Rules for (3x 2)
Evaluating Limits
f (x) = , we have
Continuity of a
Function 4x
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
(4 x)(3) (3x 2)(1) 10
f 0 (x) =
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
= .
Exponential and
Logarithmic
(4 x) (4 x)2
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim (DR7) Derivative of a Generalized Power Function. Let f
Limits,
be a differentiable function and let n be a real constant. The
Continuity
and
derivative of the generalized power function defined by
Derivatives
The Concept of the
y = (f (x))n is given by
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
d(f (x))n
Continuity of a
Function = n(f (x))n1 f 0 (x).
The Derivative of a dx
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Example
Functions
Applications To get the derivative of the function defined by

of the
Derivative to
y = (x 2 3x + 5)4 , we have
Business
and
Economics dy
Marginal Analysis = 4(x 2 3x + 5)3 (2x 3) = (8x 12)(x 2 3x + 5)3 .
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
dx
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim (DR7) Derivative of a Generalized Power Function. Let f
Limits,
be a differentiable function and let n be a real constant. The
Continuity
and
derivative of the generalized power function defined by
Derivatives
The Concept of the
y = (f (x))n is given by
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
d(f (x))n
Continuity of a
Function = n(f (x))n1 f 0 (x).
The Derivative of a dx
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Example
Functions
Applications To get the derivative of the function defined by

of the
Derivative to
y = (x 2 3x + 5)4 , we have
Business
and
Economics dy
Marginal Analysis = 4(x 2 3x + 5)3 (2x 3) = (8x 12)(x 2 3x + 5)3 .
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
dx
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
Continuity To get
s the derivative of the function defined by
and !1/3
Derivatives 3 3x + 1 3x + 1
The Concept of the
y= = , we have
Limit
Rules for
4 2x 4 2x
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
!2/3 !
Function dy 1 3x + 1 (4 2x)(3) (3x + 1)(2)
Rules for
=
Differentiation
Derivatives of dx 3 4 2x (4 2x)2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications 14
of the =
Derivative to 3(3x + 1)2/3 (4 2x)4/3
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Example
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
To get the derivative of the function defined by
Limit
Rules for
y = (x 2 + 3x)3 (3x 2 2)4 , we have
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
dy
= (x 2 +3x)3 (4)(3x 2 2)3 (6x)+(3x 2 2)4 (3)(x 2 +3x)2 (2x+3)
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
dx
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions = (x 2 + 3x)2 (3x 2 2)3 [42x 3 + 99x 2 12x 18]
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
(DR8) Derivative of a Composite Function (Chain Rule).
Limits, The derivative of a composite function defined by
Continuity
and y = f (g(x)) is given by
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
dy d(f (g(x))) dy du
Rules for
Evaluating Limits = = , u = g(x), y = f (u).
Continuity of a
Function
dx dx du dx
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and Example
Logarithmic
To get the derivative of the function defined by y = u 2 + 1

Functions
Applications
of the where u = 3x + 2, we have
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
dy dy du
Marginal Analysis
= = (2u)(3) = 18x + 12.
Relative Maximum dx du dx
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
(DR8) Derivative of a Composite Function (Chain Rule).
Limits, The derivative of a composite function defined by
Continuity
and y = f (g(x)) is given by
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
dy d(f (g(x))) dy du
Rules for
Evaluating Limits = = , u = g(x), y = f (u).
Continuity of a
Function
dx dx du dx
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and Example
Logarithmic
To get the derivative of the function defined by y = u 2 + 1

Functions
Applications
of the where u = 3x + 2, we have
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
dy dy du
Marginal Analysis
= = (2u)(3) = 18x + 12.
Relative Maximum dx du dx
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Derivatives of Exponential Functions
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim (DR9) Derivatives of Exponential Functions.
Limits, dy
Continuity If a > 0 and y = ax then = ax ln a. If y = au where u
and dx
Derivatives
The Concept of the
is a differentiable function of f , then the chain rule gives
Limit
d(au ) dy
Rules for
Evaluating Limits du
Continuity of a
Function = = au ln a .
The Derivative of a dx dx dx
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
d(ex )
Derivatives of
Exponential and dy
Logarithmic
Functions If a = e then ln e = 1 and we get = = ex . If
dx dx
Applications
of the y = eu where u is a differentiable function of f , then the
Derivative to
Business
chain rule gives
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis d(eu ) dy du
Relative Maximum = = eu .
and Minimum
Values of a dx dx dx
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim (DR9) Derivatives of Exponential Functions.
Limits, dy
Continuity If a > 0 and y = ax then = ax ln a. If y = au where u
and dx
Derivatives
The Concept of the
is a differentiable function of f , then the chain rule gives
Limit
d(au ) dy
Rules for
Evaluating Limits du
Continuity of a
Function = = au ln a .
The Derivative of a dx dx dx
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
d(ex )
Derivatives of
Exponential and dy
Logarithmic
Functions If a = e then ln e = 1 and we get = = ex . If
dx dx
Applications
of the y = eu where u is a differentiable function of f , then the
Derivative to
Business
chain rule gives
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis d(eu ) dy du
Relative Maximum = = eu .
and Minimum
Values of a dx dx dx
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
x,
dy 1 3 x ln 3
The Concept of the 1 If y = 3 then = 3 x ln 3 = .
Limit
Rules for
dx 2 x 2 x
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
2 dy 2
Function
The Derivative of a
2 If y = ex , then = 2xex .
Function dx
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
3 If y = (e2x + 1)3 , then
Exponential and
Logarithmic dy
Functions
= 3(e2x + 1)2 (2e2x ) = 6e2x (e2x + 1)2 .
Applications dx
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
x,
dy 1 3 x ln 3
Limit
Rules for
dx 2 x 2 x
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
2 dy 2
Function
The Derivative of a
Function dx
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
3 If y = (e2x + 1)3 , then
Exponential and
Logarithmic dy
Functions
= 3(e2x + 1)2 (2e2x ) = 6e2x (e2x + 1)2 .
Applications dx
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
x,
dy 1 3 x ln 3
Limit
Rules for
dx 2 x 2 x
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
2 dy 2
Function
The Derivative of a
Function dx
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
3 If y = (e2x + 1)3 , then
Exponential and
Logarithmic dy
Functions
= 3(e2x + 1)2 (2e2x ) = 6e2x (e2x + 1)2 .
Applications dx
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim (DR10) Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions.
Limits, If a > 0, the derivative of the logarithmic function in
Continuity
and base a defined by the equation y = loga x is given by
Derivatives
The Concept of the
dy 1
Limit = .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
dx x ln a
Continuity of a
Function
If a = e we get the logarithmic function defined by
The Derivative of a
Function dy 1
Rules for y = ln x Then ln e = 1, so that = .
Differentiation
Derivatives of
dx x
Exponential and
Logarithmic
If u is a differentiable function of x, then the chain rule
Functions
gives
Applications
of the d(loga u) 1 du
Derivative to =
Business
and
dx u ln a dx
Economics
Marginal Analysis
d(ln u) 1 du
Relative Maximum =
and Minimum
Values of a
dx u dx
BUSANA2
Yvette
Continuity
Derivatives
The Concept of the
dy 1
Limit = .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
dx x ln a
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function dy 1
Differentiation
Derivatives of
dx x
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
gives
Applications
Derivative to =
Business
and
dx u ln a dx
Economics
Marginal Analysis
d(ln u) 1 du
Relative Maximum =
and Minimum
Values of a
dx u dx
BUSANA2
Yvette
Continuity
Derivatives
The Concept of the
dy 1
Limit = .
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
dx x ln a
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function dy 1
Differentiation
Derivatives of
dx x
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
gives
Applications
Derivative to =
Business
and
dx u ln a dx
Economics
Marginal Analysis
d(ln u) 1 du
Relative Maximum =
and Minimum
Values of a
dx u dx
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
1 If y = log3 (x 2 + 3)4 = 4 log3 (x 2 + 3), then
The Concept of the
Limit dy 2x
Rules for = 2 .
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
dx (x + 3) ln 3
Function
The Derivative of a p 1
Function
Rules for
2 If y = ln (x 2 + 1)(2x + 5) = [ln(x 2 + 1) + ln(2x + 5)],
Differentiation 2!
Derivatives of
Exponential and dy 1 2x 2 x 1
Logarithmic
Functions then = 2
+ = 2 + .
dx 2 x + 1 2x + 5 x + 1 2x + 5
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
1 If y = log3 (x 2 + 3)4 = 4 log3 (x 2 + 3), then
The Concept of the
Limit dy 2x
Rules for = 2 .
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
dx (x + 3) ln 3
Function
The Derivative of a p 1
Function
Rules for
2 If y = ln (x 2 + 1)(2x + 5) = [ln(x 2 + 1) + ln(2x + 5)],
Differentiation 2!
Derivatives of
Exponential and dy 1 2x 2 x 1
Logarithmic
Functions then = 2
+ = 2 + .
dx 2 x + 1 2x + 5 x + 1 2x + 5
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2 For a given number a, the derivative f 0 (a) is a good estimate

Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
for y = f (a + 1) f (a) , which is the change in the value of
the function when the value of x is increased by 1. To see
Limits,
Continuity
why this is so, recall that
and
Derivatives f (a + x) f (a)
The Concept of the f 0 (a) = lim .
Limit
Rules for
x0 x
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
Hence, for small values of x, we have
The Derivative of a
Function
f (a + x) f (a)
Rules for
Differentiation f 0 (a) .
Derivatives of
Exponential and
x
Logarithmic
Functions If we choose x = 1, we get
Applications
of the f 0 (a) f (a + 1) f (a).
Derivative to
which shows why we can use the value of f 0 (a) to estimate

Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
the change in the value of the function when the value of x
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
is increased by 1.
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2 For a given number a, the derivative f 0 (a) is a good estimate

Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
for y = f (a + 1) f (a) , which is the change in the value of
the function when the value of x is increased by 1. To see
Limits,
Continuity
why this is so, recall that
and
Derivatives f (a + x) f (a)
The Concept of the f 0 (a) = lim .
Limit
Rules for
x0 x
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
Hence, for small values of x, we have
The Derivative of a
Function
f (a + x) f (a)
Rules for
Differentiation f 0 (a) .
Derivatives of
Exponential and
x
Logarithmic
Functions If we choose x = 1, we get
Applications
of the f 0 (a) f (a + 1) f (a).
Derivative to
which shows why we can use the value of f 0 (a) to estimate

Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
the change in the value of the function when the value of x
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
is increased by 1.
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim The following figure shows a comparison of the values
Limits, f (a + 1) f (a) and f 0 (a) , which are shown as the lengths of
Continuity
and
the indicated vertical line segments.
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and

Derivatives Let f be the function defined by 2x 2 + 5x + 6. Do the
The Concept of the
Limit following:
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
1 Use the derivative to estimate the increase in the value
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
of y when x is increased from 10 to 11.
Rules for
Differentiation
2 Compute the actual change in the value of y when x is
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
changed from 10 to 11.
Functions
Applications
3 Compute the error of the estimate computed in (1).
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and

The Concept of the
Limit following:
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and

The Concept of the
Limit following:
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity ANSWERS:
and
Derivatives 4x + 5
The Concept of the 1 f 0 (x) = which implies
2 2x 2 + 5x + 6
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a 45
Function
f 0 (10) = 1.40625
The Derivative of a
Function
32
Rules for
Differentiation
2 f (11) f (10) 1.40690
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 The error of the estimate is approximately 0.00065.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity ANSWERS:
and
Derivatives 4x + 5
2 2x 2 + 5x + 6
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a 45
Function
f 0 (10) = 1.40625
The Derivative of a
Function
32
Rules for
Differentiation
2 f (11) f (10) 1.40690
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity ANSWERS:
and
Derivatives 4x + 5
2 2x 2 + 5x + 6
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a 45
Function
f 0 (10) = 1.40625
The Derivative of a
Function
32
Rules for
Differentiation
2 f (11) f (10) 1.40690
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity In economics, marginal analysis pertains to the process of
and
Derivatives estimating the change in the value of a business-related
The Concept of the
Limit function like cost, profit, revenue or consumption when the
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
independent variable increases by one unit. In the above
Function
The Derivative of a
example, we showed that the derivative of a function can
Function
Rules for provide this estimate. Hence, if f (x) represents a business
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
quantity, its derivative f 0 (x) is called the corresponding
Logarithmic
Functions marginal function.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim If TC(x) is the total cost of producing x units of a certain
product, then its derivative MC(x) = TC 0 (x) is called the
Limits,
Continuity marginal cost function. It gives an estimate for the cost of
and
Derivatives producing an additional unit of the product. Similarly, if
The Concept of the
Limit TR(x) represents the total revenue generated by the sale of
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
x units of a certain product, then its derivative
Function
The Derivative of a
MR(x) = TR 0 (x), called the marginal revenue function,
Function
Rules for provides an estimate for the additional revenue generated
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
when an additional unit is sold. Finally, if we denote by P(x)
Logarithmic
Functions the profit function, then its derivative is called the marginal
Applications profit function, and is denoted by MP(x) = P 0 (x). Like the
of the
Derivative to other marginal functions, it provides an estimate for the
Business
and additional profit generated when an additional unit is sold.
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette Example
Fajardo-Lim
Suppose that the cost in pesos of producing x units of a
Limits,
1
Continuity
and type of markers is given by TC(x) = 600 + 25x x 2 and
Derivatives 4
The Concept of the
Limit
the revenue is given by TR(x) = 100xex/50 , 0 x 50.
Rules for
Evaluating Limits Find the following:
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
1 profit function;
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
2 marginal cost, revenue and profit functions;
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
3 approximate cost of producing the 31st unit;
Functions
Applications
4 approximate revenue derived from the sale of the 31st
of the
Derivative to
unit; and
Business
and
5 approximate profit derived from the production and sale
Economics
Marginal Analysis
of the 31st unit.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette Example
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
1
Continuity
Derivatives 4
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
1 profit function;
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
unit; and
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
of the 31st unit.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette Example
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
1
Continuity
Derivatives 4
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
1 profit function;
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
unit; and
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
of the 31st unit.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette Example
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
1
Continuity
Derivatives 4
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
1 profit function;
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
unit; and
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
of the 31st unit.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette Example
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
1
Continuity
Derivatives 4
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
1 profit function;
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
unit; and
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
of the 31st unit.
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
Continuity 1 P(x) = 100xex/50 600 25x + x 2
and 4
Derivatives
The Concept of the x
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
Function MR(x) = 100ex/50 2xex/50
The Derivative of a
Function x
Rules for MP(x) = 100ex/50 2xex/50 + 25
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
Applications 4 MR(30) 21.95 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
and 4
Derivatives
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function x
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
and 4
Derivatives
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function x
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
and 4
Derivatives
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function x
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
and 4
Derivatives
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function x
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
and 4
Derivatives
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function x
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
ANSWERS:
Limits, 1
and 4
Derivatives
Limit 2 MC(x) = 25
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function x
Differentiation
Derivatives of
2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
3 MC(30) = 10 pesos
of the
Derivative to
Business
5 MP(30) 11.95 pesos
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and The demand equation for a product is given by the equation
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
p = 1200 x 2 where p is the unit price in pesos and x is
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
the number of units of this product that consumers are
Continuity of a
Function willing to buy at this price.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
1 Find the total revenue function.
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
2 Find the marginal revenue function.
Logarithmic
Functions 3 Evaluate the marginal revenue at x = 15 and interpret
Applications
of the the result.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Applications
of the the result.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Applications
of the the result.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and ANSWERS:
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
1 R(x) = 1200x x 3
MR(x) = 1200 3x 2
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
3 MR(15) = 525. This means that the additional revenue
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
generated when the 16th unit is sold is approximately
Derivatives of
Exponential and
525 pesos.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and ANSWERS:
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
1 R(x) = 1200x x 3
MR(x) = 1200 3x 2
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
525 pesos.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Marginal Analysis
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and ANSWERS:
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
1 R(x) = 1200x x 3
MR(x) = 1200 3x 2
Rules for
Evaluating Limits 2
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
525 pesos.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Relative Maximum and Minimum Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Definition
Limits,
Continuity
and
If f is a function defined by an equation of the form y = f (x)
Derivatives , and if I = (a, b) is an interval where f is defined, then we
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
say that
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
f is increasing on I if the condition x1 > x2 implies
The Derivative of a
Function
f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) for all x1 , x2 in I. Thus, f is increasing on
Rules for
Differentiation the interval I if the value of f (x) increases as x
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
increases.
Functions
Applications
f is decreasing on I if the condition x1 > x2 implies
of the
Derivative to
f (x1 ) < f (x2 ) for all x1 , x2 in I.
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Using the Derivative to Test if a Function is
Increasing or Decreasing On an Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives dy
The Concept of the If > 0 for all x I, then f is increasing on the
Limit
dx
Rules for
Evaluating Limits interval I.
Continuity of a
Function dy
The Derivative of a
Function
If < 0 for all x I, then f is decreasing on the
Rules for dx
Differentiation
Derivatives of
interval I.
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
Let f be the function defined by y = 3x 2 5. Then we have
Continuity dy dy dy
and = f 0 (x) = 6x. Hence, > 0 if x > 0 and < 0 if
Derivatives
The Concept of the
dx dx dx
Limit x <0
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Definition
Limits,
Continuity Let f be a function which is continuous on some interval I
and
Derivatives that contains the number c. Suppose there exists an open
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
interval (a, b) I where c (a, b) I such that
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
f (c) f (x) for all x in (a, b), then f is said to have a
The Derivative of a
Function
relative maximum at x = c
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
f (c) f (x) for all x in (a, b), then f is said to have a
Exponential and
Logarithmic relative minimum at x = c
Functions
Applications f (c) is a relative extremum if it is either relative

of the
Derivative to maximum or a relative minimum of f .
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
Continuity Let f be the function defined by f (x) = x 3 3x. A portion of
and
Derivatives the graph is shown below.
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and Observe that the graph has a peak at the point (1, 2), and
Derivatives
The Concept of the hence f (1) = 2 is a relative maximum value of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
function. This means that compared to the points on the
Continuity of a
Function
graph close to (1, 2), the value of f (1) = 2 is the largest.
The Derivative of a
Function On the other hand, a "valley" is seen at the point (1, 2), so
Rules for
Differentiation a relative minimum for f occurs at this point, and f (1) = 2
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
is a relative minimum value of the function.
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Definition
Rules for
Evaluating Limits Let f be a continuous function, and let c be an element of
the domain of f . If either f 0 (c) = 0 or f 0 (c) fails to exist, then
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
c is called a critical number of f .
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Example
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Consider the function defined by f (x) = x 3 3x in an earlier
Limits, example. We have f 0 (x) = 3x 2 3. Since the derivative is a
Continuity
and polynomial, it exists everywhere, so the only critical
Derivatives
The Concept of the
numbers of f are those values of x for which f 0 (x) = 0.
Limit
Rules for Hence, the critical numbers are 1 and 1. As shown, these
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
are the two numbers where the given function attains its
The Derivative of a
Function
relative maximum and minimum values.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Example
Fajardo-Lim
Let f be the function defined by f (x) = x 3 . Then
Limits,
Continuity
f 0 (x) = 3x 2 = 0 if and only if x = 0. This shows that c = 0 is
and
Derivatives
the only critical number of f . The graph of the function is
The Concept of the
Limit
shown below.
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
We see from the graph that the function does not have
Applications
either a relative maximum or a relative minimum at
of the
Derivative to
x = c = 0 which is a critical number of f . This shows that
Business
and
being a critical number is only a necessary but not a
Economics
Marginal Analysis
sufficient condition for the existence of a relative maximum
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
or a relative minimum at the number c.
Values of a
First Derivative Test for Relative
Maximum/Minimum Values of a Function
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Find all the critical numbers of a function f .
Use the critical numbers to subdivide the domain of f
Limits,
Continuity into subintervals.
and
Derivatives In each subinterval, use the derivative to determine if f
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
is increasing or decreasing.
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
If c is a critical number of f , and is increasing on the
The Derivative of a
Function
interval to the left of c and decreasing on the interval to
Rules for
Differentiation the right of c, then f has a relative maximum at c. The
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
relative maximum value is f (c).
Functions
Applications
If f is decreasing on the interval to the left of c and
of the
Derivative to
increasing on the interval to the right of c, then has a
Business
and
relative minimum at c. The relative minimum value is
Economics f (c).
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics f (c).
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics f (c).
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics f (c).
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics f (c).
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
Continuity Consider the function defined by y = x 3 3x 2 + 5. We have
and
Derivatives dy
The Concept of the = 3x 2 6x = 3x(x 2). Since the derivative exists at
Limit dx
Rules for
Evaluating Limits each real number x, the only critical numbers are those for
Continuity of a
Function which the derivative is zero.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
3x(x 2) = 0 x = 0, 2
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions The domain of this function is the whole set of real numbers,
Applications
of the
and the two critical numbers partition the domain into three
Derivative to
Business
subintervals, namely: (, 0), (0, 2) and (2, +).
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2 The following table summarizes our results:
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim x f (x) f 0 (x) Conclusion
x <0 + f is increasing
Limits,
Continuity x =0 5 0 relative maximum
and
Derivatives 0<x <2 - f is decreasing
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
x =2 1 0 relative minimum
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
x >2 + f is increasing
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values on a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Definition
Limits,
Continuity Let I = [a, b] be a closed interval and let f be a function
and
Derivatives whose domain includes the interval I. Let c I . We say that
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
f (c) is an absolute maximum value of f in the interval
Continuity of a
Function
I if f (c) f (x) for all x I.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
f (c) is an absolute minimum value of f in the interval
Differentiation
Derivatives of
I if f (x) f (c) for all x I.
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions f (c) is an absolute extremum of f in the interval I if it
Applications is either an absolute maximum or an absolute minimum
of the
Derivative to value of f in the interval.
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Definition
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
of the
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Definition
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
of the
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Procedure for Computing the Absolute Extrema
on a Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Let f be continuous on a closed interval I = [a, b].
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Find the critical numbers of f that lie inside the interval.
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Evaluate f (x) at the critical numbers obtained in the
Continuity of a
Function first step and at the endpoints a and b.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
The largest of the values in Step 2 is the absolute
Differentiation
Derivatives of maximum while the smallest value obtained in the
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
absolute minimum value of f in the interval.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Example
Derivatives
The Concept of the Find the absolute extrema of the function defined by
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
y = x 3 + 3x 2 9x + 4 on the interval I = [4, 4].
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
ANSWER: The absolute maximum value on the given
Rules for
Differentiation interval is f (4) = 80, which occurs at the right endpoint of
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
the interval. The absolute minimum value is f (1) = 1 , which
Functions
is also a relative minimum value.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Example
Derivatives
The Concept of the Find the absolute extrema of the function defined by
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
y = x 3 + 3x 2 9x + 4 on the interval I = [4, 4].
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
ANSWER: The absolute maximum value on the given
Rules for
Differentiation interval is f (4) = 80, which occurs at the right endpoint of
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
the interval. The absolute minimum value is f (1) = 1 , which
Functions
is also a relative minimum value.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives Example
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Find the absolute extrema of the function defined by
y = x 2/3 on the interval I = [1, 2].
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
ANSWER: The function has an absolute minimum value of
3
Derivatives of
Exponential and
0 at x = 0 , and an absolute maximum value of 4 at x = 4.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Closed Interval
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives Example
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Find the absolute extrema of the function defined by
y = x 2/3 on the interval I = [1, 2].
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
ANSWER: The function has an absolute minimum value of
3
Derivatives of
Exponential and
0 at x = 0 , and an absolute maximum value of 4 at x = 4.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
In business and economics, we often encounter problems
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
that require us to determine the maximum or minimum
Continuity of a
Function values of a quantity, such as cost, revenue, or profit.
The Derivative of a
Function Problems of this type are called optimization problems.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Procedure for Solving Problems Involving
Absolute Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Write an equation that defines the quantity to be

Continuity
and optimized as a function of its independent variable.
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Determine the interval representing the domain of the
Rules for
Evaluating Limits function defined in step 1. In most cases, the interval is
Continuity of a
Function [0, +), the set of non-negative real numbers, since
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
the applications involve functions that occur in real life.
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Find the absolute maximum or absolute minimum value
Logarithmic
Functions of the function, as required in the problem, using the
Applications procedure discussed in the preceding section.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Procedure for Solving Problems Involving
Absolute Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Write an equation that defines the quantity to be

Continuity
and optimized as a function of its independent variable.
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Determine the interval representing the domain of the
Rules for
Evaluating Limits function defined in step 1. In most cases, the interval is
Continuity of a
Function [0, +), the set of non-negative real numbers, since
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
the applications involve functions that occur in real life.
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Find the absolute maximum or absolute minimum value
Logarithmic
Functions of the function, as required in the problem, using the
Applications procedure discussed in the preceding section.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Example
Derivatives
The Concept of the The cost function for a given product is given by
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
TC(x) = x 3 6x 2 + 15x where x is in thousands of units.
Continuity of a
Function
Determine the number of units that results in the minimum
The Derivative of a
Function average cost.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and ANSWER: The average cost is minimized when the
Logarithmic
Functions
production level is set at 3 thousand units.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Example
Derivatives
The Concept of the The cost function for a given product is given by
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
TC(x) = x 3 6x 2 + 15x where x is in thousands of units.
Continuity of a
Function
Determine the number of units that results in the minimum
The Derivative of a
Function average cost.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and ANSWER: The average cost is minimized when the
Logarithmic
Functions
production level is set at 3 thousand units.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim Example
Limits, (Profit maximization under a monopoly): In a monopoly,
Continuity
and the manufacturer sets his selling price, and the consumers
Derivatives
The Concept of the respond by changes in the demand. Suppose the total cost
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
of manufacturing a certain product by a monopolist is given
Continuity of a
Function
by the equation TC(x) = 3x 2 + 5x + 25 where x is in
The Derivative of a
Function hundreds of units, while the price in pesos at which x units
Rules for
Differentiation of the product can be sold is given by the demand equation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
p(x) = 35 2x. How many units must be produced and
Functions
sold to maximize the profit?
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
ANSWER: P(x) = 5x 2 + 30x 25. Profit is maximized if
and
Economics
production level is set at 3 hundred units.
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim Example
Limits, (Profit maximization under a monopoly): In a monopoly,
Continuity
and the manufacturer sets his selling price, and the consumers
Derivatives
The Concept of the respond by changes in the demand. Suppose the total cost
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
of manufacturing a certain product by a monopolist is given
Continuity of a
Function
by the equation TC(x) = 3x 2 + 5x + 25 where x is in
The Derivative of a
Function hundreds of units, while the price in pesos at which x units
Rules for
Differentiation of the product can be sold is given by the demand equation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
p(x) = 35 2x. How many units must be produced and
Functions
sold to maximize the profit?
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
ANSWER: P(x) = 5x 2 + 30x 25. Profit is maximized if
and
Economics
production level is set at 3 hundred units.
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
(Profit maximization under free competition): A
The Concept of the
Limit
manufacturer sells his products at the market price of
Rules for
Evaluating Limits Php2500 per unit. If the total cost function is given by
Continuity of a
Function TC(x) = x 2 + 3x which is given in hundreds of pesos, find
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
the number of units that maximizes profit, and determine the
Differentiation
Derivatives of
maximum profit.
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
ANSWER: P(x) = 22x x 2 . Profit is maximized when
Applications
of the x = 11, and the maximum profit is Php12,100.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and
Derivatives
(Profit maximization under free competition): A
The Concept of the
Limit
manufacturer sells his products at the market price of
Rules for
Evaluating Limits Php2500 per unit. If the total cost function is given by
Continuity of a
Function TC(x) = x 2 + 3x which is given in hundreds of pesos, find
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
the number of units that maximizes profit, and determine the
Differentiation
Derivatives of
maximum profit.
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
ANSWER: P(x) = 22x x 2 . Profit is maximized when
Applications
of the x = 11, and the maximum profit is Php12,100.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Outline
BUSANA2
Yvette
Limits,
and
The Concept of the
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Economics
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
Interval
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Concavity
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Definition
Continuity
and Let f be a continuous function, and let I be an interval
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
contained in the domain of f. The graph of f is said to be
Rules for
Evaluating Limits concave downward on the interval I if the tangent
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
lines to the curve lie above the curve at every number
Function
Rules for
on the interval.
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
concave upward on the interval I if the tangent lines to
Logarithmic
Functions the curve lie below the curve at every number on the
Applications
of the
interval.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Concavity
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Definition
Continuity
and Let f be a continuous function, and let I be an interval
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
contained in the domain of f. The graph of f is said to be
Rules for
Evaluating Limits concave downward on the interval I if the tangent
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
lines to the curve lie above the curve at every number
Function
Rules for
on the interval.
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
concave upward on the interval I if the tangent lines to
Logarithmic
Functions the curve lie below the curve at every number on the
Applications
of the
interval.
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Concavity
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
The tangent lines to the curve on the interval I = (a, b) all lie
of the
Derivative to
above the curve. According to the definition, the graph of
Business
and
the function is concave downward on the interval.
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Concavity
BUSANA2
Example
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Consider the graph of the function defined by y = x 3 3x.
Limits, The graph opens in the downward direction for x < 0, and
Continuity
and opens upward for positive values of x. Thus, the graph of y
Derivatives
The Concept of the
is concave downward on the interval (, 0) and concave
Limit
Rules for upward on the interval (0, ) . It can be verified that any
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
tangent line to the curve at appoint where x < 0 will lie
The Derivative of a
Function
above the curve, and a tangent line at a point where x > 0
Rules for
Differentiation will be below the curve.
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Second Derivative Test for Concavity
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and Let f be a function whose second derivative exists on an
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
interval I.
Rules for
Evaluating Limits If f 00 (x) > 0 for all x I , then the graph of f is concave
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
upward on I.
If f 00 (x) < 0 for every x I , then the graph of f is
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
concave downward on the interval I.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Second Derivative Test for Concavity
BUSANA2
Example
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Let f be the function defined by f (x) = x 3 + 9x 2 15x + 5.
Limits, We have f (x) = 3x 2 + 18x 15 and
Continuity
and f 00 (x) = 6x + 18 = 6(x 3). Thus, the second derivative
Derivatives
The Concept of the
is positive when x 3 and negative when x 3 . This
Limit
Rules for means that the graph is
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function concave upward on the interval (, 3) ; and
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
concave downward on the interval (3, )
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Points of Inflection
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and The concavity of a graph may be upward on some interval
Derivatives
The Concept of the and downward on another interval. A point c, f (c) on the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
graph of a function f is called a point of inflection of the
Continuity of a
Function
graph if the concavity changes at this point. Since the
The Derivative of a
Function concavity at such a point is neither upward nor downward,
Rules for
Differentiation the second derivative at a point of inflection must be either 0
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
or fails to exist.
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Points of Inflection
BUSANA2
Example
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Consider the function defined by f (x) = x 3 . We have
Limits, f 0 (x) = 3x 2 and f 00 (x) = 6x which implies that x = 0. This
Continuity
and shows that the only possible point of inflection is at x = 0.
Derivatives
The Concept of the
For x < 0 , the graph is concave downward, while to the
Limit
Rules for right of the origin, the graph is concave upward. This shows
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
that the point (0, 0) is a point of inflection of the graph of the
The Derivative of a
Function
given function.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
The Second Derivative Test for Relative
Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and Let f be a function which is differentiable at least two times.
Derivatives
The Concept of the Let c be a critical number of f such that f 00 (c) exists.
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits If f 00 (c) > 0 , then f has a relative minimum at x = c.
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
If f 00 (c) < 0 , then f has a relative maximum at x = c.
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
If f 00 (c) = 0, the test fails. In this case, use the first
Derivatives of
Exponential and derivative test.
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
Derivatives
Limit
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
Derivatives
Limit
Rules for
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Example
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Consider the function defined by f (x) = x 3 3x 2 + 5. Since
Limits, f 0 (x) = 3x 2 6x = 3x(x 2) the function has critical
Continuity
and numbers 0 and 2. Next, we get f 00 (x) = 6x 6 and evaluate
Derivatives
The Concept of the
the second derivative at each of the critical numbers. We
Limit
Rules for get f 00 (0) = 6 < 0 and f 00 (2) = 6 > 0. From the second
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
derivative test, we conclude that f has a relative maximum
The Derivative of a
Function
at 0, and a relative minimum at 2.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Example
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Consider the function defined by f (x) = x 3 . We have
Limits, f 0 (x) = 3x 2 and f 00 (x) = 6x which implies that x = 0. This
Continuity
and shows that the only possible point of inflection is at x = 0. If
Derivatives
The Concept of the
we evaluate f at 0, we get f 00 (0) = 0 . Thus, the second
Limit
Rules for derivative test fails. As shown earlier, the function has a
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
point of inflection, not a relative extremum, at 0.
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Example
Continuity
and (Criterion for Maximum Profit): Show that profit is
Derivatives
The Concept of the maximized only when marginal revenue is equal to marginal
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
cost.
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
P(x) = R(x) TC(x) MP(x) = MR(x) MC(x).
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
The only critical numbers of the profit function are those for
Logarithmic
Functions which its derivative is zero, hence
Applications
of the
MP(x) = 0 MR(x) = MC(x).
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and (Criterion for Maximum Profit): The second derivative test
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
says that profit is maximized if the second derivative of the
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
profit function is negative, i.e., P 00 (x) = R 00 (x) TC 00 (x) < 0.
Continuity of a
Function This shows that profit is maximized at a level of production
The Derivative of a
Function where
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of marginal revenue equals marginal cost, and
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions the rate of change of the marginal revenue is less than
Applications the rate of change of the marginal cost.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Extrema
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits, Example
Continuity
and (Criterion for Maximum Profit): The second derivative test
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
says that profit is maximized if the second derivative of the
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
profit function is negative, i.e., P 00 (x) = R 00 (x) TC 00 (x) < 0.
Continuity of a
Function This shows that profit is maximized at a level of production
The Derivative of a
Function where
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of marginal revenue equals marginal cost, and
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions the rate of change of the marginal revenue is less than
Applications the rate of change of the marginal cost.
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Find f 0 (x) and use this to determine the critical
Limits, numbers of f (x).
Continuity
and
Derivatives
Find f 00 (x) and use it to determine the possible points of
The Concept of the
Limit
inflection of the graph of f (x).
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Using the numbers obtained from the first two steps as
Function
The Derivative of a
endpoints, partition the domain of f (x) into subintervals.
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
In each interval, determine if f (x) is
Derivatives of
Exponential and increasing/decreasing and if the graph of f (x) is
Logarithmic
Functions
concave upward/downward.
Applications
of the Evaluate f (x) at the numbers obtained in the first two
Derivative to
Business steps, and locate these points in the coordinate plane.
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
Derivative to
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
Derivative to
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
Derivative to
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
Derivative to
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Using the information obtained from the fourth step, join
Limits,
Continuity the points plotted in step five to obtain a sketch of the
and
Derivatives graph of f (x). On each interval, the portion of the curve
The Concept of the
Limit may be one of the following:
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
Continuity Apply the given procedure to sketch the graph of the
and
Derivatives function defined by the equation f (x) = x 4 2x 2 .
The Concept of the
The first derivative is f 0 (x) = 4x 3 4x = 4x(x 2 1).

Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
Setting this to zero gives us the critical numbers 0, 1
The Derivative of a
Function and -1.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
The second derivative is f 0 (x) = 12x 2 4 = 4(3x 2 1).
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
If we equate this to zero, we get the possible points of
Applications
1
of the inflection at .
Derivative to 3
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
and
The Concept of the

Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function and -1.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
1
Derivative to 3
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Example
Limits,
and
The Concept of the

Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function and -1.
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
1
Derivative to 3
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity Example
and
Derivatives The function is defined for all real numbers. Let us
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
subdivide the real numbers into the following intervals:
Evaluating Limits
1 1 1 1
Continuity of a
Function (, 1), (1, ), ( ), (0, ), ( , 1), (1, +).
The Derivative of a
Function
3 3, 0 3 3
Rules for
Differentiation
We use the first and second derivative test to determine
Derivatives of
Exponential and the intervals where the graph is increasing/decreasing,
Logarithmic
Functions
and where it is concave downward/upward.
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim Interval f (x) f 0 (x) f 00 (x) Conclusion
S
x < 1 - + ,
Limits,
Continuity x =1 -1 0 + Rel min
and S
Derivatives 1 < x < 1/ 3 + + ,
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
x= 1/ 3 -5/9 + 0 Pt of inf
T
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a 1/ 3 < x < 0 + - ,
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
x =0 0 0 - Rel max
T
Rules for
Differentiation
0 < x < 1/ 3 - - ,
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
x= 1/ 3 -5/9 - 0 Pt of inf
S
Functions
1/ 3 < x< 1 - + ,
Applications
of the x = 1/3 -1 0 + Rel min
Derivative to S
Business x > 1/ 3 + + ,
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a
Curve Sketching
BUSANA2
Yvette
Fajardo-Lim
Limits,
Continuity
and
Derivatives
The Concept of the
Limit
Rules for
Evaluating Limits
Continuity of a
Function
The Derivative of a
Function
Rules for
Differentiation
Derivatives of
Exponential and
Logarithmic
Functions
Applications
of the
Derivative to
Business
and
Economics
Marginal Analysis
Relative Maximum
and Minimum
Values of a

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BUSANA2

The limit is a means of describing the behavior of a function

Limits, Limit Rule

Limits, Limit Rule

Applications Suppose f (x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 3. Then

Applications Suppose f (x) = 5x + 1 and g(x) = 2x + 3. Then

Yvette Limit Rule

Yvette Limit Rule

Limits, Differentiation Rule

Limits, Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Yvette Differentiation Rule

Applications To get the derivative of the function defined by

Applications To get the derivative of the function defined by

To get the derivative of the function defined by y = u 2 + 1

To get the derivative of the function defined by y = u 2 + 1

BUSANA2 For a given number a, the derivative f 0 (a) is a good estimate

which shows why we can use the value of f 0 (a) to estimate

BUSANA2 For a given number a, the derivative f 0 (a) is a good estimate

which shows why we can use the value of f 0 (a) to estimate

Applications f (c) is a relative extremum if it is either relative

Limits, Write an equation that defines the quantity to be

Limits, Write an equation that defines the quantity to be

The first derivative is f 0 (x) = 4x 3 4x = 4x(x 2 1).

The first derivative is f 0 (x) = 4x 3 4x = 4x(x 2 1).

The first derivative is f 0 (x) = 4x 3 4x = 4x(x 2 1).

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