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Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy

Lecture 2 From 2, to 1, to Millions

Early Craniate
Morphogenesis
John Donnie A. Ramos, Ph.D.
Dept. of Biological Sciences
College of Science
University of Santo Tomas

Ovum
Animal types based on how embryo is laid:
Spermatozoon
Oviparous
Fertilization Oviposition
Zygote Viviparous
Cleavage formation Parturition
Morula Ovoviviparous

Blastula
Blastulation
Gestation development of embryo within
the female womb
Gastrulation
Gastrula Embryo conditions as to mode of
Neurulation nutrition:
Neurula Ovoviviparity
Organogenesis Euviviparity
Embryo Histotrophic nutrition

Spermatozoon Ovum types as to amount of yolk:

Microlecithal (amphioxus, placental mammals)
Mesolecithal (amphibians, lampreys, ganoid fishes)
Ovum
Macrolecithal (birds, sharks, reptiles, teleosts)

Ovum types as to yolk distribution:

Isolecithal
Telolecithal
Vegetal Pole
Animal Pole

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Egg Membranes Fertilization

Plasma membrane
Internal Fertilization
Primary egg envelop viviparous organisms
Vitelline membrane (birds)
Perivitelline space External Fertilization
Zona pellucida (mammals) Oviparous fishes, frogs,
toads
Secondary egg envelop
Amplexus
Follicles cells
Spermatophore
Corona radiata
Spermathecae
Tertiary egg envelop
shell
shell membranes
albumen

Early stages of embryo development

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Cleavage Patterns Blastulation

Holoblastic Cleavage
Cleavage Yolk Representative
Pattern Accumulation animals Blastocoel
Amphioxus
Microlecithal
Placental mammals
Lampreys Blastomeres
Holoblastic
Bowfin
Mesolecithal
Gars Meroblastic Cleavage
Amphibians
Blastoderm
Elasmobranchs
Teleosts
Meroblastic
Macrolecithal Reptiles
(Discoidal)
Birds
Monotremes

Blastulation among mammals Gastrulation

Gut formation
Formation of 3 germ layers
Movement and rearrangement of cells
Epiboly cells spread across an outer
surface as a unit
Involution cells turn inward then spread
over the internal surface
Invagination cells indent or fold inward
Delamination sheet of cells split into 2
parallel layers
Ingression individual surface cells may
migrate to the interior of
embryo

Amphioxus
Gastrulation and Neurulation Epiboly
Ingression
(chordamesoderm)
Involution

Delamination
(Somatic and Splanchnic
Frog Mesoderm)

Involution Gastrulation (Dorsal Mesoderm)

(Gastrocoel formation)
and (Intermediate Mesoderm)

Neurulation (Lateral Plate Mesoderm)

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Chick Gastrulation and Neurulation Chick Gastrulation and Neurulation

Blastoderm

Delamination

Gastrulation in Mammals
Epiboly
Neurulation
Ingression Neural Plate

Delamination/ Neural Fold

Ingression / Neural grove
Neural Keel
(Agnathans/Teleost)

Neural crest
Neural Tube
Delamination/
Neurocoel
Ingression

Anterior Neurospore
Posterior Neurospore
openings

Organogenesis Organogenesis (Ectoderm)

Organizer Area dorsal lip of the
blastopore
Homeotic Genes (Hox Gene Clusters)
Morphogens induction of organ
differentiation
Example

Chordin induces dorsal mesoderm

formation

Mesenchyme (Blastemas)
Stem Cells totipotent cells capable of
differentiation

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Ectodermal Placodes
ectodermal thickenings
Organogenesis
Nasal Placodes - lining of nasal pits (nostrils)
(Mesoderm)
neurosensory cells
olfactory nerves

Otic Placodes otocysts (cells of inner ear)

Optic Placodes lens of the eye
Epibranchial Placodes cranial nerves VII, IX, X
taste buds
Linear Placodes neuromast organs
electroreceptive epithelia

Organogenesis Extraembryonic
(Endoderm) membranes Functions:
Store waste products
Transport nutrients
Yolk Sac Exchange respiratory gasses
Empties into the endoderm Protection (shock absorber)
Highly vascularized (vitelline arteries and veins)
Absorbs oxygen from the parent

Amnion
Filled with amniotic fluid
Protection from mechanical injury
Umbilical cord connection between mother and amniotic fluid

Chorion
Surrounds amnion
Entrance of oxygen and nutrients
Chorioallantoic
Allantois membrane
Respiration
Base becomes urinary bladder Placenta

Extraembryonic Membranes in Birds

Human Extra-
embryonic
Membranes
(Deciduous Placenta)

Endometrium
(uterine lining)

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Chorionic Sacs in Mammals