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Abstract: This standard is intended for use as a basis for establishing the performance,
interchangeability, and safety of the equipment covered and to assist in the proper selection of
such equipment.
Keywords: copper-bearing steel, grounding switch, IEEE C57.12.40, magnetizing switch,
network, subway, transformer, vault
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Participants
At the time this IEEE standard was completed, the C57.12.40 Working Group had the following
membership:
The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have
voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.
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When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this standard on 18 May 2017, it had the following
membership:
*Member Emeritus
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Introduction
This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017 for IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers,
2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types
(Liquid Immersed).
This standard is an update to IEEE Std C57.12.40TM-2011, which marked the first full technical update to
this standard since it was published as a NEMA/ANSI standard called C57.12.40-2000. The 2011 revision
reorganized clauses and made major changes to clarify the requirements for the primary disconnect and
grounding switch. This revision clarifies the Applied Voltage Test in Table 2, introduces a stainless steel
tank alternative to copper-bearing steel, eliminates the use of primary wiping sleeves, changes the primary
switch chamber to a single compartment, and adds an informative Annex B.
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Contents
1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................. 10
1.2 Purpose .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2. Normative references................................................................................................................................ 10
4. Tests ......................................................................................................................................................... 13
5. Construction ............................................................................................................................................. 14
5.1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 14
5.2 Corrosion resistance .......................................................................................................................... 14
5.3 Tank ................................................................................................................................................... 15
5.4 Cooling panels ................................................................................................................................... 16
5.5 Primary switch chamber .................................................................................................................... 16
5.6 Secondary network protector throat ................................................................................................... 17
5.7 Accessory equipment for transformer tanks ...................................................................................... 18
5.8 Dimensions ........................................................................................................................................ 19
7. Bushings ................................................................................................................................................... 25
7.1 Bushings and bushing wells............................................................................................................... 25
7.2 Primary bushings between main tank and switch chamber ............................................................... 25
7.3 Secondary bushings ........................................................................................................................... 25
7.4 Terminal markings ............................................................................................................................. 26
9. Nameplate ................................................................................................................................................. 27
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IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase
Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller;
High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway
and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
1. Overview
1.1 Scope
This standard covers certain electrical, dimensional, and mechanical characteristics and takes
into consideration certain safety features of three-phase, 60-Hz, liquid-immersed, self-cooled,
network transformers with a primary grounding switch. These transformers are rated 2500 kVA and
below with high voltages of 34 500 volts and below and secondaries of 600 volts and below. These
transformers are generally used for step-down purposes from underground primary cables and supply a
secondary network system through network protectors. These transformers are typically installed below
ground level.
1.2 Purpose
This standard is intended for use as a basis for establishing the performance, electrical and
mechanical interchangeability, safety of the equipment covered, and to assist in the proper selection of
such equipment.
2. Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document (i.e., they must
be understood and used, so each referenced document is cited in text and its relationship to this document is
explained). For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of
the referenced document (including any amendments or corrigenda) applies.
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
IEEE Std 386, IEEE Standard for Separable Insulated Connector Systems for Power Distribution Systems
Above 600 V. 1,2
IEEE Std C57.12.00, IEEE Standard for General Requirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,
and Regulating Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.12.20, IEEE Standard for Overhead-Type Distribution Transformers, 500 kVA and
Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low Voltage, 7970/13 800Y V and Below.
IEEE Std C57.12.80, IEEE Standard Terminology for Power and Distribution Transformers.
IEEE Std C57.12.90, IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating
Transformers.
The base rating as listed in Table 1 shall not exceed a 55 C average winding temperature rise above
standard ambient. The 65 C rating is based on not exceeding a 65 C average winding temperature rise or
an 80 C hot-spot temperature rise, as specified in IEEE Std C57.12.00. The temperature rise of the
insulating liquid shall not exceed 65 C measured near the top of the tank.
The dual-rated transformers as shown in Table 1 are based on utilizing an insulation system that allows
continuous operation at a 65 C rise and 112% of the 55 C base rating. Dual-rated transformers shall also
be capable of delivering the 55 C base kilovolt-ampere rating when operated in a 40 C average ambient
temperature with a maximum ambient temperature not to exceed 50 C.
When required, a kilovolt-ampere base rating with a 65 C average winding temperature rise can be
specified.
Nonsymmetrical unbalanced excitation or loading of wye-wye-connected units may cause heating of their
tanks in excess of that which would be produced by balanced conditions. To reduce the probability of this
1
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2
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
tank heating, such a unit shall be provided with a core construction that will not saturate when 33-percent
zero sequence voltage is applied.
The angular displacement between the primary and secondary terminal voltages of three-phase
transformers with wye-wye connections shall be 0. The angular displacement between the primary and
secondary terminal voltages of three-phase transformers with delta-wye connections shall be 30 with the
primary leading the low voltage.
Table 2 Voltage ratings, BIL, and required test levels for subway-type and vault-type
secondary network transformers
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
The percent impedance on the rated voltage connection shall be as specified in Table 3. The tolerance shall
be as specified in IEEE Std C57.12.00.
Table 3 Impedance
Kilovolt-ampere rating Percentage impedance
3001000 5.0
15002500 7.0
The percent departure of the actual impedance on any tap from the actual impedance at the rated voltage
shall not be greater than the total tap voltage range expressed as a percentage of the rated voltage.
Transformers shall be designed so that the average sound level does not exceed the values given in Table 4
measured according to IEEE Std C57.12.90.
4. Tests
All tests shall be performed in accordance with IEEE Std C57.12.00 and IEEE Std C57.12.90. The
dielectric test levels shall be in accordance with distribution transformer levels in IEEE Std C57.12.00.
When bushings and bushing wells are used for the primary entrance to the transformer, chopped wave tests
are not required.
3
Notes in text, tables, and figures of a standard are given for information only and do not contain requirements needed to implement
this standard.
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
5. Construction
5.1 General
The transformer enclosure shall consist of a tank, cooling panels, a primary switch chamber, a secondary
network protector throat, and accessories as specified in this standard. The primary switch chamber is
welded to one end of the transformer tank. The network protector throat is welded to the other end (see
Figure 1).
The transformer enclosure shall be constructed of materials that provide corrosion resistance equivalent to,
not less than, the thickness of copper-bearing steel shown in Table 5 (minimum copper content: 0.20%).
A subway-type network transformer is one that is suitable for frequent or continuous submerged operation
under 3 m (10 ft) of water. A vault-type network transformer is one that is suitable for occasional
submerged operation under 3 m (10 ft) of water. Manual operation of certain accessories may require that
the water level be lowered.
As an alternate to using copper-bearing steel, some users may specify a stainless steel tank enclosure for
applications where a transformer will experience an especially corrosive environment (such as frequent or
continuous submersion in salt water). When stainless steel is specified for the tank enclosure, it shall be
Type 316L with minimum material thickness as shown in Table 6.
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
5.2.2 Hardware
All external hardware, nuts, bolts, washers, etc., shall be austenitic 300 series stainless steel, silicon bronze,
or the functional equivalent.
All valves, fittings, pipe plugs or caps, bushings, and cable entrances shall also have corrosion resistance
properties as stated in 5.2.2. Any thread sealant used shall be non-conducting.
5.2.4 Finish
The finish shall be a dark color and conform to IEEE Std C57.12.32.
5.3 Tank
5.3.1 General
The transformer tank shall be of sealed construction (as defined in IEEE Std C57.12.80) consisting of a
welded main cover equipped with a welded handhole cover, and a sub-base. The completely assembled
tank shall be of sufficient strength to withstand a pressure of 50 kPa (7 psig) without permanent
deformation and 103 kPa (15 psig) without rupturing. The completely assembled transformer, the switch
chamber, the terminal chamber (when applicable), and the secondary network protector throat shall be
tested for leaks at a minimum pressure of 50 kPa (7 psig) above the static head of liquid for not less than
6 h. Alternative methods for leak detection, such as the helium leak detector method, may be used.
The completely assembled transformer tank shall be capable of passing the fault current tests as defined in
IEEE Std C57.12.20.
The transformer sub-base shall consist of bars parallel to the long axis of the transformer. The sub-base
shall provide a 38 mm (1.5 in) minimum clearance from the floor to the tank bottom, with corners left clear
for jacking. The base bars should be made of one of the following materials:
5.3.3 Covers
A welded tank cover shall be furnished. A welded handhole cover shall be provided for disconnecting the
neutral or neutrals for test. For the welded tank cover and for the welded handhole cover, a non-flammable
fiberglass tape shall be used to help reduce the risk of welding or cutting debris getting into the transformer.
15
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
Four lifting lugs shall be designed and arranged to facilitate lifting the transformer with the network
protector attached. The lift lugs shall be designed for dual purposefor lifting and for shipping tie-down
purposes. The lugs shall be provided with a suitable hole for attaching a 40 mm (1.5 in) clevis. The lifting
lugs shall be designed and placed such that an installed clevis will not damage the transformer tank or
cover when the lifting slings are at 60 from horizontal. The lifting lugs shall not extend past the plane of
the network protector mounting flange less 1 inch to allow for soft sling lifting with the network protector
bolted in place.
Lifting and jacking provisions shall be designed to provide a safety factor of five. This safety factor is the
ratio of the ultimate stress of the material used to the working stress. The working stress is the maximum
combined stress developed in the lifting provisions by the static load of the completely assembled
transformer complete with the network protector.
Cooling panels shall not extend beyond the tank wall on the secondary end of the transformer. Extensions
on the HV end shall not interfere with, or block visibility of, the switch (and terminal) chamber operating
mechanisms or accessories.
A bolted and gasketed cover shall be provided for the switch chamber. The cover shall be equipped with
handles and holes for guide pins. Where cemented gaskets are used, means for breaking the seal shall be
provided.
When bushings or bushings wells (see 7.1) are supplied, the same type of liquid as in the transformer tank
shall be supplied.
The three operating positions (Open, Closed, and Ground) shall be indicated by suitable permanent
markings made of 300-series stainless steel or brass tags. No stenciling or decals shall be used. The
markings shall be located near the external operating handle and be visible from the primary end of the
transformer.
The switch-operating handle shall be provided with a mechanism to prevent accidental movement of the
switch. Means shall be provided for padlocking the switch in each position. The maximum operating force
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
on the handle shall not exceed 222 N (50 lbf). As a safety feature, the switch handle to shaft interface shall
be designed so the external switch handle to shaft interface mechanism (handle or pins) breaks before any
internal switch mechanism, including the interlocks, fails.
The switch chamber shall be of a sealed construction, preventing the interchange of fluids between the
switch chamber and the transformer tank.
The accessory equipment for the primary switch shall be provided and located approximately as shown in
Figure 1.
The switch chamber shall be provided with a 1-inch national pipe thread (NPT) female opening equipped
with a 1-inch NPT pipe plug.
The air test provision shall be provided for the switch chamber and shall consist of 0.5-inch NPT opening
equipped with a 0.5-inch NPT pipe plug and shall be located above the 85 C liquid level.
A submersible, weld-on, non-gasketed type of magnetic liquid-level indicator with a dial (inside bezel) face
diameter approximately 75 mm (3 in) shall be provided on the switch chamber. The gauge shall have a dark
dial face with light markings and a light indicating hand. The dial markings shall show the 25 C level and
the minimum and maximum levels. The words Liquid Level shall be on the dial or on a suitable
nameplate mounted adjacent to the indicator.
A globe-type drain valve (corrosion proof; rated Water/Oil/Gas WOG) with 1-in NPT threads shall be
provided on the switch chamber. The drain valve shall have a brass pipe plug in the outer end of the valve.
A non-conducting thread sealer is required. The drain valve shall be located on the side of the switch
chamber that is opposite the primary switch handle. The drainage design shall allow oil to be drained
within 13 mm (0.5 in) of the switch chamber bottom and designed so as to not allow an air bubble to rise
near the switch contacts while an oil sample is taken from the drain valve.
The secondary throat (Item 10 in Figure 1) shall be suitable for connecting to a network protector. A gasket
shall be provided for use between the throat and the protector. Bushings spacing, throat dimensions,
terminal details, and application shall be as specified in the Table 7 references. A minimum of 25 mm (1 in)
electrical clearance shall be maintained between live parts of different phases and live parts to ground.
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
A painted sheet steel shipping guard, fully gasketed, shall be installed over the secondary throat to prevent
mechanical and corrosive damage to the secondary bushings, external connectors, and throat flange during
shipment and storage outdoors. The throat cover shall be bolted securely to the flange of the secondary
throat. The cover shall be completely enclosed to prevent entrance of airborne chemicals or moisture that
may corrode these external parts.
Accessory equipment shall be provided as part of the transformer. The approximate location of such
equipment is shown in Figure 1.
A tap changer for de-energized operation shall be provided. Each tap changer position and the associated
tap voltage shall be clearly identifiable by reference to nameplate information. All positions of the tap
changer shall be operative positions. The tap changer shall be of sealed construction so the integrity of the
main tank seal is not compromised at any time. The tap changer shall be designed with an external
operating means available under a protective cap on top of the main tank. An indicator shall clearly show
the tap position when the cap is removed. A removable tap changer operating handle shall be fastened to
the transformer cover adjacent to the tap changer, or to the tap changer protective cap. The protective cap
shall be installed with a non-conductive thread sealant to provide a secondary seal for the tap changer. All
external portions of the tap changer shall be made of corrosion resistant materials such as 300-series
stainless steel, brass, bronze, or plastic.
The air test provisions shall consist of 0.5-in NPT opening equipped with a 0.5-in NPT pipe plug and shall
be located above the 85 C liquid level.
A dial-type thermometer shall be provided, and the diameter of the dial (inside bezel) shall be
approximately 115 mm (4.5 in). The thermometer shall be the direct-stem type, mounted in a closed well at
a suitable level to indicate the top liquid temperature. The thermometer shall have a dark dial face with
light markings, a light-colored indicating hand, and an orange-red maximum indicating hand, with
provision for resetting. The dial markings shall cover a typical range from 0 C to 200 C. The words
Liquid Temperature shall be on the dial or on a suitable nameplate mounted adjacent to the indicator.
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
A drain valve shall be provided and it shall be as per 5.5.5.4. This valve also acts as the bottom filter valve.
The filling plug and upper filter press connection shall be located in the cover and shall consist of a 1-in
NPT female opening with plug.
Two ground pads shall be provided, one at the bottom of the HV end of the transformer below the switch
chamber, and one at the bottom of the LV end below the network protector mounting brackets. Tank-
grounding provisions shall consist of copper-faced steel or stainless steel pads with two holes horizontally
spaced on 44.5 mm (1.75 in) centers and drilled and tapped for 0.5-in 13 unified national coarse (UNC)
thread. The ground pads shall be welded to the tank. The minimum thickness of the copper facing shall be
0.4 mm (0.015 in). The minimum threaded depth of the holes shall be 13 mm (0.5 in). Thread protection for
the ground pad shall be provided.
5.8 Dimensions
Dimensions, including the secondary flexible connectors (without the network protector attached), shall not
exceed those shown in Table 8 (for dimensions in millimeters) and Table 9 (for dimensions in inches).
These dimensions are intended to guide the user in planning vaults capable of accommodating all current
designs of network transformers covered by this standard.
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
protector).
c H is the maximum height from floor to cover. Some customers may require an overall height restriction (to the
c
highest projection of any cover-mounted devices) and if so, shall contractually specify this.
d Throat H is the maximum height from the floor to the centerline of the throat.
protector).
c H is the maximum height from floor to cover. Some customers may require an overall height restriction (to the
c
highest projection of any cover-mounted devices) and if so, shall contractually specify this.
d Throat H is the maximum height from the floor to the centerline of the throat.
20
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
6.1 General
The primary disconnect and grounding switch (the network switch) shall be a three-pole, three-position
switch for disconnecting the primary feeder from the transformer and for connecting the incoming feeder to
the Ground position. The three operating positions, as well as the sequence of operation, shall be: Open,
Closed, and Ground. The network switch shall be designed so that when it is moved from Open to Ground
or from Ground to Open, a pause is enforced in the Closed position to allow time for the electrical interlock
to engage if the transformer is energized.
The network switch shall be housed in an enclosure welded to the end of the transformer tank. The switch
enclosure shall consist of a separate, sealed switch chamber (Item 18 in Figure 1). Primary entrance will be
into the switch chamber through bushing wells or bushings as detailed in Clause 7.
The 60 Hz continuous rating of the network switch in the Closed position shall be 200 A.
The network switch, in the Ground position, shall be designed to function until operations can occur that
rely on backup relaying. The magnitude and duration of the current for the short circuit ratings of the
network switch are related to the backup relay schemes. Switch designs with separate connection points for
coils and bushings shall be tested with current applied from both connection points separately.
The network switch shall be short circuit tested for thermal (I2T) withstand in the Ground position. A three-
phase short circuit will be applied with a minimum asymmetric value of 1.6 and a dc component with a
decay time no longer than 45 ms. The symmetric value of the applied short circuit shall be 15 000 amperes
rms per phase (average of the three phases to be 15 000 amperes) for 5 seconds. In the event that the test is
successfully performed and the dc component has a decay time longer than 45 ms, a repeat test will not be
required.
The network switch shall be short circuit tested to prove it can withstand the maximum electromagnetic
short circuit forces that occur at the peak values of current in the Ground position. A three-phase short
circuit shall be applied with a minimum asymmetric value of 2.38. The symmetric value of the applied
short circuit shall be 45 000 amperes rms per phase (average of the three phases to be 45 000 amperes) for
0.2 seconds. The peak current value for each of the three phases shall be equal to or greater than 107 kA.
This can be accomplished with one test or multiple tests.
21
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
Successful completion of the network switch short circuit tests will be based on the following criteria.
During the test, there are to be no abrupt changes in terminal voltage or in the short-circuit current wave
shape. This will be determined from a review of the oscillographs taken during the tests.
Prior to the test, a baseline reading will be established for the torque required to operate the switch from
Closed to Ground and Ground to Closed. This torque reading shall be the torque on the switch itself. In the
event that a mechanical advantage is introduced so that the torque on the handle is less than the torque on
the switch, it shall be acceptable to either remove said mechanical advantage for purposes of the short
circuit test or calculate the force on the switch reversing the effect of the mechanical advantage. An average
value should be determined from not less than five complete Closed-to-Ground and Ground-to-Closed
cycles. The maximum and minimum values will also be recorded. Electrical resistance values of the switch
contacts will be measured in both the Closed and Ground positions for comparison upon test completion.
After the short circuit is applied, electrical resistance of the contacts of each phase in the Ground position
will be measured and recorded prior to operation of the switch. This value will be compared to the
previously established numbers.
NOTEDepending on where and how this value is measured, it is possible that the ground resistance will be greater
than the resistance of the switch. In this case, changes in resistance will be only discernible if the values change by
orders of magnitude.
The switch will then be operated from the Ground to the Closed position. The torque required for this initial
operation may increase significantly over the previously established average torque values. This value shall
be noted and provide a reference for the maximum operating torque of the switch after a short circuit of this
magnitude. The actual switch operating mechanism must be shown to provide enough strength to withstand
this maximum torque without damage. Once the switch is in the Closed position, a resistance reading of the
contacts of each phase shall be taken and recorded.
The network switch will then be mechanically operated back to the Ground position and a new resistance
reading will be taken and recorded. The switch shall then be mechanically operated 14 additional cycles
(Ground to Close to Ground). During this time, periodic measurements of torque shall be taken and
recorded. Increasing torque may be an indication that physical damage of the switch has occurred.
Resistance of each phase will be taken and recorded in the Ground position upon completion of the 14th
cycle. The switch will be returned to the Closed position and resistance taken and recorded. Changes in
contact resistance and torque will be used to ascertain any mechanical damage to the switch that may
impair function in the Closed position.
An additional short circuit test is required to verify suitability of the ground circuit. This test can be a
single-phase test. With the switch in the Ground position, the test shall be such that a minimum of 15 000
amperes rms symmetrical passes through the ground circuit for five seconds. During the test, there are to be
no abrupt changes in terminal voltage or in the short circuit current wave shape. This will be determined
from a review of the oscillographs taken during the tests. No specific values of peak current are required for
this test.
The network switch shall also be capable of withstanding a fault in the Closed position of no less than 5000
amps for 2 s. A minimum peak current (asymmetric value) of 9000 amps will be required for this test.
22
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
Recognizing that the primary purpose of the network switch is as a final safety feature protecting personnel
involved in maintenance on, in, and around the network transformer, the peak value of short circuit current
withstand has been selected based upon industry provided data at the time of standard publication. Since
this number may, over time, change as the individual network systems evolve, it is recommended that
careful review of the individual network system values be done on a periodic basis and comparison made to
the published peak value in this standard.
The network switch manufacturer and transformer manufacturer may be asked to provide information that
the switch and the switch chamber, under the required conditions, will perform as follows:
a) Switch short-circuit tests exceed the standard requirement for peak current by a minimum of 10%
(this is not switch chamber specific); or
b) Switch failure mode is such that switch contacts do not open but weld together. This will be
indicated by oscillographs of applicable tests showing zero current interruption (this is not switch
chamber specific); r\or
c) Switch failure mode does not cause a loss of switch compartment integrity. That is, should the
switch failure mode demonstrated in the short-circuit tests produce an explosive effect, the switch
compartment will not rupture. This may require additional testing in specific switch chamber
designs.
NOTEConditions b) and c) may render the switch unusable after a short-circuit fault in the field but may provide
additional protection for personnel in and around the network transformer and switch during the event.
The disconnecting and grounding switch have one of the two interrupting ratings described in 6.2.3.1 and
6.2.3.2.
This requires that the transformer be totally de-energized before the switch mechanism can be operated.
This switch shall be designed to open the primary when only magnetizing current is present. The switch
will not operate while a load is present on the secondary. The switch shall have operational protection as
specified in 6.2.6.1 or 6.2.6.2. The magnetizing current interrupting mechanism shall be designed so that,
regardless of the speed at which the switch handle is moved from the Closed position to the Open position,
no damage will occur to the main contacts of the switch.
The switch shall, as a minimum, be designed to meet the same dielectric values of the transformer to which
it is connected. The switch shall be connected to the transformer while dielectric tests are being performed
on the transformer.
23
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
The dielectric strength of the switch in the Open position shall permit five minute dc cable tests in the field
as shown in Table 10. Recognizing that some facilities may only have ac test equipment, an equivalent ac
test can be performed and is listed in Table 10.
An electrical interlock shall prevent movement of the switch from any position when the transformer is
energized.
An electrical interlock shall be provided to prevent movement of the switch operating mechanism while the
network protector is in the Closed position. This interlock will permit the switch to operate from the Closed
position to the Open position with the primary feeder energized and the network protector in the Open
position. This interlock shall lock when de-energized.
A second electrical interlock shall be provided to prevent switch movement into the Ground position while
the transformer is energized.
The electrical interlock coil shall be routine tested with, and shall withstand, the same 60 Hz, 1 min
dielectric test as the secondary winding.
The interlock shall be routine tested for pickup and dropout at the voltages shown in Table 11.
Additionally, a temperature rise check conducted in air (and not in the switch chamber fluid) on the
interlock coils (solenoids) is required as a routine test. For this check, 105% of rated excitation voltage
shall be applied for five minutes and the coil temperature shall not rise more than 30 C.
24
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
The interlock assembly shall be such that, with the locking lug or latch mechanism blocked and the coil
energized at the maximum excitation voltage indicated in Table 11, the functional performance of the coil
will not be impaired.
7. Bushings
Entrance shall be by means of bushings or bushing wells (meeting the requirements of IEEE Std 386) for
connection to the distribution system through adapters, separable insulated connectors, or both. The user
should evaluate and select the primary incoming bushings. Noting that the incoming bushing experiences
the same fault currents as the primary switch, selection may be evaluated based on the effectiveness of the
bushing components to withstand the rated short circuit currents and associated times of withstand defined
in this standard (6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2). The available fault capacity of the individual system along with
effective time of the system protection scheme to clear the fault may allow for withstand levels of
individual components to be less than the requirements of the specified network switch requirements.
Particular attention should be paid to the bushing current carrying elements to ensure they can withstand
the current/time values without melting or losing mechanical strength due to reaching annealing
temperatures. See Annex B.
Unless otherwise specified by the user, the bushings or bushing wells shall be located on the top of the
primary switch chamber except when using 35 kV 600 amp bushings (see Figure 1), in which case they will
be located on the front of the primary switch chamber. The inside (under oil) part of the bushings or
bushing wells shall not be used to support switch contacts in any way. Only flexible leads may be
connected to these bushings.
The primary bushings between the main tank and the switch chamber shall be sealed to prevent the
interchange of liquids between compartments. The insulators of the bushings shall be replaceable from the
switch chamber.
The secondary bushings shall be located inside the secondary throat and shall be brazed or welded to the
tank. The external portion of the bushing shall consist of a threaded copper stud suitable for threading on
the secondary flexible connector. Bushings shall be located on the end wall as indicated in Figure 1, Figure
3, and Figure 4. The bushings shall be externally replaceable. Disconnecting the secondary leads from the
insides of the secondary bushings through the handhole cover may be necessary before removing the
bushings.
Copper secondary flexible connectors, with dimensions per Figure 3 or Figure 4, shall be fixed to the ends
of the secondary bushings to make the connection to the network protector bus bars. The flexible
25
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
connectors shall consist of a copper split block (see Figure 5) for threading onto the secondary bushing, a
terminal for bolting to the network protector bus bar, and flexible laminations that are bolted and/or brazed
to the terminal and split block. The terminal shall be made up of a tin or silver plated copper face plate that
bolts against the network protector bus bar, a corrosion resistant backing plate complete with four threaded
holes, and the flexible copper laminations between the copper face plate and the backing plates. The
flexible connectors shall provide for vertical and in-out movement of the terminal end, and be of a semi-
rigid design, flexible enough to allow alignment with the network protector bus bars, but rigid enough that
they do not sag appreciably on removal of the network protector bolting hardware. The flexible connector
design shall inherently allow for minimum 25 mm (1 in) electrical clearances to the ground planes of both
the transformer secondary throat and the opening in the network protector.
External primary and secondary terminal markings shall be in accordance with Figure 1. The terminal
markings shall be welded letters or stainless steel tags or brass tags.
8. Neutral termination
The primary neutral of wye-wye units shall be internally connected to the secondary neutral, with provision
for opening the connection for testing. This connection shall be accessible through a handhole located on
the cover.
A fully rated secondary neutral complying with the requirements in Table 12 shall be as follows:
a) A blade welded through the tank wall, or directly to the tank opposite an internal boss, pad, or
blade; or
b) A fully-insulated bushing when specified by the user.
If a welded blade is used, the blade shall be made of copper, with tin plating in the contact area, or shall be
made of a 300-series stainless steel, and be sized for the short-circuit rating of the transformer.
If a bushing is used, removable ground straps, sized for the short-circuit rating of the transformer, shall be
provided and connected between the neutral bushing and a ground pad. The ground pad shall have two
tapped holes, each 0.5-in 13-UNC, 13 mm (0.5 in) deep, welded to the tank wall, and located a minimum of
300 mm (12 in) from the bushing center.
26
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
9. Nameplate
A 300-series stainless steel nameplate shall be mounted on the primary end of the transformer, either on the
switch chamber cover, terminal chamber cover, or the tank wall as shown in Figure 1. For safety reasons, if
studs are used to mount the nameplates, the ends of the studs should be covered with acorn nuts or
something similar. The nameplate shall conform to the requirements of the nameplate C as described in
IEEE Std C57.12.00 and shall be modified to include the following:
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid
Immersed)
30
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid
Immersed)
31
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
32
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
Annex A
(informative)
Bibliography
Bibliographical references are resources that provide additional or helpful material but do not need to be
understood or used to implement this standard. Reference to these resources is made for informational use
only.
[B1] ANSI C57.12.70-2000 (Reaff 2006), American National Standard for Terminal Markings and
Connections for Distribution and Power Transformers. 4
[B2] ANSI/ASME B1.20.1-1983 (R1992), Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch). 5
[B3] IEEE Std C57.91, IEEE Standard Test Code for Dry-Type Distribution and Power Transformers. 6
4
ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 25 West 43rd Street, 4th Floor,
New York, NY 10036, USA (http://www.ansi.org/).
5
ASME publications are available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990,
USA (http://www.asme.org/).
6
IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854,
USA (http://standards.ieee.org/).
33
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
Annex B
(informative)
As noted in the standard, the network grounding switch, shall withstand certain short-circuit currents when
in the ground position. This is done as a safety feature to allow adequate time for system protection
schemes to react and respond to the situation on the network. (See 6.2.2.1 and 6.2.2.2 for required
withstands.)
It should be noted and understood that when the network switch is in the ground position the network
system is connected to the network switch via the primary bushings and the connectors (cable) between
those bushings and the network switch. Those bushings and cables now essentially become an integral part
of the overall network switch and see the same fault levels as the network switch. Thus they must be able to
withstand the expected fault currents.
An end user must distinguish the requirements of the primary bushings with respect to the location of the
network transformer on his system. For example, a single feed, radial network may not have a very high
asymmetric fault capacity while a multiple feed integrated network might have the highest possible
asymmetric fault capacity. Both types may have low-level fault capacities that need to be considered with
respect to the thermal capacity of the individual items (bushings, cables) and should be done in the manner
of short term, all heat stored temperature rise calculations (I2t). There are a variety of separable connector-
type bushings that have various levels of fault current withstand. The user needs to evaluate his actual
available fault capacity at the point in his system where these bushings will be located. Remember that this
event occurs when the switch is in the ground position (a bolted, zero impedance three-phase ground) and
therefore only system impedance limits the fault since the transformer itself is not part of the circuit.
a) Low level faults (15000 A for up to 5 s possibly occurring when one phase does not open
upstream)
b) High asymmetric value faults (45 kA rms 107 kA peak for 0.2 s)
In the case of low-level faults, connections and bushings must be evaluated from a thermal sense. That is,
assuming all heat stored for the given rms current, will the bushings and cables stay below the material
melting or annealing points? If the annealing temperature is exceeded, will the bushing and cable maintain
their strength requirements? There are straightforward calculations for conductor temperature rise that use
current, time, bare conductor size, and conductor material to give very good estimates. An approximation
derived from IEEE Std C57.12.00 for the final temperature of a conductor based on all heat stored with no
eddy currents assumed, is as follows:
T
antilog10 KD 2 t1011 log10 T 0 T T
where
34
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IEEE Std C57.12.40-2017
IEEE Standard for Network, Three-Phase Transformers, 2500 kVA and Smaller; High Voltage, 34 500 V and Below; Low
Voltage, 600 V and Below; Subway and Vault Types (Liquid Immersed)
The following is a sampling of available ratings for primary bushings and separable connectors applicable
to this transformer standard at the time of publication of this standard.
35
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