Conjugated System

A chemically conjugated system is a system of atoms covalently bonded with alternating

single and multiple (e.g. double) bonds (e.g., C=C-C=C-C) in a molecule of an organic
compound.
This system results in a general delocalization of the electrons across all of the adjacent
parallel aligned p-orbitals of the atoms, which increases stability and thereby lowers
the overall energy of the molecule.

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 Conjugated System

Adjacent, overlapping p orbitals allows for...

...more resonance
...more electron delocalization
...lower electron energy
...greater stability

Consequences of p orbital overlap

Atoms with p orbitals must be planar
Compound max
Partial pi bond(s)
Barrier to rotation
165 15,000
ethene
217 21,000
1,3-butadiene
256 50,000

1,3,5-hexatriene
290 85,000

1,3,5,7-octatetraene
334 125,000

1,3,5,7,9-decapentaene 364 138,000

1,3,5,7,9,11-dodecahexaene
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Band Gap for Organic Materials

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 How to get the Bandgap
of organic semiconductor ?
Absorption of Light
Ultraviolet / Visible Spectroscopy
Absorption Spectra of Phenyls
Absorption Spectra of Polyenes: Dependence of Conjugation
How to measure the Homo level
of organic semiconductors ?
 Definition (Secondary Electron)
Primary
Electron

X-ray, UV
Primary
VL Electron

LUMO Fermi
level (EF)
HOMO

Secondary
Secondary
Electron
Electron
UPS vs XPS