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ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Ecell = Ec Ea
Hg(l) | Hg2Cl2 (satd), KCl (aq, satd) || Hg2Cl2(s) +2e 2Hg(l ) + 2Cl-(aq)
Silver-silver chloride electrode
Glass pH electrode
Advantages over other electrodes for pH measurements:
Its potential is essentially not affected by the presence
of oxidizing or reducing agents.
It operates over a wide pH range.
It responds fast and functions well in physiological
systems.
Glass pH electrode
Principle:
For measurement, only the bulb needs to be submerged.
There is an internal reference electrode and electrolyte
(Ag| AgCl| Cl) for making electrical contact with the glass
membrane, its potential is necessarily constant and is set by
the concentration of HCl.
A complete cell, then, can be represented by:
Theory of the glass membrane potential
Environmental Chemistry
For the analysis of of CN-, F-, NH3, and NO3- in water and
wastewater.
One potential advantage of an ion-selective electrode is the
ability to incorporate it into a flow cell for the continuous
monitoring of wastewater streams.
Potentiometric Titrations
Use a pH electrode to monitor the change in pH during the
titration.
For determining the equivalence point of an acidbase titration.
Possible for acidbase, complexation, redox, and precipitation
titrations, as well as for titrations in aqueous and nonaqueous
solvents.
Agriculture
NO3, NH4, Cl, K, Ca, I, CN in soils, plant material, fertilizers and
feedstuffs
Detergent Manufacture
Ca, Ba, F for studying effects on water quality
Food Processing
NO3, NO2 in meat preservatives
Salt content of meat, fish, dairy products, fruit juices, brewing
solutions.
F in drinking water and other drinks.
Ca in dairy products and beer.
K in fruit juices and wine making.
Corrosive effect of NO3 in canned foods
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