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F1 meter
L1
L2
Wh L3
SEB N
PEN
PE
F2 F3
protection system
external lightning
1.1 U0
U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
phase conductors to earth
RA
L1 U0 = 230 V a.c.
L2 Phase conductor to PE:
L3 Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
N Neutral conductor to PE:
PE
Uc 230 V a.c.
Fig. 8.1.3.1 RCD destroyed by lightning impulse
current 3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.
1 x SPD with Uc 230 V a.c.
1.1 U0 U0
that no impulse current is discharged The values of U0 between neutral
to PE. Thus, this process can also not conductor and PE already refer to
be interpreted as residual current by most unfavourable operating con-
ditions. A tolerance of 10 % was
the RCD. In all other cases, SPDs Type 3 therefore not considered
are designed for a nominal discharge
RA
capacity of 1.5 kA. These values are
sufficient in the sense that upstream U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the phase conductors to earth
protective stages of SPDs Type 1 and 2 Fig. 8.1.3.3a 4-0 circuit in TN-S systems
take over the discharge of high ener-
gy impulses. When using an RCD capa-
ble of withstanding impulse currents,
these impulse currents are not able to L1 U0 = 230 V a.c.
trip the RCD or cause mechanical dam- L2 Phase conductor to PE:
age. The Figures 8.1.3.5 to 8.1.3.9 illus- L3 Uc 1.1 x 230 V = 255 V a.c.
N Neutral conductor to PE:
trate the use of SPDs as part of the
PE Uc 230 V a.c.
lightning protection zones concept,
and the required lightning and surge 3 x SPD with Uc 255 V a.c.
protective measures for a TN-C-S sys- 1 x SPD with Uc 230 V a.c.
tem. 1.1 U0
The values of U0 between neutral
conductor and PE already refer to
most unfavourable operating con-
U0
8.1.4 Use of SPDs in TT systems ditions. A tolerance of 10 % was
therefore not considered.
For protection against electric shock
under fault conditions in TT systems,
U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
the overcurrent protective devices,
RA phase conductors to earth
residual current devices (RCD) and, in
special cases, fault-voltage-operated Fig. 8.1.3.3b 3+1 circuit in TN-S systems
RCD
Wh L3
SEB N
PEN
PE
F2 F3
F2 F3
Socket Outlet
S-Schutz
DEHNflex
Cable lengt 1 x DSA 230 LA Part No. 924 370 1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396 1 x STC 230 Part No. 924 350
h5m
for cable ducts for flush-mounted systems for existing socket outlets
16 A
125 A 1 125 A 1
L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N
Subdistribution Board
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
fault signal
PE PE
DEHNventil
DEHNbloc Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
Fig. 8.1.3.6 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Office Building Separation of the PEN in the main distribution board
Socket Outlet
berspannungsschutz
S-PROTECTOR
230V~ Defect
0
1
SFL-Protector
16 A
125 A 1 125 A 1
L1 L2 L3 L1 L2 L3
Subdistribution Board
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
fault signal
PEN PEN
DEHNventil
DEHNbloc Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
Fig. 8.1.3.7 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Office Building Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board
Switchgear/Machine
3A 1
permissible
without NF 10 4 3
L L N N
IN
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
NETZFILTER N L1 L2 L3
/ IN function
DEHN SPD electronic
SPS PRO
PLC PLC DEHNrail 230/3N FML
DR 230 3N FML
equipment
OUT
OUT / FM L' L' N' N'
N L1 L2 L3
10 A 1
2 1
16 A
125 A 1
L1 L2 L3
Subdistribution Board
VNH VNH VNH
V NH 00 280 V NH 00 280 V NH 00 280
2
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
PEN
DEHNventil
DEHNbloc Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
fault signal
3 x DB NH00 255 H Part No. 900 273 3 x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
EBB alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222 1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 1 x DV M TNC 255 FM Part No. 951 305
1 x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 S Part No. 900 220 alt. 1 x DV M TNC 255 Part No. 951 300
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
2) Without separate backup fuse in case of earth-fault- and short-circuit-proof installation.
Fig. 8.1.3.8 SPDs used in TN systems Example: Industry Separation of the PEN in the subdistribution board
Heating Control
Socket Outlet
1 2
S-PROTECTOR
heating
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
230V~ Defect
3 4
SPD Type 1
Subdistribution Board
(Combined lightning current
KW h Note:
and surge arrester)
PEN
L1
L2
L3
lightning current and surge protection acc. to IEC 62305 (EN 62305)
RCD
Wh L3
N
SEB PE
F2
F3
interpreted by the RCD as residual current, and short circuit currents. In certain circumstances,
then the circuit is interrupted by the same. If SPDs however, these earth fault currents do not trip an
Type 1 are used, it must further be assumed that upstream overcurrent protective device within the
the dynamics of the discharged partial lightning time required.
current would cause mechanical damage to the
RCD as the SPD Type 1 responds as is the case with
SPDs Type 1 and 2 in TT systems are therefore
TN systems. This would damage the protective
arranged between L and N. This arrangement shall
device for protection against electric shock under
ensure that, in the event of a faulty protective
fault conditions and override the protective
device in the TT system, a short circuit current can
measure. This type of state, which can result in life
develop and cause the next upstream overcurrent
hazard, must of course be avoided. Hence, both
protective device to respond. However, since light-
SPDs Type 1 and SPDs Type 2 must always be
ning currents always occur to earth, i.e. PE, a sup-
installed upstream of the residual current device in
plementary discharge path between N and PE
TT systems. SPDs Type 1 and 2 must be arranged in
must be provided.
TT systems to meet the conditions for the use of
overcurrent protective devices for protection These so-called N-PE arresters must meet special
against electric shock under fault conditions. requirements since here, on the one hand, the sum
of the partial discharge currents from L1, L2, L3
In the event of a failure, i.e. a faulty SPD, short cir- and N must be carried and, on the other, there
cuit currents must flow to initiate an automatic must be a follow current extinguishing capability
disconnection of the overcurrent protective of 100 Arms because of a possible shifting of the
devices within 5 s. If the arresters in the TT system neutral point.
were arranged as shown in Figures 8.1.3.4 and The following maximum continuous voltages
8.1.3.5 for TN systems then, in the event of a fault, apply to the use of SPDs in TT systems between L
only earth fault currents would arise instead of and N (Figure 8.1.4.1):
Heating Control
Socket Outlet
1 2
heating
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
DEHNflex
3 4
1 x DR M 2P 255 Part No. 953 200 1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396
16 A SPD Type 1
(Combined lightning current
and surge arrester)
Subdistribution Board
Note:
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD NPE
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
50
EBB
The lightning current carrying capability of the Figure 8.1.4.2 to 8.1.4.6 shows examples of the
SPDs Type 1 must be designed to conform to light- connections for use of SPDs in TT systems. As is the
ning protection levels I, II, III/IV, as per IEC 62305-1 case in TN systems, surge protective devices Type 3
(EN 62305-1). are installed downstream of the RCD. Generally,
For the lightning current carrying capability of the the impulse current discharged by this SPD is so
SPDs between N and PE, the following values must low that the RCD does not recognise this process as
be maintained: a residual current.
Socket Outlet
S-Schutz
DEHNflex
Cable lengt 1 x DSA 230 LA Part No. 924 370 1 x DFL M 255 Part No. 924 396 1 x STC 230 Part No. 924 350
h5m
for cable ducts for flush-mounted systems for existing socket outlets
16 A
RCD
125 A 1 125 A 1
Subdistribution Board
L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD NPE
DG MOD NPE
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
fault signal
PE PE
DEHNventil
DEHNbloc Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 N N
Durchgangsklemme DEHNgap B/n DEHNbloc Maxi DEHNbloc Maxi DEHNbloc Maxi DEHNgap Maxi
DEHNbloc DB 3 255 H DK 35 DGP BN 255 DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DGP M255
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD NPE
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
50
fault signal
1x DB 3 255 H Part No. 900 120
alt. 3 x DB 1 255 H Part No. 900 222 3x DBM 1 255 L Part No. 900 026
1x DGP BN 255 Part No. 900 132 alt. 3 x DBM 1 255 Part No. 900 025
EBB 1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699 1x DGPM 255 Part No. 900 055 1 x DV M TT 255 FM Part No. 951 315
1x MVS 1 4 Part No. 900 610 1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611 alt. 1 x DV M TT 255 Part No. 951 310
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
Switchgear/Machine
3A 1
permissible
without NF 10 4 3
L L N N
IN
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
NETZFILTER N L1 L2 L3
/ IN function
DEHN SPD electronic
SPS PRO
PLC PLC DEHNrail 230/3N FML
DR 230 3N FML equipment
OUT
OUT / FM L' L' N' N'
N L1 L2 L3
10 A 1
2 1
16 A
RCD
125 A 1 125 A 1
Subdistribution Board
L1 L2 L3 N L1 L2 L3 N
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD NPE
DG MOD NPE
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
fault signal
PE PE
DEHNventil
DEHNbloc Maxi Directly coordinated to
Cable length 15 m Coordinated to DEHNguard Red/Line SPDs Type 2 and 3
without additional cable length. without additional cable length.
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 N N
DEHNbloc NH DEHNbloc NH DEHNbloc NH DEHNbloc NH
DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255 DB NH00 255
DEHNsignal DEHNbloc Maxi DEHNbloc Maxi DEHNbloc Maxi DEHNgap Maxi
DSI DV DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DBM 1 255 L DGP M255
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD NPE
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
50
1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
A second fault in an IT system must then cause a U0 = Nominal a.c. voltage of the
tripping of a protective device. The statements RA phase conductors to earth
about TN and TT systems made in Sections 8.1 and
8.2 apply to the use of SPDs in IT systems in connec- Fig. 8.1.5.1c IT system with neutral conductor; 3+1 circuit
SEB PE
F2 F3
tion with a protec- L1 L2 L3PE 1) Only required, if a fuse of the same or a lower nominal value
is not already provided in the upstream power supply.
tive device for "pro-
tection against electric
shock under fault con-
ditions". 1 1
Subdistribution Board
125 A 125 A
The use of SPDs Type 1
and 2 upstream of the
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD 440
DG MOD 440
DG MOD 440
DG MOD 440
DG MOD 440
DG MOD 440
DEHNbloc MAXI DBM 440 DEHNbloc MAXI DBM 440 DEHNbloc MAXI DBM 440
Fig. 8.1.5.3 Use of SPDs in 400 V IT systems Example without neutral conductor
Subdistribution Board
system (V-shape) as shown
1 in Figure 8.1.6.1 to be
125 A
used for connecting surge
Durchgangsklemme
4 x DG S 275 Part No. 952 070 protective devices. This
DK 35
1x MVS 1 8 Part No. 900 611
requires no separate con-
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
1x DK 35 Part No. 900 699
ductor branches for con-
necting the surge protec-
tive devices.
Utotal = uSPD
iimp Discharged impulse current
uSPD Limiting SPD voltage
Utotal Limiting voltage on the terminal
equipment
Fig. 8.1.6.1 Surge protective devices in Fig. 8.1.6.2 Principle of two-conductor ter- Fig. 8.1.6.3 Pin-shaped terminal STAK 25
V-shape series connection minals (TCT) Illustration of a
single-pole unit
tive device (Figure 8.1.6.4), or SPDs with integrated and the rate of current change (di/dt) for transient
backup fuse are used (Figures 8.1.6.5 and 8.1.6.6). processes of a few 10 kA/s, the dynamic voltage
drop Udyn is considerably determined by the induc-
When the surge protective device in the conductor tive component.
branch responds, the discharge current flows In order to keep this dynamic voltage drop low,
through further elements (conductors, fuses) caus- the electrician carrying out the work must keep
ing additional dynamic voltage drops across these the inductance of the connecting cable and hence
impedances. its length as low as possible. IEC 60364-5-53/A2
It can be stated here that the ohmic component is (IEC 64/1168/CDV: 2001) therefore recommends to
negligible compared to the inductive component. design the total cable length of surge protective
devices in branch circuits to be not longer than
Taking into account the relation 0.5 m (Figure 8.1.6.7).
L/N
udyn 1
uSPD Utotal
iimp
udyn 2
PE
Utotal = udyn 1 + uSPD + udyn 2
iimp Discharged impulse current
uSPD Limiting SPD voltage
Utotal Limiting voltage on the terminal equip-
ment
udyn 1 Dynamic voltage drop on the phase-
side connection of the SPD
udyn 2 Dynamic voltage drop at the earth-side
connection of the SPD
Fig. 8.1.6.4 Connection of surge protective Fig. 8.1.6.5 DEHNbloc Maxi S: coordinated Fig. 8.1.6.6 Surge protective device Type
devices in cable branches lightning current arrester for the 2 V NH for use in NH fuse
busbar with integrated backup fuse bases
SPD
box, main distribution board) to
the equipotential bonding bar. A
b
b1
EBB EBB
b2 effective protection of the instal-
lation. Without great expenses,
a+b 0.50 m (b1 + b2) < 0.50 m however, it is possible to use
a conductor leading as shown
TEI = Terminal Equipment Interface in Figure 8.1.6.8b to reduce
Fig. 8.1.6.7 Recommended max. cable lengths of surge protective devices in branch circuits the effective cable length of
the surge protective devices
(lb < 0.5 m).
This is achieved by using a
L1 L1 bypass conductor (y) from the
L2 L2
L3 L3
terminal of the earth side of the
PEN PEN arrester to the PEN. The connec-
lb
installation site 1
PEN
F4 F5 F6
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 F1 F3
l2 SEB
> 125 A gL/gG
F1-F3
installation site 2
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
F4 F6
= 125 A gL/gG
PEN
A B C D
L1 L2 L3 PEN
l1: Total cable length at installation site 1 new connecting cable EBB
l2: Total cable length at installation site 2
Fig. 8.1.6.9 Arrangement of surge protective Fig. 8.1.6.10 Series connection V-shape
devices in a system and the resulting
effective cable length
Design of the phase-side connecting cable effectiveness of surge protective devices and must
The cable length on the phase side must also be therefore be taken into consideration at the
taken into consideration. The following case study design stage of the installation!
shall illustrate this:
In expanded control systems, surge protection The contents of IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/
must be provided for the busbar system and the CDV: 2001) described above were important guide-
circuits attached thereto (A to D) with their con- lines for the development of the new DEHNventil
sumers (Figure 8.1.6.9). combined lightning current and surge arrester
For the use of the surge protective devices in this which was supposed to combine the requirements
case, installation sites 1 and 2 are taken as alterna- on lightning current and surge arresters in ac-
tives. Installation site 1 is located directly at the cordance with the IEC 62305 Part 1 4 (EN 62305
supply of the busbar system. This ensures the same Part 1 4) standard series in a single device.
level of protection against surges for all con- This allows to realise a series connection directly
sumers. The effective cable length of the surge via the device. Figure 8.1.6.10 shows such a series
protective device at installation site 1 is l1 for all connection in form of an operating circuit dia-
consumers. If there is not enough space, the instal- gram.
lation site of the surge protective
devices is sometimes chosen at a
position along the busbar system. In
extreme cases, installation site 2 can
be chosen for the arrangement
shown in Figure 8.1.6.9. For circuit A
results the effective cable length l2.
Busbar systems in fact have a lower
inductance compared to cables and
conductors (approx. 1/4) and hence
a lower inductive voltage drop.
However, the length of the busbars
must not be disregarded.
The design of the connecting cables Fig. 8.1.6.11 V-shape series connection of the DEHNventil M TNC combined lightning cur-
has considerable influence on the rent and surge protective device by means of a busbar
ok
L3'
PEN
F4 F5 F6
s s s
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3 IN (OUT) IN (OUT)
SEB
F1 F3
F1-F3 > 315 A gL/gG
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
F4 F6
PEN
= 315 A gL/gG
OUT (IN) OUT (IN)
L1 L2 L3 PEN
EBB
Connection cabel
From Figure 8.1.6.11 it can be taken how advanta- 8.1.7 Rating of the terminal cross-sections
geous it is to implement a series connection with and the backup protection of surge
the aid of a busbar. protective devices
Connecting leads of arresters can be subjected to
Because of the thermal loading capacity of the
loads from impulse currents, operating currents
double terminals employed, a v-shape series con-
and short circuit currents. The individual loads
nection (also called through-wiring) can be used
depend on various factors:
up to 125 A.
Type of protective circuit: one-port (Figure
For load currents > 125 A, the surge protective 8.1.7.1) / two-port (Figure 8.1.7.2)
devices are connected in the conductor branch (so- Type of arrester: lightning current arrester,
called parallel wiring). The maximum cable lengths combined lightning current and surge arrester,
according to IEC 60364-5-53/A2 (IEC 64/1168/CDV: surge protective devices
2001) must be observed. The parallel wiring can be
implemented as shown in Figure 8.1.6.12.
S2 1
In this context, it should be ensured that the con-
necting cable on the earth side still benefits from
the double terminal for the earth connection. As
shown in Figure 8.1.6.12, it is often possible, with- S3 2
out great effort, to achieve an effective cable
length of the order of magnitude l < 0.5 m with a
Fig. 8.1.7.1 One-port protective circuit
conductor leading from terminal component PE
of the earth-side double terminal to PEN.
F1
F1
L1 L1'
L1
L2 L2' L2
L3 L3' L3
PEN PEN N
PE
F2
F2
S2
L1 L1 L2 L2 L3 L3
current carrying S2
L1 L1' L2 L2' L3 L3' capability of the L1 L2 L3 N
H1
DEHNventil
DEHNventil
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DV MOD 255
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DEHNguard
DG MOD NPE
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
DG MOD 275
PEN
- only for DEHNsignal -
- nur fr DEHNsignal -
PEN
S3 PE
MEBB L1' A
L2' S3
L3' local EBB
Fuse F1 S2 / mm2 S3 / mm2 Fuse F2
DEHNventil DV M TNC 255 A gL / gG A gL / gG
DEHNguard M TNC 275 Fuse F1 S2 / mm2 S3 / mm2 Fuse F2
25 10 16 --- A gL / gG A gL / gG
F1 > 315 A gL / gG 35 10 16 --- DEHNguard M TNS 275 35 4 6 ---
40 10 16 --- DEHNguard M TT 275 40 4 6 ---
50 10 16 --- 50 6 6 ---
F1 > 125 A gL / gG
F1 63 10 16 --- 63 10 10 ---
80 10 16 --- F1 80 10 10 ---
F2 315 A gL / gG 100 16 16 --- 100 16 16 ---
125 16 16 --- F2 125 A gL / gG
F1 315 A gL / gG 125 16 16 125
160 25 25 --- 160 25 16 125
F2
200 35 35 --- F1 125 A gL / gG
200 35 16 125
250 35 35 --- F2 250 35 16 125
315 50 50 --- 315 50 16 125
F2 > 315 50 50 315 F2
400 70 16 125
Fig. 8.1.7.4 Example: DEHNventil, DV TNC 255 Fig. 8.1.7.5 Example: DEHNguard (M) TNC/TNS/TT
S
I Current at complete short circuit in A
F1 25 A gL / gG electronic
DR MOD 255
Table 8.1.7.1
3 4
Furthermore, it must be ensured that the informa-
tion concerning the maximum permissible overcur-
rent protection circuits in the data sheet of the
F1 surge protective device is only valid up to the val-
L ue of the stated short-circuit withstand capability
N of the protective device. If the short circuit current
PE
at the installation site is greater than the stated
F2 short-circuit withstand capability of the protective
device, a backup fuse must be chosen which is
electronic
device
smaller than the maximum backup fuse stated in
F2 25 A 1 2
the data sheet of the arrester by a ratio of 1:1.6.
For surge protective devices installed as shown in
Figure 8.1.7.2, the maximum operating current
must not exceed the nominal load current stated
DR MOD 255
DEHNrail
Fig. 8.1.7.8 Current and voltage of a blowing 25 A NH fuse being charged with lightning Fig. 8.1.7.9 Use of a separate backup fuse for
impulse currents (10/350 s) surge protective devices
-200 U0
-400 flowing
I (kA) I (kA) follow current If
70 prospective
short circuit 0.5
current Ikpros
35 0
0 10 15 t (ms)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 t (ms)
Fig. 8.1.7.10 Reduction of the follow current with the patented RADAX Flow principle
prearcing I2 t
of the fuse in A2 s
250A I2 t of a sinusoidial
half-wave (10 ms)
100 000
32A
1 000 25A
let-through I2 t of the
20A RADAX Flow spark gap,
no follow current 16A e.g. in DEHNventil modular
100 prospective
0.1 1 10 50 100 short-circuit current [kArms]
Fig. 8.1.7.11 Disconnection selectivity of DEHNventil to NH fuse holders with different rated currents
The system availability required by EN 60439-1, only take on the function of the lightning equipo-
even in the event of responding surge protective tential bonding but also that of surge protection
devices, can be fulfilled by the aforementioned in the installation, the performance of the follow
follow current suppression characteristic of the current limitation is more important than ever for
device. For surge protective devices with low the availability of the electrical installation (Figure
sparkover voltage, in particular, designed to not 8.1.7.11).
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
t in s t in s
l in kA U in V
10 500
B_ = Combined lightning current 8 400
and surge arrester 6 300
Iimp = 2.5 kA (10/350 s) 4 200
per line. 2 100
However: voltage protection
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
l in kA U in V
10 500
8 400
M_ = Surge arrester 6 300
Isn = 10 kA (8/20 s) 4 200
per line 2 100
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Technical Data: B 1A
Voltage protection level Up BE 1A ME 1A
The voltage protection level is a parameter that BD 1A MD 1A
characterises the performance of a surge protec- BE C 0.1 A ME C 0.1 A
tive device in limiting the voltage at its terminals. BD HF 0.1 A MD HF 0.1 A
BD HFD 0.1 A MD HFD 0.1 A
The voltage protection level must be higher than
MD EX 0.5 A
the maximum limiting voltage measured. MD EX HFD 4.8 A
The measured limiting voltage is the maximum
voltage measured at the terminals of the surge Table 8.2.2 Nominal currents of the protection modules BCT
protective device when exposed to a surge current
and/or surge voltage of a certain waveform and switch from > 10 G (in non-ignited state) to val-
amplitude. ues < 0.1 (in ignited state) when a certain volt-
age value is exceeded and the surge applied is
Measured limiting voltage with a steepness of the nearly short circuited. The response voltage of the
applied test voltage waveform of 1 kV/s GDT depends on the steepness of the incoming
This test is to determine the response characteris- voltage (du/dt).
tics of gas discharge tubes (GDT). These protective
elements have a switching characteristic. The Generally applies:
mode of functioning of a GTD can be compared to The higher the steepness du/dt, the higher is the
a switch whose resistance can automatically response voltage of the gas discharge tube. The
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
is that frequency which gives an
t in s
insertion loss (aE) of 3 dB under
Fig. 8.2.7 Test arrangement for determining Fig. 8.2.8 Limiting voltage at nominal dis- certain test conditions (see EN
the limiting voltage at nominal charge current 61643-21)
discharge current
If there is no other indication in
the catalogue, this frequency
fG f in Hz stated applies to a 50 Ohm sys-
3 dB tem (Figure 8.2.10).
1 3
Selection features (SF)
IL BLITZDUCTOR CT
2 4
1. Which discharge capacity is
required?
The rating of the discharge
capacity of BLITZDUCTOR CT is
aE in dB determined by the protective
task to be fulfilled. For easy
Fig. 8.2.9 Nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR Fig. 8.2.10 Typical frequency response of a
CT BLITZDUCTOR CT selection, the following cases a
to d are explained.
comparability of different gas discharge tubes is Case a: In this case the terminal equipment to be
made possible by applying a voltage rise of 1 kV/s protected is located in a building structure with an
at the gas discharge tube for determination of the external lightning protection system or the roof of
dynamic response voltage (Figures 8.2.5 and 8.2.6). the building is equipped with metal roof structures
exposed to lightning (e.g. antenna masts, air-con-
Measured limiting voltage at nominal discharge ditioning systems). The measuring and control or
current telecommunications cable connecting the terminal
This test is carried out to determine the limiting equipment (Figure 8.2.11) to the transformer is
behaviour of protective elements with constant mounted outside the building structure. Due to
limiting characteristics (Figures 8.2.7 and 8.2.8). the fact that the building structure is fitted with an
external lightning protection, the installation of a
lightning current arrester TYPE 1 is necessary. The
Nominal current IL
modules BCT MLC B... or B... of the BLITZDUCTOR
The nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT charac-
CT family can be used for this purpose.
terises the permissible continuous operating cur-
rent. The nominal current of BLITZDUCTOR CT is
determined by the current carrying capability and Case b: Case b is similar to case a, only the building
the insertion loss of the impedances used for structure, where the terminal equipment to be
decoupling of gas discharge tubes and fine protec- protected is located, has no external lightning pro-
tion elements as well as by the follow current tection system: The arising of lightning currents or
extinguishing capability. The value is stated as d.c. partial lightning currents is not assumed here. The
value (Figure 8.2.9). installation of a lightning current carrying capable
SPD SPD
transducer
transducer
Fig. 8.2.13 Building with external lightning protection system and Fig. 8.2.14 Building without external lightning protection system
cables installed inside of the building and cables installed inside of the building
Type 1 arresters is only necessary if the measuring surge protective devices BCT MOD M... of the
and control cable can be influenced by lightning BLITZDUCTOR CT family are installed here (Figure
striking adjacent building structures. If this can be 8.2.13).
excluded, BLITZDUCTOR CT module BCT MOD M...
as surge protective device TYPE 2 is used (Figure Case d: The difference between case d and case c is
8.2.12). that the building structure concerned has neither
an external lightning protection system nor are
Case c: In case c, no cable of the data and telecom- cables of the data and telecommunications system
munications system is mounted outside the build- mounted outside the building structure. Therefore
ing. Although the building structure is fitted with only the installation of surge arresters is necessary
an external lightning protection system, direct for protection of the equipment. As in cases b and
lightning currents cannot be injected into this part c, protection modules BCT MOD M... of the BLITZ-
of the telecommunications system. Therefore, DUCTOR CT family are installed (Figure 8.2.14).
optical fibre
sheathing 8.2.2 Technical property management
substrate
The pressure of rising costs is forcing the owners
and operators of buildings in both the public and
the private sector to look more and more for cost
saving opportunities for building services manage-
receiver ment. Technical property management can help to
reduce costs on a permanent basis. Technical prop-
connections connections erty management is a comprehensive instrument
3, 4 1, 2 to make technical equipment in buildings continu-
ously available, to keep it operative and to adapt it
Fig. 8.2.1.1 Optocoupler Schematic diagram to changing organisational requirements. This
facilitates optimum management which increases
Electrical isolation using optocouplers: the profitability of a property.
Optoelectronic components (Figure 8.2.1.1), which Building automation (BA) has grown out of meas-
typically produce a dielectric strength between the uring and control systems on the one hand, and
input and output of a few 100 V to 10 kV, are fre- central control systems on the other. The function
quently installed to transmit signals in process of building automation is to automate the techni-
technology systems in order to isolate the field cal processes within the building in their entirety.
side electrically from the process side. Thus their This involves networking the complete installation
function is similar to that of transmitters and they comprising room automation, the M-bus measur-
can primarily be installed to block low common- ing system and the heating-ventilation-air-condi-
mode interferences. However, they cannot provide tioning and alarm systems via powerful computers
sufficient protection against arising common- on the management level (Figure 8.2.2.1), where
mode and differential-mode interferences. When also data archiving takes place. Long term data
being affected by a lightning strike (> 10 kV) storage allows evaluations concerning the energy
above their transmitter / receiver surge withstand consumption and the adjustment of the installa-
capability. tions in the building to be obtained.
Many designers and operators of such installations The actual control devices are at the automation
misleadingly assume that this also realises light- level. DDC stations (Direct Digital Control) are
ning and surge protection. At this point it is increasingly being installed. They implement the
expressly emphasised that this voltage only pro- complete control and switching functions from a
vides the insulating resistance between input and software point of view. All operating modes, con-
output (common-mode interference). This means trol parameters, nominal values, switching times
that, when installed in transmission systems atten- and alarm trigger levels and the corresponding
tion must be paid not only to the limitation of software is filed at the automation level.
common-mode interferences but also to sufficient Process field devices such as actuators and sensors
limitation of differential-mode interferences. Fur- are located at the lowest level, the field level. They
thermore, the integration of supplementary represent the interface between the electrical con-
decoupling resistors at the output of the SPD trol and the process. Actuators transform an elec-
achieves an energy coordination with the opto- trical signal into another physical value (engines,
coupler diode. valves, etc.). Sensors transform a physical value
automation level
field level
into an electrical signal (temperature sensor, limit 8.2.3 Generic cabling systems (EDP net-
switch, etc.). works, TC installations)
The European standard EN 50173 Information
It is precisely the diffuse branched network of DDC technology Generic cabling systems defines a
stations and the consequential integration into universal cabling system which can be used in sites
building control systems which offer a large con- of one or more buildings. It deals with cable sys-
tact area for interferences caused by lightning cur- tems with balanced copper cables and optical fibre
rents and surges. If this causes a breakdown of the cables (OF cables). This universal cabling supports a
complete lighting, air-conditioning or heating wide range of services including voice, data, text
control, this not only incurs primary costs for the and images.
equipment, it is also precisely the consequences of
this system breakdown which make a difference. It provides:
They can significantly increase the energy costs users with an application independent generic
because peak loads can no longer be analysed and cabling system and an open market for (active
optimised due to the fault in the control electron- as well as passive) cabling components;
ics. If production processes are integrated into the
BA, damage to the BA can lead to breakdowns in users with a flexible cabling scheme that
production and hence quite possibly to large eco- allows to carry out modifications in a both
nomic losses. To ensure permanent availability, easy and economical way;
protective measures are required, whose exact building professionals (for example, architects)
nature depends on the risk to be controlled. with guidance allowing the accommodation
of cabling before specific requirements are distributors) and the cross-connections at the cam-
known; i.e. in the initial design stage either for pus distributor.
construction or refurbishment,
industry and standardisation bodies for appli- A building backbone cabling subsystem extends
cations with a cabling system which supports from building distributor(s) to the floor distribu-
current products and provides a basis for tor(s). The subsystem includes the building back-
future product development. bone cables, the mechanical termination of the
building backbone cables (at both the building
The universal cabling system comprises the follow- and floor distributors) and the cross connections at
ing functional elements: the building distributor.
Campus distributors (CD),
The horizontal cabling subsystem extends from the
Campus backbone cables,
floor distributor to the telecommunications out-
Building distributors (BD), let(s) connected to it. The subsystem includes the
Building backbone cables, horizontal cables, the mechanical termination of
the horizontal cables at the floor distributor, the
Floor distributors (FD),
cross connections at the floor distributor and the
Horizontal cables, telecommunications outlets.
Transition points (optional),
Telecommunication outlet (TO). Optical fibre cables are usually used as data con-
nection between the CD and the BD. This means
Groups of these functional elements are connect- that no surge arrester (SPD) is required for the
ed together to form cabling subsystems. field side. If, however, the OF cables have a metal
Generic cabling schemes contain three cabling sub- rodent protection, this must be integrated into the
systems: campus backbone, building backbone and lightning protection system. The active OF compo-
horizontal cabling. The cabling subsystems are nents for the distribution of the optical fibre
connected together to create a generic cabling cables, however, are supplied with 230 V on the
structure as shown in Figure 8.2.3.1. The distribu- power side. In this case, SPDs can be used for the
tors provide the means to configure the cabling to power supply system.
support different topologies like bus, star and
ring. Nowadays, building backbone cables (BD to FD)
The campus backbone cabling subsystem extends are equipped almost exclusively with OF cables for
from the campus distributor to the building dis- the transmission of data. Balanced copper cables
tributor(s) usually located in separate buildings. (so-called master cables), however, are still used to
When present, it includes the campus backbone transmit voice (telephone).
cables, the mechanical termination of the campus With a few exceptions, balanced copper cables are
backbone cables (at both the campus and building used today for the horizontal cables (FD to TO).
FD FD
FD BD SD
For cable lengths of around 500 m (building back- 8.2.4 Intrinsically safe circuits
bone cables) or 100 m (horizontal cables) direct
In all fields of industry where combustible materi-
lightning strikes to the structure (Figure 8.2.3.2)
als are processed or transported gases, vapors, mist
can induce common-mode interferences which
or dust will be produced. These, when mixed with
would overload the insulation capacity of a router
air, can form a potentially explosive atmosphere of
or an ISDN card in the PC. Both the building / floor
hazardous proportions. Therefore special meas-
distributors (hub, switch, router) and the terminal
ures must be taken to protect against explosions.
equipment must be equipped with protective
measures in this case.
Depending on the possibility and the duration of
the occurrence of a potentially explosive atmos-
The protective devices required here must be cho-
phere, sections of the installation are divided into
sen according to the network application. Com-
hazardous areas so-called Ex-zones.
mon network applications are:
Token Ring, Hazardous areas:
Ethernet 10 Base T, Areas where hazardous potentially explosive
Fast Ethernet 100 Base TX, atmospheres arise due to gases, vapors and mist,
for example, are divided into zones 0 to 2. Those
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 Base TX. where hazardous potentially explosive atmos-
pheres can arise due to dust are divided into zones
An appropriate protection concept for choosing 20, 21 or 22.
the appropriate protective devices can be found in Explosion groups I, IIA, IIB and IIC provide a system
Chapter 9.11 Surge protection for ETHERNET net- of classification according to the explosiveness of
works. the combustible materials used in the respective
Ignition protection type intrinsic safety: Intrinsic safety has therefore considerable signifi-
cance, particularly in measuring and control sys-
Intrinsic safety being a type of protection is based
tems, not least because of the increased use of
on the principle of current and voltage limitation
electronic automation systems. However, intrinsic
in an electric circuit. With this system, the energy
safety demands more from the designer or con-
of the circuit or a part of the circuit, which is in a
structor of an installation than other types of pro-
position to ignite potentially explosive atmos-
tection. The intrinsic safety of a circuit not only
pheres, is kept so low to ensure that neither sparks
depends on compliance with the design provisions
nor intolerable surface heating of the electrical
for the individual pieces of equipment, but also on
components can cause an ignition of the surround-
the correct connection of all equipment in the
ing potentially explosive atmosphere. Apart from
intrinsically safe circuit and the correct installation.
voltages and currents of the electrical equipment,
the inductances and capacitances in the complete
circuit acting as energy storage devices must be
Transient surges in hazardous areas:
limited to safe maximum values.
For the safe operation of a measuring and control Intrinsic safety as type of protection considers all
system circuit, for example, this means that neither electrical energy storage devices present in the sys-
the sparks arising during the operational opening tem but not energy from outside, such as coupled
and closing of the circuit (e.g. at a make-or-break surges resulting from atmospheric discharges.
contact in an intrinsically safe circuit), nor those Coupled surges come up in expanded industrial
arising in the event of a fault (e.g. a short circuit or installations mainly as a result of close and distant
earth fault) must be capable of causing an igni- lightning strikes. In the event of a direct lightning
tion. Moreover, both for normal operation and strike, the voltage drop across the earth-termina-
also in the event of a fault, heat ignition as a result tion system causes a potential rise between some
of overheating of the equipment and cables in the 10 and 100 kV. This potential rise acts as a poten-
intrinsically safe circuit, must also be excluded. tial difference on all equipment connected via
This basically limits intrinsic safety as a type of pro- cables to distant equipment. These potential dif-
tection to circuits requiring relatively little power. ferences are considerably greater than the insula-
These are circuits of measuring and control systems tion resistance of the equipment and can easily be
and also data systems. Intrinsic safety which can be sparked over. For distant lightning strikes it is
achieved by limiting the energies available in the mainly the coupled surges in conductors that can
circuit does not relate to individual devices as is destroy the inputs of electronic equipment by act-
the case with other types of protection but to the ing as differential-mode interferences (differential
complete circuit. This produces a number of con- voltage between the lines).
protected
KEMA 06 ATEX 0274 X 1 1
intrinsically safe
II 2(1) G EEx ia IIC equipment
2 2
T4 / T5 / T6
1 1
2 2
protected
3
BLITZDUCTOR XT 3
3 3 4 4
4 4
Segment 1
Segment 2
protected
Terminator
4 4 4
Fig. 8.2.4.3 SPD in hazardous location Insulation resistance > 500 V a.c.
Maximum input voltage (Ui): Intrinsically safe circuits must be earthed if this is
The maximum voltage which may be applied required for safety reasons. They may be earthed if
to BLITZDUCTOR XT is 30 V, without overriding this is required for functional reasons. This earth-
the intrinsic safety. ing must be carried out at only one point by con-
nection with the equipotential bonding. SPDs with
Insulation resistance a d.c. sparkover voltage to earth < 500 V d.c. repre-
The insulation between an intrinsically safe circuit sent an earthing of the intrinsically safe circuit.
and the frame of the electrical equipment or other If the d.c. sparkover voltage of the SPD is > 500 V
components which can be earthed must usually be d.c., the intrinsically safe circuit is considered to be
able to withstand the root mean square value of non-earthed. This requirement corresponds to
an a.c. test voltage which is twice as high as the BLITZDUCTOR XT, BXT ML4 BD EX 24.
voltage of the intrin-
sically safe circuit, or
500 V, whichever val-
ue is higher. 1 1
2 2
Equipment with an 1 1
insulation resistance 2 2
protected BLITZDUCTOR XT 3
< 500 V a.c. is consid- 3
4 4
ered to be earthed. 3 3
Earthing / Equipotential bonding Optimal surge protection is possible under the fol-
A consistent equipotential bonding and an inter- lowing conditions:
meshing of the earth-termination system in the
hazardous area of the installation must be The maximum operating voltage Uc of the SPD
ensured. is just above the open circuit voltage of the
The cross section of the earth conductor from the system
SPD to the equipotential bonding must be at least Up of the SPD should be as low as possible,
4 mm2 Cu. since additional voltage drops through the
installation have less effect
Installation of SPD BLITZDUCTOR CT in Ex(i)-cir-
cuits The equipotential bonding should be de-
The normative stipulations for Ex(i)-circuits from signed to have the lowest impedance possi-
the point of view of the protection against explo- ble
sion and of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
correspond to different positions, a situation Installing the SPD as close as possible to the
which occasionally causes consternation among terminal device has a favourable effect on the
designers and building constructors. residual voltage
BLITZDUCTOR BLITZDUCTOR
1 IN 2
3 OUT 4
1 IN 2
3 OUT 4
Up
Up
discharge current
discharge current
Uv
L of line Ur L of line Ur
R of line R of line
L and R of the line have no effect on Ur out of Ur = Up L and R of the line have a little effect on Ur , if the connection
Up = voltage protection level has a low impedance: Ur = Up + Uv
Ur = residual voltage Uv = voltage drop connection; BCT > terminal device
BLITZDUCTOR
1 3
1 IN 2
3 OUT 4
BCT MLC BD 110
BLITZDUCTOR
1 IN 2
3 OUT 4
No.919 347
BCT MLC BD 110
No.919 347
Up
2 4
discharge current
UL Ur Ur
UR
Fig. 8.2.5.3 Wrong method of equipotential bonding Fig. 8.2.5.4 Wrong conductor leading
not recommended
l.v. cables
auxiliary cables
right
telecommunica-
tion cables
sensitive
applications
Conventional shields offer no significant pro- of factors. The recommended guide values for the
tection against low frequency magnetic fields. spatial distances to low voltage lines are described
in EN 50174-2. For a cable length less than 35 m no
Recommendations: distance is generally required. In all other cases,
Shields should run continuously between IT instal- Table 8.2.5.1 gives the distances applying.
lations, have a low coupling resistance and be con- It is recommended to install telecommunication
ducted around the complete circumference, if pos- lines in metal ducts which are electrically connect-
sible. The shield must enclose the conductors com- ed and completely enclosed. The metal cable duct
pletely, if possible. Interruptions in the shield and systems should be connected with low impedance
high impedance earth connections and pig tails to earth as frequently as possible, at least at the
of cables should be avoided. beginning and the end (Figure 8.2.5.5).
The extent to which low voltage lines can affect
telecommunication lines depends on a multitude