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Evaluation of heat transfer

coefficient

No Phase Change With Phase

Change
Forced Convection
Condensation
Internal Flow: parallel to HTA
Film Type
Round Pipes
Turbulent
Vertical Cylinders
Annulus Laminar
Horizontal Cyl
External Flow:
Perpendicular to HTA Dropwise
Natural Convection

Plates Cylinders Sphere Evaporation

Vertical Horizontal

Types of Flow
Before getting into more about fluid flow we need to get a
better understanding of what it is. Shear flow can be classified
into two different categories: laminar and turbulent.
Laminar flow has motion that is very regular and predictable.
This can be seen when a water faucet is turned on low. The
water comes out in straight lines and the motion is rather
smooth.
On the other hand if the faucet is turned on high the flow
pattern becomes very irregular, with chaotic trajectories
which are no longer in straight lines. This second type of flow
is know as turbulent flow.

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Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Transition criterion:
u xc
Re x 5 105

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Dimensionless Numbers In Heat Flow

Reynolds Number
Nusselt Number
Prandtl Number
Grashof Number
Rayleigh Number

Dimensionless Numbers In Heat Flow

The Prandtl number Pr is a dimensionless number; the ratio of
momentum diffusivity (kinematic viscosity) to thermal
diffusivity. It is named after the German physicist Ludwig
Prandtl.
It is defined as:

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Dimensionless Numbers In Heat Flow

In fluid mechanics, the Reynolds number Re is a dimensionless number
that gives a measure of the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces and
consequently quantifies the relative importance of these two types of
forces for given flow conditions.
The concept was introduced by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851, but the
Reynolds number is named after Osborne Reynolds (18421912), who
popularized its use in 1883.

Flow in pipes L=D

Dimensionless Numbers In Heat Flow

In heat transfer at a boundary (surface) within a fluid, the Nusselt number
is the ratio of convective to conductive heat transfer across (normal to)
the boundary. In this context, convection includes both advection and
conduction. Named after Wilhelm Nusselt, it is a dimensionless number.
The conductive component is measured under the same conditions as the
heat convection but with a (hypothetically) stagnant (or motionless) fluid.

Pipes: L = D

Dimensionless Numbers In Heat Flow

The Grashof number Gr is a dimensionless number in fluid
dynamics and heat transfer which approximates the ratio of
the buoyancy to viscous force acting on a fluid. It frequently
arises in the study of situations involving natural convection. It
is named after the German engineer Franz Grashof.

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Dimensionless Numbers In Heat Flow

Rayleigh Number
The Rayleigh number is the product of Grashof and Prandtl
numbers. It turns out that in natural convection the Nusselt
number scales with Rayleigh rather than just Grashof. Most
correlations in natural convection are of the form:

Heat Transfer Coefficient (hi and ho)

MAIN PROBLEM: Finding h (hi and ho)
hi and ho are needed to find Ui or Uo
hi - heat transfer coefficient of the
inner film.
ho - heat transfer coefficient of
the outer film.
Discover formulas of h from the
HANDBOOK

Identify the h equation to use

Orientation
Phase Type of Equation: (Include
to heat Type of Flow
Change convection name if known)
transfer area
None Internal Force Turbulent
None Force Laminar
None Annulus Force Turbulent
None Natural Horizontal cyl
Film-type
Yes Vertical cyl
condensation

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HANDBOOK
Organize formulas (for hi and ho) to be used in convection.
System of Classification:
1. Change in phase or no change in phase.
2. Forced or Natural Convection
3. Fluids inside or outside
4. Type of flow turbulent, laminar or transition.

GROUP WORK To be submitted