CHAPTER 1 engineers to work together for the betterment of the

Scientist: Exploring basic knowledge in the field of physics, engineering profession.

chemistry, biology, geography etc. study the world.
Engineer: Application of applied science, applied
mathematics for the creation of economically viable
goods. Create the world that never has been.
Engineering: Profession like medicine, law, etc. that
aspires to high standards of conduct and recognizes its
responsibility to the general public.
Roles Of Engineer
Research-explore, discover and apply new principles
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CHAPTER 2
Purpose Of Engineers Act 1967
To protect public by legislative control so that the
practice of engineering, which has a bearing public on
public safety, health and welfare can only be carried
out by licensed professional engineers.
To create regulatory body with mandate to carry out

Development -transform ideas or concepts licensing of professional engineers and regulation of

the profession.
into production processes
Design-link the generation of ideas and the production To set regulations pertaining to the practice of
engineering qualifications for licensing and code of
Production and testing -manufacture and
assemble components or products professional conduct for registered engineers.
Sales-market engineering products To maintain public confident in the standard of service
Operations -maintain equipment and facilities provided by licensed professional engineers.
Steps Prof Eng W Practicing Certificate
Management -optimize the use of resources
(equipment, labour, finances) Register graduate engineer - BEM
Register graduate member - (IEM)
Education-teach engineering principles in university
and industrial settings At least has 3 min relevant work experiences provide
together with the log book scheme at least once a
Consulting -provide specialized engineering services the
clients. May work alone or in partnership other month mentor sign
engineers. Attend professional interview - IEM

Construction-prior to construction organizes bids, Get IEM corporate member
during construction supervises certain components of Attend professional competency examination (PCE) -
process BEM
Quality Of Engineer Being professional engineer
Character: Continue professional development
Honesty & Integrity (virtues) Attend professional competency examination (PCE) -
Responsibility (reliability) BEM
Skills & knowledge: Get professional engineer w practicing cert
Technical knowledge (eng. Knowledge)
Analytical skills (analyse prob) 1) REGISTRATION
Computation skills (presents idea, technical drawing, Under The Registration Of Engineers Act 1967(Act 138)
IT tools,CAD,CIM) And Subsequent Amendments, The Most Recent Being
Communication skills (convey,express idea) Year 2002, It Is A Requirement Of The Law That Any
Successful factors to be a Manager Person Providing Engineering Services Be A Qualified
Performance Person And Registered With The Board Of Engineers
Personality Malaysia. This Requirement Extends To Foreigners Who
Communication Skills Are Required To Seek Registration As Temporary
Human Relation Skills Engineers.
Do's
Make Tough Decisions
Work Experience An engineering graduate with accredited engineering
Self-Control degree must register with the board of engineers to take
Technical Skills/Ability up employment
Donts
Health and Energy Level
1.1 Should not be the submitting person for
Personal Appearance designs beyond his/her area of competency
IEM
Institution of Engineers Malaysia is a professional learned 1.2 Should not endorse his PE stamp and sign on reports
society for the aspiring engineering students and practicing or plans not prepared by him.
1.3 Should not enter into partnership with any party
not permitted under the engineers act.
1.4 An engineering consultancy practice should not
provide professional services in any branch of engineering
where none of its directors are registered to practise in
that branch of engineering.
1.5 Engineer must not practise in the branch of
engineering he is not registered in
2) CONSULTANCY
In The Registration Of Engineers Act 1967(Revised
2002), Provision Is Included For The Registration Of
Accredited Checkers And The Requirement Of
Continuing Professional Development (CPD)
Beginning Year 2005.
Do's
2.1 Engineer should be transparent and receptive
to peer review or checking of his work if
requested/required by the client/authorities.
2.2 A checker engineer must be open to the views and
design concept of the original designer and in areas of
disagreement, the checker must give justification for
his disagreement.
2.3 A checker engineer should take full responsibility
for the checking of the work himself.
2.4 Engineer should undertake continuing professional
development to enhance his knowledge and capability.
2.5 An employer engineer should ensure that his
employee engineers are bona fide engineers
registered with BEM.
2.6 An engineer should report unethical practice
to BEM.
2.7 An engineer who is a submitting person must ensure
the accuracy and be responsible for all works delegated
to others by him.
2.8 An engineer should make optimum use of manpower,
materials and money.
2.9 An engineer should be aware of government
requirement to use local materials, wherever possible.
Donts
2.1 A checker engineer should not accept checking of
work not within his area of competency as well as work
that he is not familiar with.
2.2 An engineering consultant should not carry out projects
for fees below the minimum outlined in the scale of fees.
2.3 Should not endorse any work not performed and/or
supervised by him.
2.4 An engineer should not supplant another engineer.
2.5 Should not compromise on public safety.
2.6 Should not offer his opinion on engineering matters
unless he has full facts to support the opinion.
2.7 Should not base his design on unsubstantiated data,
for example designing foundation without soil
investigation.
2.8 Should not have any conflict of interest whatsoever
in connection with the work he is undertaking unless
prior approval from BEM and client are obtained.
2.9 Should not accept work outside his regular work
without the expressed permission of his employ
3) SUPERVISION
The Supervision Of Works Designed By The
Submitting Engineer Is A Requirement Under The
Uniform Building By-Law 5 (UBBL 5). This by law
states That Supervision Must Be Provided By The
Submitting Engineer To Ensure That The Works
Carried Out Are As Intended In the Design. Delegation
Of Supervision Is Permitted But The Responsibility Of
This Supervision Still Rests With The Submitting
Engineer.
Do's
3.1 An engineer who is the submitting person should
be responsible for the project regardless of whether it
is self-supervised and/or delegated supervision.
3.2 Must be meticulously proper and
correct in certification of works.
3.3 Must be familiar with and knowledgeable in the
work he is to supervise.
3.4 An employer engineer shall ensure that his
staff undergoes regular and proper skills-
training.
3.5 An engineer supervising a project shall keep
proper records of all documents and correspondence
pertaining to the project.
3.6 Must be conversant with time and cost
implications in the issuance of any instruction.
3.7 Must not over or under certify progress of works.
3.8 Must not make wrongful certifications.
Donts
3.1 Must not certify work not within his expertise.
3.2 Must not accept site supervisory staff who are
not qualified or are incompetent.
3.3 Must not delay approvals without justification.
3.4 Must not intentionally delay inspection of works.
4) REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
All Engineers Registered With The Board Of Engineers
Malaysia Must Be Familiar With The Requirements Of
The Registration Of Engineers Act 1967(Act 138) And
Its Subsequent Amendments. Ignorance Of The
Requirements Of This Act Is No Defensein The Courts
Of Law In Malaysia.
DO'S
4.1 An engineer should notify the relevant
authorities (within reasonable/statutory time limit)
on changes in designs or withdrawal of services.
4.2 An engineer should submit completed forms in
time for inspection and approval for certificate of
fitness / certificate of completion and compliance.
4.3 An engineer should be aware of environmental,
health and safety matters during and after construction.
4.4 An engineer should ensure that environmental,
health and safety measures are implemented as per
drawings and specifications
DONTS
4.1 An engineer should not allow works to proceed
before plans are submitted to and/or approved by the
relevant authorities.
4.2 An engineer should not undertake a project for
which the client is not going to fulfil statutory
requirements
5) CODE OF ETHICS
All Engineers Are Expected To Uphold The Integrity Of The
Profession By Behaving In A Manner Expected Of Him In
The Code Of Conduct Of Engineers.
Do's
5.1 An engineer must be conversant with the code of
conduct of engineers.
5.2 An engineer must understand the need for
responsibility and liability as stipulated in the code of
conduct.
5.3 An engineer must respond promptly to complaints
and enquiries by clients /authorities.
Donts
5.1 An engineer should not solicit/ tout.
5.2 An engineer should not knowingly mislead the public
by giving misrepresented information so as to gain
commercial advantage/mileage.
5.3 An engineer should not respond to an open
advertisement to bid for provision of professional service if
such provision for the service requires bidding fees or
equivalent as is usually imposed on contractors.
5.4 An engineer should avoid favouritism among vendors
and other suppliers.
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CHAPTER 3
Ethical Theories :
1.Virtual Ethics 2. Duty Ethics 3. Right Ethics
4.Utilitarianism 5 Divine Command Ethics 6.Ethical
Egoism 7.Ethical Relativism 8.Ethical Pluralism
Issues involved in understanding ethical problems can be
divided into three(3) categories:
A. Factual
B. Conceptual
C. Moral
Factual Issue
What is actually known about a case(what the facts
are always clear)
Resolved through research to establish the truth
May be controversial
Example: Global warming is of great concern to society as
we continue to emit greenhouse gaseous into
atmosphere
Conceptual Issues
The meaning or applicability of an idea
Resolved by agreeing on the meaning of terms
and concepts
Like factual issues, conceptual issues are not always
clear-cut and will often result in controversy as well
In engineering ethics:
Defining what constitutes a bribe as opposed
to an acceptable gift
Determining whether certain business information is
proprietary
Moral Issues
Once the factual and conceptual issues have been
resolved, all that remains is to determine which
moral principle is applicable to the situation
Finally, moral issue are resolved by agreement as to:
Which moral principles are pertinent
How they should be applied
Often, all that is required to solve a particular
ethical problem is a deeper analysis of the issues
involved according to appropriate principles
Once the issues are analysed and agreement is
reached on the applicable moral principles, it is
clear what the resolution should be made
Problem Solving Techniques
Identification:
Recognize/acknowledge a state of conflict
Identify source of conflict and stakeholders
Analysis:
Investigation, facts
Alternatives, ranking
Action:
Deciding on and initiating a course of
action/resolution Crisis Management
Crisis is defined as an event that by its nature
or its consequences:
Constitutes a threat to vital national interests or to
the essential needs of the population;
Prompts rapid decision making;
Demands coordination between different
departments and organisations
COMMON FEATURES OF A CRISIS
The situation materializes unexpectedly
Decisions are required urgently
Time is short
Specific threats are identified
Urgent demands for information are received
There is sense of loss of control
Pressures build over time
Routine business become increasingly difficult
 Demands are made to identify someone to blame Dedicated and diligent political leaders
Outsiders take an unaccustomed interest Coordination and control of agencies
Reputation suffers Social organisation
Communications difficult to manage
Crisis Management Definition Of Bribery
One of the many gray areas of engineering ethics:
Crisis Management: Prevents a crisis from
becoming a catastrophe. The acceptance of gifts from vendors
The offering of gifts to customer to secure business
Crisis management can be defined as a system or
The difficulty:
methodology of solving crisis situations. We can be
sure that the actual crisis situation will differ from The potential for gifts to become bribes or to be
our expectation. perceived of as bribes
Purpose of crisis management: There is a fine line between bribery and a simple gift
Prevention Example Bribery:

Survival Offered to someone in position of trust in order to
Successful outcomes induce him to act dishonestly
Crisis Planning Something, such as money or favour

Assess risks Something offered to
Produce plans influence/persuade
Consequence/effect of BRIBERY
Define roles and responsibilities
Appoint crisis management team Bribery corrupts our free-market economic system and
is anticompetitive
Draw up communication plan
Produce contact and organisation chart Bribery does not reward the most efficient producer
Bribery is sell out to the rich
Promote crisis-ready culture
Publish plans and conduct training Bribery corrupts justice and public policy by allowing
Test, review and practise rich people to make all the rules
Bribery treats people as commodities that can be
Definition Corruption
bought
Giving or obtaining advantage through means which are and sold
illegitimate, immoral, and inconsistent with ones duty or Definition Of Conflict Of Interest
the rights of others.
The misuse of entrusted power for private gain. A situation that has the potential to undermine the
impartiality of a person because of the possibility of
Behaviour that deviates from the formal rule, regarding clash between the persons self-interest and
motives such as wealth, power or status.
professional interest or public interest.
Perversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of
Significant and pervasive financial, familial or personal
public duties by bribery or favour.
interest, which poses an impermissible conflict with
Cause Of Corruption
the relevant public interest that he or she has a duty to
Absolute authority protect.

Ineffective and overburdened legal system A conflict of interest occurs when an individual involve
Ineffective anti-corruption mechanisms
in multiple interests, one of which could possible
Inadequate enforcement corrupt the motivation.
Lack of employment
It creates appearance of impropriety that can
Privatization, Liberalization and Globalization undermine confidence in his or her impartiality or
Diminishing values in the society sincerity.

Lack of awareness Conflict of interest could impair an individuals ability
Lack of effective management to perform his or her duties and responsibilities
Low literacy rate objectively
Lack of effective political leadership Definition Of Plagiarism
Backwardness and poverty Plagiarisms the act of presenting the words, ideas,
Authority and power in wrong hands images, sounds or creative expression of others as
your own.
Cures for Corruption
Loyalty and Patriotism Act of stealing and passing off the ideas or words of
another as your own.
Transparency appointment and admissions
Declaration of wealth and assets For an example, when you are writing a report, and
you research some information. If you copy or even
 paraphrase, it called as plagiarism 3. Society
How to Avoid Plagiarism: human diversity (cultural, linguistic, ethnic)
equity (dependence / independence)
Take notes and keep them organized quality of life
Give other people credit institutional structures and organization
In-text and In-project credit political structures
For paraphrases and summaries too
Cite any sources that you use Sustainability: PROBLEMS

Double check your sources and ensure that you wrote
Depletion of finite resources
down the information correctly
fuels, soil, minerals, species
Whistle Blowing
Over-use of renewable resources
Involves calling(public) attention to wrong doing, forests, fish & wildlife, fertility, public funds
typically in order to avert harm.
It is attempt by a member or former member of an Pollution
organization to disclose wrong doing in or by the air, water, soil
organization.
Inequity
Type Of Web
economic, political, social, gender
Internal Whistle blowing:
Made to someone within the organization Species loss
Personal whistle blowing: endangered species and spaces-WCED
Blowing the whistle on the offender, here the charge is not
against the organization or system but against one Nine Ways To Achieve Sustainability:
individual
1. Leave everything in pristine state, or return it to
Impersonal whistle blowing:
pristine state
Rarely whistle-blower are honoured as heroes by their 2. Develop so as to not overwhelm carrying capacity
fellow workers for following reasons, of the system
They did not blow the whistle guilty of immorality 3. Sustainability will take care of itself as economic

They doubt the loyalty of the whistle blower to the growth proceeds (Kuznets)
employer 4. Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient
solution by themselves (Coase)
The whistle-blower perceived as traitor, who 5. Let the market take care of it!
damages the organization 6. Internalize externalities
7. Reinvest rents for non-renewable resources
CHAPTER 4 8. Let the national economic accounting systems
SD is an approach that will permit continuing reflect defensive expenditures
improvements in the quality of life with a lower intensity
9. Leave for future generations the options or the
of resource use, thereby leaving behind for future capacity to be as well off as we are
generations an undiminished or even enhanced stock of
natural resources and other assets.

Three Approaches
Economic: Maximize income while maintaining a
constantor increasing stock of capital
Ecological: Maintaining resilience and robustness of
biological and physical systems
Socio-cultural: Maintaining the stability of social
and cultural systems

1. Environment
biodiversity materials energy
biophysical interactions
2. Economy
money and capital employment
technological growth investment
market forces