Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

On the maximum curvatures of 0/90 plates under thermal stress

a,*
Marco Gigliotti , Fr
ed
eric Jacquemin b, Alain Vautrin a

a
D
epartement M
ecanique et Mat
eriaux, Centre SMS, Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Saint Etienne, 158 Cours Fauriel,
42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France
b
Institut de Recherche en G
enie Civil et M
ecanique, Universit
e de Nantes Boulevard de lUniversit
e, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
Available online 9 April 2004

Abstract
The paper focuses on the behaviour of 0/90 plates subjected to thermal stress and free from mechanical loads. Curvatures arising
from the temperature dierential are regarded as functions of the relative thickness of the 90
ply, e90 : it is found that curvatures are
maximum for a certain value of e90 , the position and the absolute value of such maximum depend on the elastic and thermoelastic
properties of the ply and their invariant quantities. More precisely, the position of the maximum is aected by the elastic properties
only, the magnitude of the maximum is aected very little by the elastic properties and is driven by the thermoelastic properties, i.e.,
the coecients of thermal expansion of the ply. This paper represents a rst eort towards the complete identication of laminates
which maximise the out-of-plane deections, i.e., curvatures, under hygro-thermal loads: the problem is posed in a general fashion,
foreseeing further developments.
 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Thermal stress; Polar method; Tension-bending coupling; Unsymmetric 0/90 plates; Maximum curvatures

1. Introduction A very early study on coupling in composite materials

Anisotropic materials exhibit very specic features
which are unknown to classical isotropic materials. In
particular, it is now well known that stacking several
plies made of orthotropic materials may give rise to
elastic and hygro-thermoelastic coupling, which, in turn,
can be tailored to give some specic eects. The eects of
temperature and moisture on the mechanical perfor-
mances of structures have been studied for a long time
since resulting hygro-thermal distortions may lead to
structural instabilities and disturbances during the ser-
vice life. All sort of constraint to the free expansion of
matrices, bres or plies produces stress or distortion;
that is the case, for instance, of unidirectional plies ar-
ranged with dierent orientation angles with respect to a
reference direction. When laminates with tension-bend-
ing and twisting coupling are subjected to uniform hy-
gro-thermal elds, they bend or twist thus exhibit
warping.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-4-7742-0076; fax: +33-4-7742-
0249.
E-mail address: gigliotti@emse.fr (M. Gigliotti).
0263-8223/$ - see front matter  2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.03.012
and distortions in coupled laminates can be found, for
instance, in [1], but a systematic and rational approach
to the subject is very recent and due to Vannucci et al.
[2,3]. These authors worked within the framework of the
classical lamination theory and used the polar method in
order to identify laminates with maximum elastic and
thermoelastic coupling. Due to the use of the polar
formalism, which works on invariant quantities, an
analytical solution was available. It was found, for in-
stance, that unsymmetric laminates of the type 0/90,
with e0 e90 , maximise the thermoelastic coupling and,
under some circumstances, the elastic coupling, too.
Investigation on the maximal curvatures under ther-
mal stress is of industrial interest, other than scientic.
Coupled laminates are often used as a tool to measure
internal stress due to cure or environmental condition-
ing [7,8]: performing optimal experiments on laminates
which exhibit maximum curvatures has great advanta-
ges, especially in terms of sensitivity. Also, in real
structures, the use of coupled laminates is an interesting
alternative to the classical ones, due to the possibility to
tailor some eects and produce requested geometric
arrangements: in this case again, the knowledge of
laminates that optimise the warping could be of great
interest.
178 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184

Starting from these elements, which will be recalled in a tensor, while R, R0 , R1 , U0 and U1 its anisotropic
the second section of the present paper, the paper will part,
focus on the out-of-plane displacements, i.e., curvatures, Q is orthotropic if and only if U0  U1 kp=4 with
induced by uniform thermal elds in 0/90 laminated k integer.
square plates. The eects of the relative thickness of
the 90
ply, e90 , of the elastic and thermoelastic anisotropy The classical lamination theory states that, for a
on the curvature tensor are then studied and the condi- composite laminate subjected to thermomechanical
tions for which this tensor is maximal are established. forces, is [5]
N e0 B~
~ A~ ~ DT
kU
5
2. Recall of the polar method and conditions of maximum e0 D~
~ B~
M k  V~DT
tension-bending coupling
Tensors are expressed with respect to a certain ref-
The polar method represents an alternative way to erence frame, so that they are represented by their
express components of a tensor [24]. The three Carte- ~ and M
respective vectors and/or matrices. N ~ are external
sian components of a second order tensor L, for in- forces and bending moments, A and D are the in and
stance, can be expressed as follows: out-of-plane stiness tensors, B is the elastic coupling
tensor, U ~ and V~ indicate the thermal forces and mo-
L11 T R cos 2U ments produced by a uniform temperature dierential
L22 T  R cos 2U 1 DT , V~ is the thermoelastic coupling.
L12 R sin 2U Eq. (5) takes into account thermal proles stress only,
this paper is devoted to thermal stress: however, the
and extension to uniform hygro-thermal proles and hygro-
L11 L22 thermal stress is straightforward.
T
2 2 From a physical point of view, when a laminate
2Re2iU L11  L22 2iL12 exhibits non-zero elastic and thermoelastic coupling, i.e.,
B 6 0, V~ 6 0
where T , R and U are the polar components of L.
The Cartesian components of the elastic stiness
in-plane forces produce bending or twisting of the
tensor of a composite anisotropic ply in plane stress Q
surface and, conversely, bending or twisting moments
[5] can be also expressed by means of six parameters, T0 ,
produce in-plane strain,
T1 , R0 , R1 , U0 and U1 as follows:
a uniform temperature dierential induce bending or
Q1111 T0 2T1 R0 cos 4U0 4R1 cos 2U1 twisting moments, thus, again, distortion.
Q1122 T0 2T1  R0 cos 4U0
B and V~ have close physical sense; however, a lami-
Q2222 T0 2T1 R0 cos 4U0  4R1 cos 2U1 nate without elastic coupling, has no thermoelastic
3
Q1212 T0  R0 cos 4U0 coupling, the inverse does not always hold true.In other
Q1112 R0 sin 4U0 2R1 sin 2U1 words
Q2212 R0 sin 4U0 2R1 sin 2U1 ~0
B0)V 6
and but the inverse may not be true.
Equivalent polar parameters can be dened for A, B,
8T0 Q1111 Q2222  2Q1122 4Q1212 ~ and V~, the reader is referred to [6] for further de-
D, U
8T1 Q1111 Q2222 2Q1122 tails. Although their denition is not given here, they are
8R0 e4iU0 Q1111 Q2222  2Q1122 4Q1212 4iQ1112 Q2212 reported below for the sake of completeness, as these
notations will be used in the following sections. One has:
8R1 e2iU1 Q1111  Q2222 2iQ1112 Q2212
 0 and U
T 0 ; T 1 ; R0 ; R1 ; U 1 7
4
Important features of the polar components are the for A,
followings: Tb0 ; Tb1 ; R
b 0; R
b 1; U
^0 and ^1
U 8
for B,
under rotation h of the reference frame, T , R, T0 , T1 ,
R0 , R1 and U0  U1 are invariant, Te0 ; Te1 ; R
e 0; R
e 1; U
~0 and ~1
U 9
a material is isotropic if and only if R 0 for a sec-
for D
ond rank tensor or R0 R1 0 for a fourth order
tensor. T , T0 and T1 represents the isotropic part of T; R and 
U 10
 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184 179

~ and
for U
N e0 B~
~ A~ kN~ th
17
Tb ; R
b and ^
U 11 M e0 D~
~ B~ ~ th
kM
for V~. For the tensors ~ e0 e0xx ; e0yy ; e0xy T , ~k kxx ; kyy ; kxy T ,
The norm of a fourth rank tensor (A for instance) is ~ N ; N ; N , M
th th th th T ~ M ; M ; M th T the fol-
th th th
N xx yy xy xx yy xy
given by lowing quantities can be dened:
q
2 2 2 2 e0xx e0yy e0xx  e0yy e0xy
A T 0 2T 1 R0 4R1 12 Te ; Re ; Se 18
2 2 2
kxx kyy kxx  kyy kxy
In the following pages, we will consider laminates Tk ; Rk ; Sk 19
2 2 2
composed by identical plies. For such laminates is
Nxxth Nyyth Nxxth  Nyyth
TN ; RN ; SN Nxyth 20
Tb0 Tb1 Tb 0 13 2 2
Mxxth Myyth Mxxth  Myyth
According to Vannucci [2], a laminate is uncoupled if all TM ; RM ; SM Mxyth 21
2 2
the polar components of B and V~ are null: this is
~, which Important considerations can be done concerning the
equivalent to say that the norm B of B and V of V
are now given by p in Eqs. (18)(21): for instance, TM and rM
quantities
R2M SM2 are respectively the centre and the radius of a
q circlea Mohrs circle in a Mflex  Mtwist graph, where
B R b 2 4R b2 14
0 1 Mflex indicates the exural couples and Mtwist the twisting
couples, as indicated in Fig. 1. Analogous consider-
b
V R 15 ations can be done for all the other quantities.
In a 0/90 laminate with e0 e90 , the eect of a uni-
are null. The conditions of maximum tension-bending form DT is represented by thermal bending moments
coupling can be stated as follows [2]: Mxxth and Myyth of equal magnitude and opposite sign: in
this case the circle is centred at the origin and its radius
thermoelastic coupling is maximum (max V ) when the is given by rM RM .
layers within each half of the stacking sequence, with The results summarised in Section 2 have an impor-
respect to the middle plane, have the same orientation tant physical signicance, which can be read as follows:
and the two halves dier by p=2. It should be emphas- 0/90 laminates, with e0 e90 , are the laminates that
ised that material properties of the elementary ply do maximise the thermal bending moments produced by a
not aect this result, which is purely geometric, uniform temperature dierential DT and that maximise
elastic coupling is maximum (max B) under the same the Mohrs circle of thermal (hygro-thermal) couples.
conditions for max V only when q R0 =R1 6 1; when Starting from this consideration, one is tempted to
q > 1, i.e., q0 > R1 max B is obtained when the layers arm that, at least for materials with q R0 =R1 6 1, 0/
of each half of the stacking sequence are oriented at 90 laminates exhibit maximum curvatures when exposed
the same angle, but the two halves dier by d and to a xed temperature dierential.
not by p=2, where d is given by This is, in general, not true and the reason is very
simple: the development of curvature in a plate is not
  only driven by the thermal bending moment that
1 1
d arccos  16
2 q2

Material properties of the elementary ply do aect this

result. In fact, for laminates with q > 1, B and V are not
maximum for the same stacking sequence. rM
Mxx
Myy TM Mflex
Mxy
3. Behaviour of 0/90 plates under thermal stress and
conditions of maximum curvature

Before re-tracing the very important physical con-

clusions from Section 2 and before analysing the Mtwist
behaviour of 0/90 plates under thermal stress, let us re-
dene Eq. (5) as follows: Fig. 1. Mohrs circle of thermal couples.
180 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184

provokes it but also by the bending stiness of the plate

itself. Moreover, in elastically coupled plates (B 6 0),
the concept of bending stiness is quite complex and
involves the elastic coupling tensor itself.
Optimal curvatures result from an arrangement be-
tween thermoelastic coupling, which produce the distor-
tion, and stiness, that is opposed to it. In the next
section it will be shown, for instance, that 0/90 laminates
do not exhibit maximum curvature for e0 e90 and the
eect of the anisotropy on this behaviour will be inves-
tigated.
Before showing results let us introduce, by using the
polar parameters, the constitutive relationship between
the quantities in Eqs. (20) and (21) and the quantities in
Eqs. (18) and (19) for a 0/90 laminate, which reads Fig. 2. () Rk and Tk calculated by using reference properties in
0 1 0 10 1 Table 1.
TN 4T 1 4R1 0 4R b1 Te
B RN C B 4R1 2T 0 R0 4 R b1 0 C B Re C
B C B CB C
@ TM A @ 0 b1
4R 4 Te1 4R e1 A@ T k A
RM b
4R1 0 e e e
4 R 1 2 T 0 R 0 Rk
22
Eq. (22) can be found by re-arranging Eq. (17) and by
considering no mechanical forces. For 0/90 laminates,
whatever the value of e90 , the shear strain e0xy and the
twisting curvature kxy are always null, as there are no
thermal shear forces or thermal twisting moment to
activate them.
Te , Re , Tk and Rk are found by inverting relation (22),
the curvatures as a function of the polar parameters can
then be found by using Eq. (19).

Fig. 3. () Kxx and kyy calculated by using reference properties in

4. Results and discussion Table 1.

4.1. Eect of elastic and thermoelastic anisotropy on
maximum curvatures
Reference material properties used in the simulations
are summarised in Table 1, together with their related
elastic invariant quantities. Such material, which is
representative of a composite ply, can be classed as
orthotropic, and falls into a subset of the general class of
anisotropic materials. It should be noted that such
material satises the condition q < 1. The material is
also thermoelastically orthotropic, the longitudinal
thermal expansion is much lower than the transverse
one. As a reference example, a value of DT 187
C
was used.
Figs. 2 and 3 show respectively Tk , Rk and kxx , kyy as
functions of e90 , which is varied between 0 and 1. All
quantities in gures are adimensional: curvatures and e90
are respectively multiplied and divided by the total
thickness of the laminate, e. In the following discussion
and in all the gures e90 will be considered as an adi-
mensional parameter.
It can be noted that Rk and Tk are respectively sym-
metric and antisymmetric with respect to the axis
e90 0:5; with the properties in Table 1 two maxima are
attained within the 0; 1 interval.
kxx and kyy are obviously of equal and opposite sign
when e90 0:5 and attain maximum values for e90 6 0:5:
it should be observed that there is a substantial dier-

Table 1
Material properties and related elastic invariant quantities used for reference simulations
E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa) m12 a1 (e
C1 ) a2 (e
C1 )
152 8.4 4.2 0.35 0.09 106 28.8 106
T0 (GPa) T1 (GPa) R0 (GPa) R1 (GPa) U0 (deg) U1 (deg)
21.5 20.9 17.3 18 0 0
 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184 181

ence between the value of curvature attained at e90 0:5

and the maximum curvature.
Finding the location of the maximum values of Rk and
Tk must be performed numerically as no explicit solution
is available. On the other hand, concerning kxx (or kyy ),
the location of the maximum value e90 max can be found
explicitly by performing few calculations on the deriva-
tive of kxx with respect to e90 . Equating such derivatives
to zero gives generally 14 solutions, whose ten are com-
plex and conjugates. Among the real roots, two of them
fall outside the 0; 1 interval; the other two are given by
the following simple second order algebraic equation:
8R1 e290  2T0 2T1 R0 4R1 e90
T0 2T1 R0 4R1 0 23
Fig. 4. () Rk and Tk with R1 0.
One of the two roots of Eq. (23) falls outside of the
0; 1 interval, the other one is the searched value: it
could be checked that whatever the material, solutions
of (23) and (24) are always real. The root is given as an
explicit function of the polar parameters and depends on
the elastic properties only.
Thus, by knowing the material elastic properties of a
ply one is allowed to know exactly the location of the
maximal curvature through Eq. (23): for example, with
the material properties in Table 1, one of the two roots
of Eq. (23) is e90 0:809 which is the searched maxi-
mum. In practice, a 0/90 laminate with material prop-
erties as in Table 1 must have around 80% of 90
plies to
exhibit maximum curvature, i.e., out-of-plane displace-
ment.
The analogous of Eq. (23) for kyy is given by the
following equation: Fig. 5. () kxx and kyy with R1 0.

8R1 e290 2T0 2T1 R0  4R1 e90

 T0 2T1 R0  4R1 0 24
and the maximum kyy in the present case is attained at
e90 0:191.
From Eqs. (23) and (24) it emerges that an important
role on the maximum curvature is played by the material
parameter R1 which is an indicator of the elastic
anisotropy. For instance it is noted that, for R1 0, i.e.,
for a material which is elastically anisotropic, Eqs. (23)
and (24) have always, whatever the material properties,
one solution, e90 0:5.
Figs. 4 and 5 present the curvatures for the case in
which R1 0. Respect to the reference case, Figs. 2 and
3, the shape of the Rk , Tk , kxx and kyy curves changes
considerably. Tk is zero for all values of e90 and Rk at-
tains only one maximum within the 0; 1 interval. This
means that kxx and kyy are always of equal and opposite
sign whatever the value of e90 . Also it should be noted
that, whatever the value of modulus, the maximum of
Rk , kxx and kyy is attained, as predicted, at e90 0:5. The
magnitude of the maximum value is practically not af-
fected by the change in properties.
The situation depicted in Figs. 4 and 5 is quite
atypical, although not completely impossible to realise
in practice: it is referred to a material which is elastically
isotropic and thermoelastically orthotropic. This picture
cannot be denitively obtained by using long bre uni-
directional plies, but it could be possibly realised or
approximated by producing some other kind of rein-
forced texture.
Figs. 6 and 7 refer to a case in which the level of
elastic anisotropy is increased with respect to the refer-
ence case, R1 36:5.
The shape of the gures changes but, more impor-
tantly, the location of the maximum values of curvature,
kxx for instance, is shifted towards higher values of e90 ,
although its magnitude is again not aected by the
change in properties.
As a summary, Fig. 8 presents the curvatures kxx as
functions of e90 and their dependency on the material
parameter R1 . It is noted that increasing the level of
elastic anisotropy produce a horizontal shift of the
maximum curvature, aecting very little or negligibly, its
magnitude.
182 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184
In Figs. 9 and 10 the transverse coecient of thermal
expansion of the ply, a2 , is increased with respect to the
reference material properties of Table 1, thus increasing
Fig. 6. () Rk and Tk with R1 36:5.
its thermoelastic orthotropy. The actual location of the
maximum is unchanged with respect to the analogous
Figs. 2 and 3; only the magnitude is aected, increasing
the dierence Da a2  a1 the absolute value of the
maximum increases. Thus increasing the level of ther-
moelastic anisotropy produces a vertical shift of the
maximum curvature, aecting its magnitude.
As a closing remark it is interesting, even if perhaps
trivial, to note that curvatures must have at least a
maximum value inside the 0; 1 interval, as they take 0
values at the extremes of such interval and are contin-
uous and dierentiable functions inside it. Material
properties have to respect, obviously, restrictions im-
posed by thermodynamic stability.
4.2. Some practical remark
In the present section some practical conclusion is
drawn by comparing the behaviour under thermal stress
Fig. 9. () Rk and Tk calculated by using properties in Table 1 and
Fig. 7. () kxx and kyy with R1 36:5. a2 50  106 e
C1 .

0.009
R1=0 GPa
0.008 R1=9.62 GPa

R1=18.06 GPa
0.007
R1=36.56 GPa
0.006

0.005
k xx

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
e90

Fig. 8. Curvatures kxx as functions of e90 and their dependency on the material parameter R1 .
 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184
Fig. 10. () kxx and kyy calculated by using properties in Table 1 and
183
moelastic anisotropy is more pronounced for such
materials.
5. Conclusions
The present paper presents a rst eort towards the
identication of laminates which maximise the out-of-
plane deections, i.e., the curvatures, under thermal
loads within the framework of the classical lamination
plate theory. Attention is restricted to laminates of the 0/
90 family and their behaviour under uniform tempera-
ture dierential is analysed as a function of the thickness
of the 90 ply, which is allowed to vary continuously
within the 0; 1 adimensional interval. The study is
a2 50  106 eo C1 .
of 0/90 laminates made of three dierent common uni-
directional composite materials, namely carbon based
(CFRP), glass based (GFRP) and Kevlar based rein-
forced plastics. These properties, extracted from Ref. [5],
are given in Tables 24, respectively, together with their
related elastic invariant quantities. These considerations
can be of practical utility as a rough estimate of the
number of 90 plies to be used in order to realise maxi-
mum curvatures (in experiments, for instance).
Values of e90 max for which kxx curvatures are maxi-
mum are listed in Table 5 for the dierent materials
considered. The location of maximum kxx curvature is
bigger for carbon/epoxy composites, as elastic anisot-
ropy is more pronounced for such materials. On the
contrary it is expected that Kevlar/epoxy composite will
exhibit curvatures of maximum magnitude, as the ther-
carried out rst on the quantities Tk and Rk , which are
respectively the centre and the radius of the Mohrs
circle of curvatures. The use of such quantities is
coherent with the employment of the polar method for
the analysis of laminated plates, which manipulates
invariant parameters. For Tk and Rk only a numerical
treatment is carried out, as an explicit analytical analysis
is too cumbersome even under the formalism of the
polar method.
On the contrary, explicit expressions for the maxima
of the curvatures kxx and kyy , which are quantities of
interest for experimental application, are established. It
is found that the position of such maxima depends on
the elastic properties of the ply, a major role is played by
R1 which is one of the most explicit indicators of
the level of elastic anisotropy of a ply. Increasing R1 the
maxima are shifted towards the outer limits of the
interval 0; 1 while, for R1 0, i.e., for a ply which

Table 2
Material properties of a carbon/epoxy AS4/3501-6 composite material and related elastic invariant quantities [5]
E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa) m12 a1 (e
C1 ) a2 (e
C1 )
148 10.5 5.61 0.3 )0.8 10 6
29 106
T0 (GPa) T1 (GPa) R0 (GPa) R1 (GPa) U0 (deg) U1 (deg)
21.9 20.7 16.3 17.2 0 0

Table 3
Material properties of a glass/epoxy S-2glass/epoxy composite material and related elastic invariant quantities [5]
E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa) m12 a1 (e
C1 ) a2 (e
C1 )
6
43.5 11.5 3.45 0.27 6.84 10 29 106
T0 (GPa) T1 (GPa) R0 (GPa) R1 (GPa) U0 (deg) U1 (deg)
7.9 7.8 4.4 4 0 0

Table 4
Material properties of a Kevlar/epoxy composite material and related elastic invariant quantities [5]
E1 (GPa) E2 (GPa) G12 (GPa) m12 a1 (e
C1 ) a2 (e
C1 )
76.8 5.5 2.07 0.34 )4 106 57 106
T0 (GPa) T1 (GPa) R0 (GPa) R1 (GPa) U0 (deg) U1 (deg)
10.9 10.8 8.8 8.9 0 0
184 M. Gigliotti et al. / Composite Structures 68 (2005) 177184
Table 5
Values of e90 max for dierent composite materials
Material e90 max
Carbon/epoxy 0.78
Glass/epoxy 0.66
Kevlar/epoxy 0.72
exhibits mechanical isotropy, the maxima are located at
mid-thickness, e90 0:5. On the other hand, the mag-
nitude of the maxima is driven by the dierence between
the two coecients of thermal expansion Da
a2  a1 , i.e., the level of thermoelastic anisotropy.
The present study, restricted to laminates with 0 and
90 plies only, can be considered as a rst attempt to
solve the following inverse problem: which laminates
maximise the curvature under hygro-thermal loads?
Work is in progress to extend the research to other
laminate families and generalise the results.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Prof. Paolo Van-
nucci from the University of Versailles et St Quentin
(France), Dr. Angela Vincenti and Prof. Georges Ver-
chery from the University of Bourgogne, ISAT
(France), for useful discussion.
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