Pill to erase bad memories: Ethical furor over drugs 'that

threaten human identity'

By David Derbyshire

A drug which appears to erase painful memories has been developed by scientists.

The astonishing treatment could help sufferers of post-traumatic stress disorder and those whose
lives are plagued by hurtful recurrent memories.

But British experts said the breakthrough raises disturbing ethical questions about what makes us
human. They also warned it could have damaging psychological consequences, preventing those
who take it from learning from their mistakes.

Kate Winslet and Jim Carrey starred in Eternal Sunshine Of the Spotless Mind - which saw the
couple use a technique to erase painful memories of each other

Dr Daniel Sokol, a lecturer in medical ethics at St George's, University of London, said: 'Removing
bad memories is not like removing a wart or a mole. It will change our personal identity since who
we are is linked to our memories. 'It may perhaps be beneficial in some cases, but before
eradicating memories, we must reflect on the knock-on effects that this will have on individuals,
society and our sense of humanity.'

Dutch researchers claim to have erased bad memories by using 'beta-blocker' drugs, which
are usually prescribed to patients with heart disease. The drug could erase frightening
memories - such as spider phobia

Experiments on animals had already shown that the drugs - beta-adrenergic receptor blockers - can
interfere with how the brain makes and remakes memories of frightening events.

In the latest study, Dr Merel Kindt of Amsterdam University tested the drugs on 60 men and
women.

His team created fearful memories in volunteers by showing them pictures of spiders while giving
them gentle electric shocks.

The volunteers were urged to 'actively remember' the images, creating a strong negative association
between spiders and discomfort.

The following day the volunteers were split into two groups. One was given the beta blocker and
the other a placebo pill before both were shown the same spider pictures.

The researchers recorded the level of fear in the volunteers by playing sudden noises and
measuring how strongly they blinked.

A strong startle response showed they were in a fearful state, while a mild response showed they
were calm.

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The group given the beta blocker had a much weaker fear response than those given the dummy
pill, the researchers report in the journal Nature Neuroscience.

A day later - once the drug was out of their systems - their fear response was tested again.

Once more, those given the beta blocker the previous day showed fewer signs of spider phobia,
suggesting the memory was completely erased.

Beta blockers appear to work because each time someone recalls a powerful emotional memory the
memory is 'remade' by the brain.

The drug interferes with this re-creation of the stressful memory - and prevents the brain renewing
it. In theory, it could eradicate memories of traumatic events that happened years ago. It might also
help patients overcome phobias, obsessions, eating disorders and even sexual hang-ups.

Dr Kindt said: 'Traditionally, therapists seek to teach people with such disorders strategies to build
new associations and block bad memories but the problem is the memories remain and people often
relapse.'

It could be several years before doctors prescribe the drugs for patients with post-traumatic stress
disorder.

The scientists say more tests are needed to confirm the drug's memory- erasing properties. Dr Kindt
said: 'The next steps are to look at how long the drug's effects on memory last, and testing the
treatment in people who actually are suffering from some kind of disorder or phobia.'

But British experts warned the drug raises some difficult questions.

Professor John Harris, an expert in biological ethics at the University of Manchester, said: 'It is
obviously up to the individual whether or not she wishes to risk the possible effects, including
psychological discontinuity, of erasing unpleasant memories.

'An interesting complexity is the possibility that victims, say of violence, might wish to erase the
painful memory and with it their ability to give evidence against assailants.

'Similarly criminals and witnesses to crime may, under the guise of erasing a painful memory,
render themselves unable to give evidence.'

Paul Farmer, chief executive of the mental-health charity Mind, said he was concerned about the
'fundamentally pharmacological' approach to problems such as phobias and anxiety.

He told Channel 4 News that the unintended consequences 'could include the eradication of
positive memories'. Professor Neil Burgess of the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience told the
programme that wide-scale use of the drug was a long way off.

'All they've shown so far is that the increased ability to startle someone if they are feeling a bit
anxious is reduced,' he said.

The ability to remove memories has been the stuff of science fiction for decades.