Production Logging for Field Engineers

PRODUCTION LOG INTERPRETED LOG

prepared by:

Ahmed Abu-Shloua
 Why should we Production Log Wells?
In the year 2003 seven barrels of water are being produced for every barrel of
oil.
This trend is set to continue.
Oil is a finite reserve, wells are getting older, we have to be more efficient
It cost more to produce water than to produce oil

The only way to find out what is happening downhole, for sure, is to lower tools
to the bottom of the well and measure what is happening.

What do we gain?
Information to assist in solving problems now and in the future.
The AIM?
To maximise the ultimate oil / gas recovery.
To justify the cost of remedial work or even the development of an entire field.

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 What is the well producing?
OIL
GAS
WATER
What do we want?
Definitely Oil, Gas if we have a pipeline but not if it limits oil production.
What do we not want?
Water!
Water costs more produce than oil because we have to dispose of it!

Production Profiling

7% 24%
14% Injection Profiling

Water Problems
10%
45% Excessive Gas Problems

Mechanical Problems
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
 An example of: Profiling a New Well KR A 4
0 1 510500 -1 0 40 260 275
GAM M A R A Y (A P I ) C C L S P N R D N 3 0 F t / M (R P S ) T E M P E R A T U R E (D E G F )
-1 5 0 150 -1 0 40 1500 1700
LSP D N 3 0 F t / M (R P S ) S P N R D N 5 0 F t / M (R P S ) P R E S S U R E (P S I A )
-1 5 0 150 -1 0 40 4000 0
LSP D N 5 0 F t / M (R P S ) S P N R D N 7 5 F t / M (R P S ) F L U ID C A P A C IT A N C E
-1 5 0 150 -1 0 40 0 2
LSP D N 7 5 F t / M (R P S ) S P N R U P 3 0 F t / M (R P S ) D E N S I T Y (g / c c )
-1 5 0 150 -1 0 40
LSP U P 3 0 F t / M (R P S ) S P N R U P 5 0 F t / M (R P S )
-1 5 0 150 -1 0 40
CCL tells us LSP U P 5 0 F t / M (R P S ) S P N R U P 7 5 F t / M (R P S )

Temperature
-1 5 0 150
LSP U P 7 5 F t / M (R P S )
the perfs are
8100
indicates cooling
in the right
with gas production
location 8150

8200
Flowmeter shows
Gamma Ray that this section of
8250

indicates that perfs is not

only the cleanest 8300
productive.
sands (below 30
8350
API) are
productive. 8400

Fluid ID
8450 tells us
which fluids
8500
are being
8550
produced

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 An example of: Production Profiling
To save money on an Exploration Well
The oil company
Where is wanted to confirm the
the Gas / Oil gas oil contact in this
exploration well.
contact?
The floating rig was costing
$120,000 per day.
(Remember gas
To test 4 zones would
production has a
be 10 days = $1,200,000.
cooling effect and
volumes are large)
A single test taking 2.5 days
covering all 4 zones with a
PLT job cost US$ 300,000

What would happen if the tools failed or the spinner did not work?.
This well was making 5000 BOPD. If it was a production well and
we had a mis-run the deferment of 12hrs oil would be $50,000.
Reliability is important financially and for our reputation.
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
An Example of: Quantifying Water Production
Excess water production will limit oil production
Production Log Interpreted Data

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 An example of: Injection Profiling

Spinner shows negative

rotation as flow is negative
This zone is
HOT
No apparent injection
This zone is
into this zone BUT the
NOT
temperature does not return
to geothermal straight away
WHY?
which shows that
Clue: Radio there is a little injection
Active scale but it is not measurable.
deposition
occurs with
water
production.
A. This well was once a producer and one zone watered out (but not the others)

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 How our tools are used to measure the flowrates of
oil, gas and water from each zone.
MonoconductorWireline
MBH
Battery
Housing PSJ
Ultralink
SRO Telemetry The Magnificent 7:
XTU Swivel
Ultralink Controller Joint
MPL SRO
Memory PL Telemetry Sub Power Supply / Telemetry
Recorder
QPC
Panel with Printer Pressure
Combined Quartz
For Memory PLT
exchange XTU
Pressure
Casing
Collar
USB for
Data
Parallel
for Printer CCL
Location
with MPL and MBH
Depth
Notebook PC Gamma Ray
PGR

PKJ
Scintillation
Gamma
Ray
Encoder
Temperature - Fluid Movement
Fluid Capacitance - Fluid ID
Conducting
Knuckle
Joint
Ultrawire
Tool bus Telemetry
PDC
Dual
X-Y
Density - Fluid ID
Caliper
(Bowspring
for
Flowmeter - Total Flow
Open Hole)

ILS DBT
SRO PL Acquisition In-Line Diverter

System
Spinner Basket
Flowmeter Others:
FDR
Short Compact String Radioactive
Fluid
FDD
dP
Centralisers
Using Notebook PC Density Fluid
Density
X-Y Caliper
PRC
Roller
Centraliser
PSC
Springbow
Centraliser
(Open Hole
Gas Holdup
CTF
Combined
Capacitance
Completions)
In Line Spinner
Fast Response
Temperature
and Spinner rotation
pickup.
Capacitance Array Tool etc
Interchangeable
CFB
Continuous CFS CFJ
Fullbore Continuous Continuous
Flowmeters Roller Bearing JewelledBearing
Spinner Spinner
Flowmeter Flowmeter

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Theory of operation and use of tools
-The crystal has a natural oscillation.
As pressure increases the
Pressure: Quartz oscillation decreases.
Crystal As temperature increases the
oscillation increases.
We measure the pressure
frequency and crystal temperature
to correct the pressure reading.
-Changes in metal volume
CCL move the lines of magnetic
flux within a coil. This generates
a voltage.

-Changes in temperature
alter the resistance of a
Platinum wire. Consequently
Temperature There is a varying voltage
Differential across the probe
With temperature change.

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Detector
High Voltage Power Supply
Gamma Ray
Tool Photo Multiplier Tube

Sodium Iodide Crystal

Hydrocarbons and Water have different

dielectric constants. The speed the capacitor
charges up gives us a:
High Frequencies in oil / gas
Low frequency in water

Capacitance Water
Holdup

Capacitor
Plates
Fluid Path

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Detector
Radio Active Density High Voltage Power Supply
Photo Multiplier Tube
Sodium Iodide Crystal

Fluid Flow Path

Gamma Americium Radioactive

Ray Path Source

Differential Pressure Density (FDD)

In Gas: In Water:

Differential Differential
Pressure 2ft Pressure 2ft
is HIGH Silicon is LOW Silicon
Oil Oil
2ft GAS 2ft WATER

DP Sensor
Wellbore Inside Tool Wellbore Inside Tool
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
Flowmeters: (The King of the PL tools).
All are spinner type. The faster the spinner rotates, the faster the flowrate.
Tools are chosen to match the completion

Multiple Zone Completions

Swab Valve Wing Valve
Single String Dual String
WELLHEAD
Tubing Long String Short String
Crown Valve Tubing Hanger
In 9 5/8 Casing
4.5-5.5
SSDs may be opened and Tubing
Safety In 7 Casing
closed by tools run on In 9 5/8 Casing
20 Casing Valve 3.5
wireline 2.875
In 7 Casing
Sliding Side Door 2.375
13 3/8 Casing Cement (Sleeve Valve)
Zone A

Tubing Nipple for Plug

Zone B
9 5/8 Casing SSD for Log in tubing with Dual Completions offer
Circulation Dual strings allow more flexibility such as
continuous spinners. injecting down one string
Packer Log in casing with production from zones
Perforations and producing the other but
fullbore spinners. at very different pressures
End Of Tubing tubing size is limited.
Reservoir A Zone C
Reservoir B Zone D

In this case we use a CFB In this case we use a CFB and ILS
SIZE matters!
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
 Production Logging Quantitative Analysis
Step 1: Determine Total Flowrate

Spinner Crossplot In-Situ Calibration at

12
different line speeds.
10
y = 0.0603x - 0.3674
Gives response slope and
8 Intercept (threshold).
6
Spinner RPS

Spinner 4
RPS 2
Dow nw ard 1000 BPD is:
0 Upw ard
-200 -150 -100 -50
-2
0 50 100 150 200
Linear (Upw ard)
9.6 ft/min in 9 5/8 Casing
-4 Line Speed / Fluid Vel Linear (Dow nw ard) 18.6 ft/min in 7 Casing
-6 79.8 ft/min in 3 1/2 Tubing
y = 0.0547x + 0.0229 -8

-10

Line Speed
Fluid Velocity = (RPS/Slope + Threshold) - Line Speed

Measure Fluid Velocity is corrected to average velocity

allowing for spinner size in relation to wellbore and also
for the flow regime.

Single Phase (Oil, Gas or Water) Barrels/Day = Average Velocity (ft/min) x 1.4 x ID^2
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
Step 2: Calculate the fraction of each phase in the wellbore (holdup) - 2 Phase flow.

From
DENSITY DENSITY vs HOLDUP
Heavy Holdup =
Water 1.2
Density Measured - Density Light
Density Log Density, g/cc 1.1
Density Heavy - Density Light
1

0.9
Light Holdup =
0.8
Oil 1 - Heavy Holdup
0.7
Density 0 0.5 1
Water Holdup, fraction

From
CAPACITANCE Water Holdup is a direct
Fractional Response
measurement.
CWH vs Water Holdup

Water Freq. 1 Due to non linearity and other

Fractional Response

0.8 effects Density is usually more

0.6 reliable.
0.4
0.2

Oil Freq. 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Water Holdup, fraction
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
Step 2a:
Calculate the fraction of each phase in the wellbore (holdup) - 3 Phase flow.

A) Determine Water Holdup

from Capacitance Tool

B) Knowing water holdup and

water density use the
DENSITY data to determine
oil and gas holdups

Water Holdup directly from CWH tool.

Oil holdup, Yo =

((dens meas - dens gas) + Yw (dens gas - dens water))

(dens oil - dens gas)

Gas holdup, Yg = 1 - Yw - Yo

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

Step 3:
Determine the slip velocity

Slip velocity is the difference in velocity between one phase and another.
The light phase travels up the well faster than the heavy phase.

This is one of the great unknowns many different correlations are available.

Slip Velocity vs Holdup

Slip Velocity

80.00
Light Phase

60.00 Oil 0.8 g/cc

ft/min

40.00 Oil 0.7 g/cc

20.00 Gas
0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00
Water Holdup (Fraction)
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
Step 4: Calculate the superficial fluid velocity of each phase.
Oil is travelling up
If NO slip: Superficial Velocity = Total Velocity x holdup at slip velocity

For example if flow was 100 ft/min and water holdup was 0.5
Water flow would be 50 ft/min and oil flow 50 ft/min.

Problem is that THERE IS slip!

Oil Superficial Velocity =
(Oil holdup x Total Velocity) + Extra Oil flow due to slip

Water Superficial Velocity =

Water is falling back
(Water holdup x Total Velocity) - Extra Oil flow due to slip down around oil
bubbles
Qheavy ft/min = (Yh x Qtotal ft/min) (Yh x (Yl x Vslip light ft/min))

Qlight ft/min = Qtotal ft/min Qheavy ft/min

Step 5: Convert to Downhole Volumetric Flowrate

Downhole volumetric rate, BPD = Superficial Velocity, ft/min x 1.4 x ID^2
Step 6: Convert to Surface Volumetric Flowrates
SURFACE volumetric rate = Downhole / Correction Factor to Surface Conditions (FVF)
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
Production Profiling: Decision made from log data
An example interpretation of a production well log
Injection Well Production
Well
This production well was producing
at 76% water cut.
The client presumed that the bottom
zone had watered out and wanted
to plug off the zone.

Proposed location of
bridge plug

Before performing the job one of

the engineers proposed a PLT job
to check.
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
 Using the calibration crossplot the
The Production Log and Spinner data gives us total flowrate
Interpretation Method

When we know the downhole density

of oil and water we can use density data
to give us the downhole water holdup.
DENSITY vs HOLDUP

1.2

Log Density, g/cc

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7

We could also have used 0 0.5

Water Holdup, fraction
1

Capacitance for holdup.

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
The Interpreted Data

High Gamma Ray indicates

RA scale which is associated
with water production. Lends
confidence to the analysis.

WATER IS COMING FROM

ALL THE ZONES.

OIL IS COMING FROM

THE ZONE BELOW WHERE
WE WANTED TO SET THE
BRIDGE PLUG

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 The Results of the Interpretation

The total water cut is 76% of

which:

Zone 1 Zone 1: 89% Water Cut

Zone 2: 72% Water Cut

Zone 2

Zone 3: 68% Water Cut

Zone 3
Zone 4: 77% Water Cut
Zone 4
All the zones have high water cut.
If the client had set the bridge plug:
A lot of money would have been spent and 515 BOPD of production from
Zone 4 would have been left in the ground.

There would be no gain: The well would remain at 76% water cut (total of zones 1 to
3) and because the water cut is the same the BHP, hence flowrate would say the same.
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
 Where Next ?: This Horizontal Well Production Log was recorded using
memory PL tools on coiled tubing. Why is it so good?
Because it is 99% water!

The CWH
tool shows
hydrocarbons
only at the
highest
point of the
well. The rest of
the production is
Depth: water.
1300m TVD

1325m TVD

Horizontal Well After 8,000,000 bbls oil

Trajectory production this is the new
oil / water contact.
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
This is what multi-phase logs run using conventional Centre
Sampling tools look like!
WATER
Freq.

GAS
Freq.

THERE MUST BE A BETTER WAY!

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Geometry of CAT Sensors

GAS

OIL

WATER

Simultaneous measurement of sensors close to the casing circumference

provides a cross-section in partially segregated multi-phase flows.

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Flow profile from Capacitance Array Tool

Gas has entered Stream of oil passing Bubbles of oil passing

the well by at the top through trough
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
CATview Imaging Software - side view
Water = Blue, Oil = Red, Gas = Yellow

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Planning a PLT job

1-WELL INFORMATION
Complete Well bore diagram showing ID's and depths of all down hole
hardware.
Complete proposed logging program.
Shut-in Wellhead Pressure.
Flowing Wellhead Pressure. (For each flow rate)
Expected Flowrates to be used during logging program.
Expected fluid phases.
Well Deviation.
Pressure Build up/Draw down required.
Production rates of Gas/Oil/Water.
Sand production.
Concentrations of H2S/CO2 present. (Needed for inhibitor considerations and
choice of O Ring
and cable head boot material).
Natural or artificial lift.
Type of lift system. (Gaslift, Submersible pump).
Special requirements for lift system. ("Y" tool for logging below a submersible
pump; Gas
lift Side Pocket Mandrels (SPM)).
Need "Y" tool plug and hammer.
Details of SPM. (Special full bore flowmeter cage required?)

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

Production Casing data.
Outside Diameter.
Weight/Foot.
Total Depth and date of last T.D. check.
Outside Diameter of tool used to check T.D.
Type of depth measurement, wireline or logging.
Perforated intervals.
Type of charges/carrier used for perforating.
Position of any squeezed perforations.
Gravel pack.
Production Tubing data
Tubing end.
Outside Diameter.
Weight/Foot.
Diameter of the smallest restriction in the well.
Position of other down hole hardware.
ID/OD of protection/separation sleeve. (Protects the seat when DHSV is removed)
Wellhead Connection.
Swab Valve present on tree. (A swab valve is required to shut in the well above the
flowline and permit installation of pressure equipment
without disturbance of the normal well flow.)
Flange or Threaded. (Size and Thread type).
Measurement Reference.
Rotary Table (RT) to Tubing Hanger (TH) measurement.

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
 3.PL Job Planning

Establish with the client the

objectives of the job.

Write the logging program to meet

Is there a logging program? No
the objectives
Yes

Does the program meet the No

objectives
Yes

Does the well have a history of Yes Discuss with the client and plan
problems or a hostile environment? accordingly.
No

Estimate the downhole flowrate and flow

regime and select which tools to use
Limit Flowrate
Perform Tool Lift Estimation
No
Yes
Flow too high? Can we add weight?

No
Yes
Start Logging Job

No
Is well stable and ready to be logged? Wait for well to be stable
Yes

Perform Logging Job

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Setup Encoder
Edit toolstring configuration on Wireline / CTU unit
Edit Calibration Files
Edit Log Presentation Files
Create Warrior Database Edit
Depth Menu
Check tools are working properly.
Test depth measurement.
Make Pre-job Calibrations and check calculated output Edit setup if necessary

Set Zero and start

Rig Up Tools
recording data

Run In Hole
4. Warrior SRO PLT flow chart
Depth correlate tools

Perform Production Logging

Job

Make Post-job Calibrations and check calculated

output

Refine Depth correlation

Export on-depth LAS data
of each pass and logging for interpretation and client
stations and for Sondex crossplots
Make headers, crossplots etc. for API strip log.

Print Log

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 Memory PL Use Service Builder to
Acquisition generate toolstring Surface Readout
Acquisition

MPL Depth and Time Log toolstring

Drive .LAS Files diagram to Warrior
Database
Edit Warrior
Import Filter Files

Data in
Data Recalculation
Warrior Import Warrior Database
SRO data only

Edited Presentation Files Depth Correlate

.PRS using and Shift Curves Export depth
correlated LAS
Format Editor files using
LAS Writer
5.Warrior Log Printing Flowchart Merge Log passes
using Automerge

Additional ASCII Add:

Files (logging station Annotations,Log Banners,Well Sketch Make Spinner
statistics, log tail, Crossplots printout as
other info etc) .PRN files

Edit Header

Plot Job Editor to build

the sequence of logs

PLOT THE LOG PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

 What can go wrong ??

The order of seriousness as to what can go wrong is:

A. The tools may be lost in hole.

B. The tools may fail.
C. The client may not get the data he needs.

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

A) The tools may be lost in hole.

What can you do to minimise the risk of losing your tools?

Check well history

Your wire line equipment; up-to-the job?!
Pre job toolbox meeting.
Well trajectory and max. tool straight length.
Maximum restriction.
Tool lift estimation.
Job supervision against unwise suggestions.
Tool catchers & tool traps beside the hydraulic relief valve.
Avoid right angle tips in your downhole string.
Radioactive tools should placed above weak points in your PLT
string.
Avoid running in hole during a sluggy flowing condition.
X-mass valves should be operated under your supervision.
Discuss:
What do you do if the tools are stuck in hole?
What do you do if the tools are dropped or lost in hole?

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

B) The tools may fail .

What can you do to avoid tool failure:

Check max. downhole temperature & pressure.
Lower running speeds to avoid tool jerking.
Have a backup string on site.
If running memory tools, check battery specifications and calculate the
estimated power consumption under downhole conditions (not on surface..!!)
If running MPL avoid quick bleeding your lubricator after coming out of hole.
Check and replace Orings to suit your application and to adhere to any possible
CO2 & H2S existence.
During surface check; the tools raw data (Sensor raw reading)should be
monitored before checking the calibrated output in Outputs window.
Operation with GLMs existence:
Use Bow-Spring Full bore-mechanical-spinner sections.
Use the right size to avoid blades extraction while running thru a GLM.
Increase the tool length between full-gauge ancillaries to be more than the GLM
length.
If theres junk in the well, consider running a continuous spinner.
Discuss: Specific precautions pertaining to individual tools

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S

C) The client may not get the data he needs.

See what if the client required data is attainable by your PLT job.
For example: He may need to log fluid contacts behind casing or to flow-
profile multiple zones producing thru SSD.

If you are running MPL job & the Slick line cannot attain a steady
speed;the spinner data shall be invalid.Then consider conducting lots of
stations,say on a 5 ft intervals.

Run the correct tools

Choose the right spinner mecahinical sections to suit your application and
consider having an inline spinner as a backup.
To get good CCLs use knuckle joints or modify your tools order to be able
to de-centralise your CCL as much as you can.
Allow for well stabilisation.
Allow for delays.(i.e. While running MPL,put in mind stabilisation periods
in fast and slow sampling rates of your tools.
Present the log clearly
Discuss: Log Quality Assurance.
PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S
Finally..

We came to the end of our session.

Before say Good Bye we are having a small test.

To tackle your minds and open some channels,in the way

you think about Production Logging

Hope to see you again in a more advanced PL course

Farewell..!!

PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR F.ENG.'S