Flat Slab Strengthening Zaragoza Out2017 para PDF

STRENGTHENING OF
FLAT SLAB STRUCTURES
STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES
FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE FLAT SLAB
STRUCTURES
- RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION -
Vlter Lcio
Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 1

STRENGTHENING OF
INDEX
1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS
2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS
3. STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES
4. STRENGTHENING BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
5. STRENGTHENING BY ADDING REINFORCEMENT AND A CONCRETE OVERLAY
6. STRENGTHENING WITH POST-TENSIONING
7. CONCLUSIONS

STRENGTHENING OF

Ultimate Limit State of Resistance
bending.
punching,
Punching
failure

STRENGTHENING OF

bending.
punching,
progressive collapse,
Progressive
collapse under
vertical loading

STRENGTHENING OF

bending.
punching,
lack of ductility
to seismic actions.
Reduced ductility
to seismic actions

STRENGTHENING OF

bending.
punching,
lack of resistance and/or ductility to seismic actions.
Collapse caused
by seismic action
Northridge,
Los Angeles -1994

STRENGTHENING OF

Service Limit State (functionality, aesthetical or psychological effects)
excessive deformation and
excessive cracking.
crack
Cracks on masonry
walls due to slab
deformation.

STRENGTHENING OF
2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS
DESIGN ERRORS
incorrect design for seismic actions,
reduced slab thickness for vertical loads,
detailing;
CONSTRUCTION ERRORS;
ERRORS DURING THE USE OF THE BUILDING.

STRENGTHENING OF
2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS - DESIGN ERRORS

Lack of vertical elements to resist seismic
actions:
shear walls;
beam and column portal frames,
specially in the slab edges.
Edge and corner column-slab

connections are quite fragile, not only
for seismic actions but also for vertical
actions, and shall be avoided.
Design properly for punching, including,

not only the vertical load transferred
from the column to the slab, but also the
transferred moments.
Avoid holes around the columns.

STRENGTHENING OF
2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS - DESIGN ERRORS
Horizontal beams.. a common mistake
To design a flat slab as a beam supported slab,

wherein the beams have the thickness of the
slab, is a huge error.

STRENGTHENING OF
2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS CONSTRUCTION

CONSTRUCTIONERRORS
ERRORS
Concrete with lower resistance than the one specified in the design;
Slab thickness smaller than specified;
Slab top reinforcement with a much higher cover than specified (resulting in a
very small effective depth);
Forget the punching
reinforcement or assembling
it in a wrong way.
Example of bad concrete

and top reinforcement placed
with a too small effective depth.

STRENGTHENING OF
2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS ERRORS

ERRORS DURING
DURING USE
USE
Changes in use and excessive loading,

Changes in the structure (cut openings near columns,
remove columns or shear walls);
Accidental actions, and
terrorist attacks.
Terrorist attack Cutting opening

STRENGTHENING OF
3. STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES FOR FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Adding reinforcement:
steel rebars, with partial demolition and added concrete (keeping the
geometry);
post installed rebars in drilled holes, filled with grout or injected with resin;
steel plates or profiles, connected to the concrete surface with anchors
and/or epoxy resin;
fabrics or laminated carbon fibre, or glass fibre, glued to the surface with
epoxy resin;
laminated carbon fibre inserted in grooves in the cover thickness.
Jacketing:
addition of a concrete layer reinforced with rebars;
addition of a concrete layer reinforced with steel fibres;
addition of a layer of mortar reinforced with steel fibres.

STRENGTHENING OF
External post tensioning:

with strands, wires or bars of high strength steel;
with laminated carbon fibre.
Changing the structural system:

introduction of new supports to reduce spans;
controlled release of supports or introduction
differential settlements;
partial or total reduction of stiffness in localized
areas to change the internal forces distribution;
introduction of steel bracings, concrete shear
walls or energy dissipaters for seismic retrofitting.

STRENGTHENING OF

- Changing the structural system
Introduction of new supports to reduce spans.
New columns

STRENGTHENING OF

- Changing the structural system
Introduction of new supports to reduce spans
and strengthening of the slab with top reinforcement at new support.
column
capitals
New columns Concrete overlay with reinforcement

for negative moments
STRENGTHENING OF
4. STRENGTHENING BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

FIRE STATION BUILDING
Built in 1996;
Two floors built with a flat slab
structure;
The ground floor is used to park
the fire vehicles;
The top floor is used for
administrative services and training;
The building was in risk of collapse

due to design errors;
The building had a rectangular mesh
of columns with approximate spans of 10m in both directions;
The flat slab is 0.25m thick, with a ratio h/L = 1/40;
STRENGTHENING OF
4. STRENGTHENING BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - FIRE STATION

FIRE STATION BUILDING
The slab was analysed as a beam

supported slab, but there is no beams,
so the floor structures only supports
about half the design load;
The shear walls are only in the lower

floor, what causes a huge stiffness
variation, at the 1st floor, for seismic actions;
Some columns do not have continuity due to windows in the faade;
The edge beams are not supported by columns.

STRENGTHENING OF
OBSERVED DEFECTS
Cracks on masonry walls due to

slab deformation;
Users experienced uncomfortable
vibrations in the floor.
crack
crack

STRENGTHENING OF
CONSTRAINTS TO STRENGTHENING
Keep the parking space for the fire vehicles

in the ground floor;
Reduce to the minimum the intervention
in the upper floor to reduce costs in the
finishings;
Ensure structural safety in relation to
vertical loads, namely:
punching and bending of the slab;
slab deformation;
Ensure safety in relation to seismic actions, namely because the building is an important
infrastructure in the event of an earthquake.

STRENGTHENING OF
STRENGTHENING SOLUTION
Strengthening of the foundations creating continuous footings;

Design of a seismic resisting system with 4 new reinforced concrete shear walls,
from foundations to top slab;
Implementation of a steel structure
to reduce the slab spans;
This steel structure
consists on 6 portal frames
3.30m away from each other,
that support the slab at
1/3 of the span, resulting
on new slab spans of about
3.30mx3.30m.
Existente Reforo

STRENGTHENING OF
SLAB SUPPORT
Implementation of a steel structure to support the slab, resulting on new slab spans of
about 3.30mx3.30m;
The floor slab was stressed against the steel beams of the parking floor;
To reduce the intervention on the top floor, the steel beams were placed over the roof slab,
and this slab was suspended by these beams.
Roof slab Steel beam
Floor slab
Steel beam

STRENGTHENING OF
SLAB SUPPORT
The roof slab was suspended

by the steel beams placed
over the roof, by means of
threaded rods;
The floor slab was stressed

against the steel beams of the
parking floor, by means of
threaded rods;

STRENGTHENING OF
Steel structure to support the floor slab

STRENGTHENING OF
Threaded rods to stress the floor slab.

STRENGTHENING OF
View of the steel frames in

the parking floor
(free space for parking)

STRENGTHENING OF
TWO FLOORS PARKING GARAGE

The building has a rectangular mesh of columns
with spans between 5.20 m to 8.40 m;
The flat slab is 0.25 m thick;

STRENGTHENING OF

OBSERVED DEFECTS
Cracks in the corners of the floor, crossing the slab
thickness. These cracks are mainly caused by
concrete shrinkage, and may affect the durability;
Cracks on the slab top (wmax = 0.5mm), diverging

from the columns, due to negative bending
moments, denoting high stresses on the steel
reinforcement.

STRENGTHENING OF
INSPECTION TO THE STRUCTURE
The bottom reinforcement was inspected and it

was found to be in accordance with the design;
The equipment did not detect the top
reinforcement!!!
A core drilled in the slab showed that the top
reinforcement had an effective depth 145 mm
instead of 205 mm.
This is a typical
construction error!

STRENGTHENING OF
CONSTRAINTS TO STRENGTHENING
Minimize costs;
Ensure structural safety in relation to vertical loads, namely for punching and bending;
Reduce the aesthetic impact in order to keep the value of the space.
STRENGTHENING SOLUTION
1. Demolish the concrete around the columns in a thickness of 75mm;
2. Insert new top reinforcement;
3. Insert punching reinforcement;
4. Cast a new layer of self compacting concrete.

STRENGTHENING OF
New top rebars and punching reinforcement.

STRENGTHENING OF
View of the
top surface
View of the
bottom surface
STRENGTHENING OF
Final view
STRENGTHENING OF
Research:
STRENGTHENING FOR
PUNCHING WITH POST
INSTALLED REINFORCEMENT
Top face Andr Almeida (PhD) and several MSc students

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt Antnio Pinho Ramos 34
STRENGTHENING OF
Research:
STRENGTHENING WITH
A CONCRETE OVERLAY
Hugo Fernandes (PhD)

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt Vlter Lcio and Pinho Ramos 35
STRENGTHENING OF
Research:
STRENGTHENING WITH
A CONCRETE OVERLAY
Section of the slab

Main parameters to analyse:
surface preparation,
dimensions of the concrete overlay,
anchorage of the rebar ends,
the use of connectors. Hugo Fernandes (PhD)
Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt Vlter Lcio and Pinho Ramos
36
STRENGTHENING OF
Post-tensioning system with anchorages by bonding for structural strengthening.
(a) holes in (b) strand

deviator
concrete
slab slab
d
ing en
column column
sion
po st-ten
(c) (d) seal the hole injection with

ends adherence agent
slab slab
mechanical column
sion length column
actuator temporary
tra nsmis
temporary strut
anchorage
(e) slab finishing
slab
column
cut the steel
ends

STRENGTHENING OF
This strengthening system is

efficient for:
punching capacity;
bending capacity;
reduces crack openings;
reduces slab deformations;
post-collapse behaviour.
STRENGTHENING OF
Post-collapse failure
Punching failure
Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt Section of the slab after punching 39

STRENGTHENING OF
Punching capacity
1.75
1.50 1.54
1.44 1.51
1.50
1.36
1.25
1.00 1.00
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
DF1 DF2 DF3 DF4 DF5 DF6 DF7
----- h = 100mm ----- -------- h = 120mm --------

STRENGTHENING OF
CONCLUSIONS
Most common defects in flat slabs structures:
Punching failure,
Progressive collapse,
Lack of ductility to seismic actions,
Large deformations.
Most common causes for defects
Design errors (incorrect design for seismic actions, reduced slab thickness,...),
Construction errors,
Errors during the use of the building.
Strengthening techniques available
Adding reinforcement (steel rebars, post installed rebars in drilled holes)
Post tensioning,
Changing the structural system.

STRENGTHENING OF
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Fundao para a Cincia e Tecnologia for financing two research projects
and for giving grants to our PhD students.
The support of the companies HILTI, CONCREMAT, VSL and SECIL.

RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Concrete and Masonry
Structures
RESEARCH TEAM
Researchers:
Ana Rita Gio
Antnio Ramos
Carla Marcho
Carlos Chastre
Fernando Pinho
Rui Marreiros
Vlter Lcio

RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH TEAM
PhD Students:
Hugo Fernandes
Andr Almeida
Nuno Dinarte Gouveia
Noel Franco
Yang Yongming
Brisid Isufi
Helisa Muhaj
Joo Marques
Amaro Catumbaiala

RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH THEMES:
Flat slab structures: punching resistance, high strength concrete, strengthening,
progressive collapse, and seismic behaviour.
Flat slab
strengthening with
post-tensioning
Flat slab test under

vertical load and cyclic
horizontal action
RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH THEMES:
Precast concrete structures:
connections, towers for wind turbines,
and seismic behaviour.
Precast solutions
for towers to
support wind
turbines
Development of seismic
energy dissipaters for
precast structures

RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH THEMES:
Ancient stone masonry structures: behaviour, structural connections, rehabilitation.
Behaviour of
ancient masonry
wall under
horizontal actions

RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH THEMES:
Prestressed structures: anchorage zones, fibre reinforced concrete..
Optimization of post-tensioning
anchorages

RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH THEMES:
Rehabilitation of concrete structures: repair techniques, strengthening techniques,
carbon fibre, concrete overlay, post-tensioning, and change of the structural system.
Strengthening of beam-column Strengthening columns

connection for cyclic actions for cyclic actions
RESEARCH
STRENGTHENING OF
Structures
RESEARCH THEMES:
Strengthening and protecting concrete structures: protection systems for
buildings, analysis of the structure resistance under explosions, strengthening of
structures for explosion actions, reduction of damages developing dissipative
solutions.

STRENGTHENING OF
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION
!
GRACIAS!
OBRIGADO!

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STRENGTHENING OF

FLAT SLAB STRUCTURES

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 1

1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS

4. STRENGTHENING BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

5. STRENGTHENING BY ADDING REINFORCEMENT AND A CONCRETE OVERLAY

6. STRENGTHENING WITH POST-TENSIONING

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 2

1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 3

1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 4

1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 5

1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

lack of resistance and/or ductility to seismic actions.

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 6

1. STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 7

2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS

reduced slab thickness for vertical loads,

ERRORS DURING THE USE OF THE BUILDING.

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 8

2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS - DESIGN ERRORS

Edge and corner column-slab

Design properly for punching, including,

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 9

2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS - DESIGN ERRORS

Horizontal beams.. a common mistake

To design a flat slab as a beam supported slab,

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 10

2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS CONSTRUCTION

Example of bad concrete

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 11

2. CAUSES FOR THE STRUCTURAL DEFECTS ERRORS

Changes in use and excessive loading,

Terrorist attack Cutting opening

3. STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES FOR FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 13

3. STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES FOR FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

External post tensioning:

Changing the structural system:

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 14

3. STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES FOR FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

Introduction of new supports to reduce spans.

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 15

3. STRENGTHENING TECHNIQUES FOR FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

New columns Concrete overlay with reinforcement

4. STRENGTHENING BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The building was in risk of collapse

4. STRENGTHENING BY CHANGING THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM - FIRE STATION

The slab was analysed as a beam

The shear walls are only in the lower

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 18

Cracks on masonry walls due to

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 19

Keep the parking space for the fire vehicles

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 20

Strengthening of the foundations creating continuous footings;

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 21

Roof slab Steel beam

Vlter Lcio vlucio@fct.unl.pt 22