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Annotated Bibliography

What negative effects can cell phones have on human health?

Faith Hamphill

Malcom Campbell

UWRT 1104

10/16/2017
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Agarwal, Ashok. Cell phones and male infertility: dissecting the relationship. Reproductive Biomedicine

Online, 25 June 2007 http://www.rbmojournal.com/article/S1472-6483(10)60338-0/pdf, vol 15.

no. 3 2007 International Braz, 2005. 266-270.

This article is about questions that have been raised about whether cell phones reduce mens

fertility potential. In the article, the author explains how radio frequency can enter into and

have an effect on the human body. The amount of exposure of radio frequency depends on the

frequency of the cell phone used. Most phones in the U.S. work at 900-1900 MHz as opposed to

850-1800 MHz in other countries and higher frequencies mean more energy. Radiant energy

can be absorbed into human bodies in three ways. Aerial effect, coupling of RF, and with signal

tissue and resonant absorption. Studies have proven that men that use cell phones more

frequently have negative effects on sperm motility, viability, and morphology which contribute

to male infertility. Radio frequency has also caused difficulty in concentration, fatigue,

headache, and increased blood pressure. The conclusion of this article is that cell phones can

damage a males fertility. This article was written by Dr. Agarwal who is a very reliable doctor

being that he is a Professor in the Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve

University. He is also the director of a Reproductive Research Center and the Clinical Andrology

Laboratory at the Cleveland Clinic in Cleveland, Ohio. Also, one of the focusses of his research is

male and female reproduction. The purpose of the article is to inform males of the impact that

cell phones can have on their infertility. I think this article is very reliable. It presents a claim that

the uses of cell phones can negatively affect male fertility rates as well evidence to prove that

claim. This article was written in 2007 so it is a little out of date but the information is factual

information that was discovered by a highly qualified doctor. It is also important that the article

was written by a doctor that works at College of Medicine. His job revolves around issues such

as this one, so he is very reliable. I found the article to be very helpful. I was able to learn about
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a health risk of cell phones that I had not yet been introduced to. Many articles talk about the

risk of cancer or headaches from using cell phones but never male infertility. The article

expanded my possible research opportunities greatly. Another thing that I loved about this

article is that instead of telling me that radiation can be absorbed into the human body, it

explained exactly how that can happen. That was information that none of the other articles

contained. Also, it gave me an additional piece of evidence to support my claim. This article

helped me to strengthen my argument that cell phones can be harmful to human health by

contributing to my list of health issues that have been recognized as a result of cell phone use.

Better Health Channel. Mobile Phones and your Health.

https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/healthyliving/mobile-phones-and-your-

health?viewAsPdf=true. This website states that because cell phone use has become so popular,

many medical researchers are afraid that and associated risks could cause major public health

problems. There are two main ways that researchers believe cell phones can effect a persons

health. One of those ways involves the radio frequency in cell phones, which, if high enough,

could have a thermal effect and raise a persons body temperature. The second way is the

possibility of radiation causing headaches, or even worse, brain tumors. The website claims that

there has been no conclusive evidence that cell phones are harmful but the World Health

Organization has classified them as possibly carcinogenic. Radiation is a mix of electrical and

magnetic energy that travels through space. It is also knows as electromagnetic radiation or

EMR. Radiation is split into two groups. Ionizing radiation which can cause changes in atoms and

molecules in the body and can result in tissue damage such as cancer. Non Ionizing Radiation

doesnt cause these changes but can causer molecules to vibrate and lead to rise in

temperature. This website is very trustworthy being that it is centered around healthy living and

discusses any and everything that can damage a persons health. This section was just one of
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many that inform its audience of ways to live a healthier life. It is one that is reliable and many

people go to this website for answers. This website is managed by the Department of Health

and Human Services which is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government. The

purpose of this department and website is to protect the health of all Americans and provide

essential human services. This website was extremely useful because it provided information

that no other resources provided. In depth details of how cell phones work and descriptions and

effects of the radiation that is emitted from cell phones. It helped me to understand the science

of cell phones and the aspects of cell phones that can be harmful. It did talk about health issues

that I have researched in other sources but as far as being able to understand radiation and why

it causes certain health effects, this website was very effective.

Gersdorff, Sascha. Health Risks of Mobile Devices Womens Health Magazine.

https://www.womenshealthmag.com/sex-and-love/cell-phone-radiation . There is a growing

debate about whether cell phones are harmful to human health. While the National Cancer

Institute says they are safe, many independent researchers have found otherwise. Cell phones

have the potential to damage our immune systems, and alter our cellular make-up. Also,

environmental consultant, Cindy Sage says radio frequency waves can transfer energy waves

into our bodies and disrupts our bodys functions. In 2010 there was an interphone study that

proved that your risk of developing glioma, a brain tumor, increases 40 percent. Cell phones

continuously send radio frequency signals that have the ability to harm your body. The best

solution for this would be to keep your phone powered off as much as possible. This source is a

popular source that can be viewed by many people. This article, unlike the others, wasnt

written by a doctor, it was written by an executive editor of cosmopolitan. This could have an

effect on how reliable the text is. Also, this article was found in a popular source, a magazine

written for women which may not be as accurate as an article written by a research doctor. Also
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from this, the article was extremely helpful in discussing ways that cell phones can be harmful as

well as ways to prevent the harm from happening. Because it provided ways to solve the

problem this article was a bit more effective than the others. Also, the author included in this

article, quotes from research doctors and other people that are very experienced. The other

articles stated that there was a problem, cell phones can be harmful to the human body but

none of the others really included a solution to this problem, something that is extremely

helpful. After reading the article I didnt have any questions. I knew what the problem was. I

knew why there was a problem. And I knew how to solve that problem.

Patil, Santosh R. Mobile Phone Head and Neck Pain Syndrome: Proposal of a New Entity. OHDM

October 2015. Vo. 14, no. 5 https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/mobile-phone-head-

and-neck-pain-syndrome-proposal-of-a-new-entity-2247-2452-1000833.pdf. This article is

about a study that was done at a university in Saudi Arabia and a proposal of a new syndrome.

There was a study done at AlJouf University to assess the effects of mobile phone usage among

the students at the university. During this study, 369 students were given questionnaires that

included mental and physical symptoms related to the use of mobile phones. The most common

complaint was cervical. Other symptoms that were common included headache, irritability, lack

of concentration, straining of the eyes, insomnia, memory loss, and depression. The study

concluded that mobile phone users seemed to experience subjective symptoms and the

intensity of those symptoms depended on the intensity of the cell phone use. Many of these

symptoms are directly related to the radiation emitted from cell phones, the position of the

body while using cell phones, and the length of time that each person uses the cell phone. The

suggested solutions to this problems are to limit frequency and duration of talking on the

phone, holding phones away from your head, and maintaining a proper body posture while

using cell phones. This article was written by Santosh Patil, a doctor who is currently working at
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The Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology Jodhpur Dental College. His work is centered

on human health and radiology. The article was a report of the study that was done that

included background information on why the study was done and what the results were. It is an

academic article about an academic experiment that took place at a university. This article, in

my opinion, offered a lot more than my other sources did. It was a display of an actual study

that was done rather than a summary of one. It took place at a very established university, was

executed and evaluated well. The report helped me to understand every part of the experiment.

It was extremely detailed and left no room for questions. I enjoyed reading this article and

found it very valuable in my research process.