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Renewable Energy
Edited by T J Hammons

ISBN 978-953-7619-52-7
Hard cover, 580 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, December, 2009
Published in print edition December, 2009

Renewable Energy is energy generated from natural resources-such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and
geothermal heat-which are naturally replenished. In 2008, about 18% of global final energy consumption came
from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood burning. Hydroelectricity was the
next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation), followed by solar hot
water/heating, which contributed with 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power,
solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. The book provides
a forum for dissemination and exchange of up-to-date scientific information on theoretical, generic and
applied areas of knowledge. The topics deal with new devices and circuits for energy systems, photovoltaic
and solar thermal, wind energy systems, tidal and wave energy, fuel cell systems, bio energy and geo-energy,
sustainable energy resources and systems, energy storage systems, energy market management and
economics, off-grid isolated energy systems, energy in transportation systems, energy resources for portable
electronics, intelligent energy power transmission, distribution and inter-connectors, energy efficient utilization,
environmental issues, energy harvesting, nanotechnology in energy, policy issues on renewable energy,
building design, power electronics in energy conversion, new materials for energy resources, and RF and
magnetic field energy devices.

How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:

Yun Seng. Lim and Siong Lee. Koh (2009). Marine Tidal Current Electric Power Generation: State of Art and
Current Status, Renewable Energy, T J Hammons (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-7619-52-7, InTech, Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/renewable-energy/marine-tidal-current-electric-power-generation-state-of-
art-and-current-status

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