Assignment # 4

Solution: Capacity of plant = 2300 MW

Thermal efficiency (

Heating value of Natural gas = 975

Input rate of gas = output rate of gas, hence

Or, Amount of gas required = 20.66 MMSCf / Hr

Heating Value of Oil = 18250 BTU / lb

This gives,

Amount of oil required = 500745.8334 Kg / Hr = 1102312.67 lb / Hr

Hence Oil required in Gallons per hour = ( )

KGPH

= 139.239 KGPH

Now Heating value for Coal = 10000 Btu / lb

This gives,

= 012758.78 Kg / Hr = 1004 ton / Hr

(Emissions in lb / Hr) Natural Gas Residual Oil Coal

Particulate matter 103.3 1392.39 60240
1136.3 14620.095 21786.8
12.396 10930.2615 68673.6
VOC 28.924 10582.164 60.04
Solution: (a)

Height Height Temperature Temperature C Lapse rate Height Temperature

(Ft) (m) (F) (m) C
0 0 60 15.56 1C / 100 m 0 20
1200 365.76 69 20.56 5.4 F / 1000 Ft 365.76 16.3424

400

350

300

250

200 Adiabatic lapse rate

Environmental lapse rate
150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

(
Now, ( ) (

The condition is strongly stable (F).

(b)

Height (Ft) Height Temperature Temperature C Lapse rate Height Temperature

(m) (F) (m) C
0 0 55 12.78 1C / 100 m 0 20
900 274.32 51 10.56 5.4 F / 1000 Ft 274.72 17.2568
 300

250

200

150 Adiabatic lapse rate

Environmental lapse rate
100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

(
Now, ( ) (

The condition is stable (E or F).

(c)

Height (Ft) Height Temperature Temperature C Lapse rate Height Temperature

(m) (F) (m) C
0 0 82.4 28 1C / 100 m 0 20
1312.32 400 68 20 5.4 F / 1000 Ft 400 16

450
400
350
300
250
Adiabatic lapse rate
200
Environmental lapse rate
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
 (
Now, ( ) (

The condition is unstable (A).

(d)

Height (Ft) Height Temperature Temperature C Lapse rate Height Temperature

(m) (F) (m) C
0 0 75.2 24 1C / 100 m 0 20
1968.48 600 64.4 18 5.4 F / 1000 Ft 600 14

700

600

500

400 Adiabatic lapse rate

300
Environmental lapse rate
200

100

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

(
Now, ( ) (

The condition is Neutral (D).

Solution: Given data: Kerosene burning rate = 0.1 gal/hr

Density of kerosene = 7.5 lb/gal

Heating value of kerosene = 40,000 KJ/Kg = 9560 Kcal/KG

Now, burning rate in lb/hr =

CO emission factor for unvented kerosene burner = 632

(
CO emission rate = ( )
Solution: Emissions by Boeing 747 (one take-off and landing cycle)

(a) emission in uncontrolled vehicles = 2.5 g/Km

For new vehicles emission (75% reduction) =

Distance that the vehicle must travel to reach required emission =

(b) Hydrocarbon emissions in uncontrolled vehicles = 10 g/Km

For new vehicles emission rate (reduced by 90 %) =

Distance that the vehicle must travel to reach required emission =

= 43960 Km = 27315.478 miles

Solution: Mass flow rate is calculated as:

( ) ( ) ( )

Corresponding concentration is calculated as:

Assuming STP at night,

( ) = = 58.78

Steady state concentration =

(
( = [ ( ] = 60

( )

Or

{ ( ( )) }
{ ( ( )) }
= = 7791 sec

= 2.16 hrs
Solution: Given data: Maximum CO concentration,

Background concentration =

Wind speed (u) = 0.5 m/s

Mixing height (h) = 100m

X = 3 Km = 3000 m

Y = 3 Km = 3000 m

We know that,

( )=( )

Or,

m = 450 g/sec = ( )
Solution: Given data,

P = 0.15

According to power law wind profile,

( )

( )

The wind at 100 m height is 1.414 times stronger than the wind at 10 m.
Solution: Effective height = 50 m

Ground level concentration of the pollutanat = 300

(positoned directly downwind to point of concern)

C (x,y,z) = ( )
( )
( )
At ground level,

(x,y,z) = ( ) .................................(1)
( )
( )
At height of 50 m,

(x,y,50) = ( ) ........................(2)
( )
( )
Dividing equation (1) by (2) we get,

( )

{ }
Or, = 402.95
( )
{ }
[ ]
Solution: Stalk height for smelter = 300 m

Plume rise = 100 m

Emission rate = 5000 g/s

Given stability condition is (C)

Average wind speed = 3 m/s

Safe level of concentration = 500

Now, flight path is 5 Km down-wind the smelter.

Total H = h + h = 300 + 100 = 400 m

(From notes, figure 4-6 and 4-7, we get)

and

C (5000, 0, z, 400) = ( )

( )
Or
 (
500 [ ( ]

( )
Or,
(
( )

Solving the equation we get, z = 855.59 m

Hence the minimum altitude for planes to fly safer is 855.59 m.

Solution: Given data:

Wind speed = 4.5 m/s

Source strength = 0.25

Assuming the stability condition to be (B)

From notes, figure 4-7,

( )
( ( )

=( )

= 738.97
Solution: Average speed = 40 Km/h

Number of vehicles = 10,000

Wind speed perpendicular to the highway = 3 m/s

Average CO concentration = 10 g/Km (per vehicle)

[ ( ) ]
( ( )
(

Assuming stability condition (F), we get

( ( )
(

(a) For 1-hr NAAQS standard valued at 40,000 , there is no health threat.

(b) 8-hr value =

For 8-hr NAAQS standard valued at 10,000 , there is no health threat.

Solution: (a) Mass of organic compound = 50 Kg, stability class is (F), wind speed = 1 m/s
(rural conditions)

X = 1000 m

= (

Now we know that,

(
) ( )
(

Putting all the values in the above equation, we get,

S.no. Time (s) Concentration (gram per cubic meter)

1 5 0
2 10 0
3 20 0
4 30 0
5 60 0
6 300 0
7 600 0
8 700 0
9 800 1.01
10 900 2.86
11 1000 18.79
12 1100 2.86
13 1200 1.01
14 1300 0
15 1400 0
 20

15

Concentration
10

0 1400, 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

-5
Time

(b) C max = (
)
(

=(
)
(