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KIKEN YOCHI TRAINING (KYT) IN REDUCING

ACCIDENTS AT WORKPLACES: A SYSTEMATIC
REVIEW

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IJPHCS International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences
Open Access: e-Journal e-ISSN : 2289-7577. Vol. 3:No. 4
July/August

KIKEN YOCHI TRAINING (KYT) IN REDUCING

ACCIDENTS AT WORKPLACES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Noor Afifah Y.1, Irniza R.1*, Emilia Z.A.1, Anita A.R.2, Suriani I.2
1
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: Irniza Rasdi, Department of Environmental and Occupational

Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University Putra Malaysia,
irniza@upm.edu.my.

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this paper is to systematically review the literature in order to explore
the usage and efficiency of Kiken Yochi training (KYT) in reducing workplace accidents.

Materials and Methods: Literature was sought from online database. These database
included PubMed, Science Direct, JICOSH, and Google Scholar. Only English full text
articles published from 2000 to 2015 were selected. The main keywords used for the search
were (Kiken Yochi) OR (hazard prediction) AND (work injury) OR (accident) AND (working
site accident). In total, six studies met the inclusion criteria for this review.

Result: Four studies were from Japan, one study was from Thailand, and one study was from
the United States of America (USA). These selected studies used different study designs;
cross-sectional, cohort, experimental, quasi-experimental and case study. Respondents
involved were factory workers, laboratory workers, students and contractor workers.
Implementation of KYT was found to be consistently effective in increasing workers
awareness on occupational hazards, promoting health and safety practice and reducing
occupational accident rate. Involvement of all top managements and employees in decision-
making process is the key factor for the success of KYT implementation.

Conclusion: In summary, KYT is indeed a promising tool to be implemented in various

industries to reduce hazard and accidents at the workplace.

Keywords: Kiken yochi training, accident, workplace, hazards, intervention

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1.0 Introduction

In every 15 seconds, a worker died from a work-related accident or disease and every 15
seconds, 153 workers had a work-related accident (International Labor Organization (ILO),
2014). Also, 6,300 people die due to occupational accidents or work-related diseases every
day that resulted in more than 2.3 million deaths per year (ILO, 2014). In 2010, there were
over 350,000 fatal occupational accidents with approximately 6,300 people die every day.
Compared to the previous estimates for the year 2008, fatal occupational accidents have
increased in 2010 from 320,580 to 352,769 (Takala et al., 2014). The rate of fatal
occupational accidents (per 100,000 persons in labour force) have, however, remained almost
the same with only slight increase from 10.7 to 11.0. There were also over 313 million non-
fatal occupational accidents (with at least four days absence) in 2010 showing that
occupational accidents cause injury or ill health for approximately 860,000 people every day
(Takala et al., 2014). The difference in accident rates between developed and developing
countries is remarkable which is most likely due to many enterprises in developed countries
had implementing zero accident policy for their goal in construction of infrastructure and
industrialization. Meanwhile enterprises in developing countries are unable to effectively
identify their hazards and reduce subsequent accidents since the companies are newly
established and not all of the companies implement zero accident policy (Hamalainan, 2005).
Workplace accidents need to be seriously addressed and promptly monitored as they will
affect an organization financially in term of high cost to repair the machinery, and to provide
medical treatment for injured workers, and also will jeopardise a companys reputation (Xia,
2011). The ILO (2012) estimated that 4 per cent of annual global Gross Domestic Product or
2.8 trillion USD was lost due to the direct and indirect costs of occupational accidents and
diseases, including lost working time, workers compensation, interruption of production, and
medical expenses. In order to prevent occupational accidents, identifying hazards in the
workplace are the most important and effective methods to reduce accident (Nishigaki et al.,
1994). Other than recognizing potential hazards, workers can also develop protective
measures, and start monitoring their own behaviour that lead to accident. As a result, the
individual ability to work properly and safely will be achieved.
Since the World War II, the Ministry of Labour in Japan has carried out various occupational
safety and health activities in efforts to reduce labour accidents. Japan Industrial Safety and
Health Association (JISHA) was established in 1964 as a public organization to promote
employers effort in preventing occupational accidents by providing technical services and
enterprise education or training (JISHA, 2011). One of the occupational safety and health
activities at workplace practiced by JISHA was Kiken Yochi training (KYT). KYT or risk
anticipating training is a method that was originated from Japan (Ito et al., 2014) and was first
practiced in 1976. Sumitomo Metal Industries Co., LTD was responsible for creating KYT in
1974 (Na & Yi, 2011). It was developed through the participation of all staffs in safety matter
(Xia, 2011). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. and the Nagasaki Shipyard were the first two
companies that applied KYT. KYT has since become a common safety act management
method (Xia, 2011).
KYT is a practice on small group discussions on hazardous factors in the workplace and work
conditions (Ji, 2014). This will help workers to identify and understand types of accidents that
may arise from such factors and to determine the danger points and action plans. KYT results
in increasing workers awareness of danger and motivation to practice in teams, share hazard

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information, and improve their problem-solving capabilities (Chen & Jin, 2012).
Consequently, these benefits of KYT will reduce human errors and improve safety
performances (JICOSH, 2013). To ensure proper functioning of the system, all of the
involved personnel, including top managements, line managers, supervisors, and workers,
need to be motivated and enthusiastic about preventing accidents to engender a positive
workplace climate.
As a method for accident prevention, KYT is using illustrations of a specific workplace or
operation as a training. For the first step, participants are required to identify the potential
hazards and their causes, such as unsafe actions or situations. Then, these dangers are
analysed or discussed by the participants in team. Key hazards and countermeasures are
identified, and a finger-point-and-call item is identified. This training is performed to make
sure safety conditions before an important operation is carried out, or confirm safety after
such operation was done.
However, the effectiveness of KYT in improving workers occupational safety and health is
not well documented. The aim of this paper is to systematically review previous findings on
the success of Kiken Yochi Training (KYT) in reducing workplace accidents in various
sectors.

2.0 Materials and Methods

This review has included experimental, non-experimental, observational and qualitative
studies. The population of interest were the workers at any industries that implemented KYT
intervention at their workplaces.

2.1 Identification of Publication

The databases included in the search were PubMed, Science Direct, Japan International
Centre for Occupational Safety and Health (JICOSH), and Google Scholar. Keywords that
were searched in each database included but not limited to: (Kiken Yochi) OR (hazard
prediction) AND (work injury) OR (accident) AND (working site accident).

The literature search strategy had identified 21 potentially relevant studies (Figure 1). Figure
1 provides an overview of the strategy used to identify articles that met the inclusion criteria.
Initially, the articles were screened resulting in 8 articles being excluded from this review due
to studies published in language other than English. The remaining 13 studies were assessed
for inclusion. A total of seven studies were further excluded as the articles published in
Japanese. In total six studies met the inclusion criteria for this review as the studies were
published in English from 2000 to 2015 and full text articles.

3.0 Result
This paper reviews six selected papers on KYT practices that were published in 2000 to 2015.
Of the six studies, (four studies were from Japan (Goto et al., 2015; Hidaka & Miyake, 2015;
Ito el al., 2014; Murata et al., 2009), one study from Thailand (Poosanthanasarn et al., 2005a),
and one study from the United States of America (USA) (Chen & Jin, 2012). A summary of
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study characteristics is presented in Table 1.These studies employed designs of a cross-

sectional study (Murata et al., 2009), cohort study (Goto et al., 2015), experimental study (Ito
et al., 2014), quasi-experimental study (Poosanthanasarn et al., 2005a) and case study (Chen
& Jin, 2012).

Two studies were conducted at a factory (Hidaka & Miyake, 2015; Poosanthanasarn et al.,
2005a), one study was conducted at the laboratory (Murata et al., 2009), one study was
conducted at a construction site (Chen & Jin, 2012), one study at a rural, suburb, and urban
routes of a highway (Murata et al., 2009) and one study at a hospital (Goto et al., 2015). Two
studies involved factory workers (Hidaka & Miyake, 2015; Poosanthanasarn et al., 2005a),
one study involved student nurses (Goto et al., 2015), one study involved undergraduate and
graduate students (Ito et al., 2014), one study involved drivers (Murata & Hayami, 2009) and
one study involved general contractors (GC) (Chen & Jin, 2012).

Articles were identified through

database searching
Pub Med= 585
Google Scholar=97
Science Direct= 2
JNIOSH= 2
Total (n) = 21

Articles screened Articles were excluded

n=21
n=8

Full text articles were assessed for

Full text articles were
eligibility
n=13 excluded, with reason
n= 7

Articles were included in the analysis

(n=6)

Figure 1: Flow diagram of article screening and selection. The figure provides an overview
of strategy used to identify articles that met the inclusion criteria. In total, 6 studies met the
inclusion criteria for this review.

Overall, six of the reviews studies (Chen & Jin, 2012; Goto et al., 2015; Hidaka & Miyake,
2015; Ito el al., 2014; Murata et al., 2009; Poosanthanasarn et al., 2005a) showed positive
effect after the implementation of KYT. Hidaka and Miyake (2015) reported that the factory

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employees were able to predict hazards, prevent accidents and know how to eliminate risks
after KYT. Goto et al. (2015) reported that students claimed their critical eye for danger were
improved and their knowledge and understanding were deepened after KYT. Also the gap
between the time of learning and the time of doing was narrowed among the students who had
participated in KYT (Ito et al., 2014).

Poosanthanasarn et al. (2005a) had implemented KYT among the auto-part factory workers.
KYT was used together with ergonomic intervention program (EIP) in reducing muscular
discomfort among applied ergonomic program (AEIP). Muscular discomfort was measured
by electromyography (EMG). The means for low back muscular activity of the AEIP group
were significantly different from those of the non-AEIP group.

Murata et al. (2009) did an experiment among novice, expert, and non-licensed participants
using KYT in order to examine the difference of visual information processing characteristics
of drivers in prediction of dangerous situation. As a result, experts were excellent in
predicting the hazard compared to novices as experts moves their eye more quickly to the
area likely to represent as a hazard. It showed that the ability of experts in predicting of
hazard is higher as reflected in the rapid movement time to the source of hazard can reduce
risk of accidents.

4.0 Discussion
From this systematic review, two studies have shown that KYT is a suitable method to
increase safety in various sectors (Chen & Jin, 2012; Hidaka & Miyake, 2015). It concluded
that KYT is one of the methods that able to improve safety effectively and within a relatively
short time (Hidaka & Miyake, 2015).

One of the method in KYT is hand-pointing and oral description. This method is similar to
finger pointing and call method in zero accident campaign. The method of pointing and
verbal description confirmation technique requires the employees to use their arm and fingers
as well as their eyes and mouth which causes the brain function to improve resulting in
improving tense awareness and attention on the outside, avoiding the occurrence of illusion,
carelessness, sloppiness, relaxation, misjudgements, and finally eliminating violations and
reducing accidents (Chen & Jin, 2012).

The findings obtained in previous studies have served as the evidence to justify the
implementation of finger-point and call in work situations as a measure to prevent human
error (Shinohara et. al., 2013). It was proven by the enterprises in Japan which have carried
out KYT that the number of accidents were declined by one-third (Na & Yi, 2011). While for
other enterprises, the percentage of accident rate were reduced by six percent after one year
implementation of KYT. (Poosanthanasarn et al., 2005b).

Besides KYT, the concept of 5S activities has also been used to prevent accident caused by
human error as they focused on improving safety or solving a problem (Imai, 1989).
Compared to KYT that has been used globally among the automobile company such as
Toyota, 5S activities is an effective technique that can improve housekeeping,
environmental performance, as well as safety standards in manufacturing sectors (Warwood
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and Knowles, 2004). 5S activities and KYT are based on the philosophy that safety is the
business of everyone involved, instead of the top managements only. Also, both concepts
encouraged participation, involvement and in autonomy of workers, which promotes the
employee empowerment throughout the organization (Gapp et al, 2008). Without the
participation of the employees, KYT is useless (Xia, 2011). To ensure the system is
functioning well, all the involved personnel including top management line managers,
supervisors and workers need to be motivated and passionate about preventing accidents.

By means in everyday life, the safety prevention awareness is enhanced, the safety act habits
are cultivated and the safety qualities of the staffs are promoted, and finally an accident free
workplace can be achieved (Xia, 2011). It is proven that participation is a key component in
successful injury prevention programs (Vredenburgh, 2002). The result for lost-time injury
cases that include any work related injury, which prevents that person from doing any work
the day after the accidents was dramatically reduced within a year of implementation with
involvement of all levels of employees intervention in every phase of the safety program
(Garrett & Perry, 1996).

Learning about the reasons for industrial accidents and injuries will help factory workers gain
the required safety knowledge in order to prevent them. KYT can be used to provide safety
education. There are two studies that showed workers understanding is deepened following
the implementation of KYT (Goto et al, 2015; Ito et al, 2014). It occurs by helping workers to
identify and understand types of accidents that may arise from the workplace and work
conditions. Employees can learn the risks at any location and then study how to predict
hazards and thus prevent accidents. The workers were found to be able to eliminate risks
through KYT (Goto et al., 2015). As a result, the safety of employees improved based on the
knowledge obtained.

KYT is commonly conducted in the setting of small group discussions. Considering that KYT
is a group method, the authors of one study clearly pointed out that it was unable to assess
employees knowledge and understanding at the individual level (Hidaka & Miyake, 2015).
Therefore, this method is only suitable to measure the effectiveness of KYT as a group and
not as an individual. Thus, individual KYT effectiveness cannot be assessed nor the accident
prevention levels evaluated.

According to Toyota Global Website (2012), KYT has been used at the automobile company
because it was relatively simple approach to be implemented. KYT can be used to educate
and enable the staff to think of hazard eliminating patterns, which will both increase their
hazard awareness and their understanding of what they can do to be more vigilant and
proactive in preventing a hazard from turning into an incident. Besides, implementation of
KYT, can also improve productivity and processes to ultimately cut costs.

Currently, KYT is widely used in various enterprises especially in the Asian region, and in
China, Baosteel Company was the first to introduce this method in its workplace (Na & Yi,
2011). Subsequently, many coal mine companies in China are implementing hand-pointing
and oral description method, such as Shenhua Group and Yankuang Group and it was
reported to obtain favorable effects.

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5.0 Conclusion
From the studies reviewed, KYT has been applied in various sectors and in different
countries. It is proven that KYT can give positive effect in reducing accident rates across
different culture. Although the applied basic principle of KYT is the same, the
implementation of KYT needs to be carefully adapted to local cultural values to increase its
efficiency. It has also been shown to be effective when measured at group levels. KYT
requires the involvement of all top managements and employees in decision-making process
within the organization. It requires a minimum financial needs and involved a basic and
uncomplicated intervention instruments. It is suitable to be implemented in various industry
and should be considered a worthwhile training in reducing hazard and accidents.

Acknowledgement

This study was supported by the Yayasan Pak Rashid Grant Fund with vote number 6300182.
The authors would like to thank the sponsors for the scholarship support.

Declaration
Authors declare that this paper is our original work, quotations and citations have been duly
referenced. Also, this paper has not been submitted previously or concurrently for any other
publication.

Authors Contribution
NAY, IR, EZA, ABR and SI conceptualized the idea and design of the study. NAY, IR and
EZA developed the full manuscript, IR and EZA suggested corrections and amended the
manuscripts. All authors approved the final manuscript for publication.

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