Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ifth Editi
Edition
diti
Lincoln Taiz
Professor Emeritus
University of California, Santa Cruz
Eduardo Zeiger
Professor Emeritus
University of California, Los Angeles
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Contents
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CHAPTER 2 Genome Organization and Gene Expression 35
Nuclear Genome Organization 35 Epigenetic modifications help determine gene
The nuclear genome is packaged into activity 48
chromatin 36 Posttranscriptional Regulation of
Centromeres, telomeres, and nucleolar organizers Nuclear Gene Expression 50
contain repetitive sequences 36
RNA stability can be influenced by
Transposons are mobile sequences within cis-elements 50
the genome 37
Noncoding RNAs regulate mRNA activity via
Polyploids contain multiple copies of the entire the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway 50
genome 38
Posttranslational regulation determines
Phenotypic and physiological responses to the life span of proteins 54
polyploidy are unpredictable 41
Tools for Studying Gene Function 55
Plant Cytoplasmic Genomes: Mitochondria
Mutant analysis can help to elucidate
and Chloroplasts 42 gene function 55
The endosymbiotic theory describes the origin Molecular techniques can measure the
of cytoplasmic genomes 42 activity of genes 55
Organellar genomes consist mostly of linear Gene fusions can introduce reporter genes 56
chromosomes 43
Organellar genetics do not obey Genetic Modification of Crop Plants 59
Mendelian laws 44 Transgenes can confer resistance to
herbicides or plant pests 59
Transcriptional Regulation of Nuclear
Gene Expression 45 Genetically modified organisms are
controversial 60
RNA polymerase II binds to the promoter
region of most protein-coding genes 45 SUMMARY 61
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XVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
Small changes in plant cell volume cause large Plant Water Status 80
changes in turgor pressure 78 Physiological processes are affected by plant water
The rate at which cells gain or lose water is status 80
influenced by cell membrane hydraulic Solute accumulation helps cells maintain turgor
conductivity 79 and volume 80
Aquaporins facilitate the movement of water across
cell membranes 79 SUMMARY 81
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
Different areas of the root absorb different Nutrients move from mycorrhizal fungi to
mineral ions 123 root cells 126
Nutrient availability influences root growth 124 SUMMARY 126
Mycorrhizal fungi facilitate nutrient uptake
by roots 125
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XX TABLE OF CONTENTS
Thylakoids contain integral membrane proteins 173 The photosystem I reaction center
Photosystems I and II are spatially separated reduces NADP+ 185
in the thylakoid membrane 174 Cyclic electron flow generates ATP but no
Anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria have a NADPH 185
single reaction center 174 Some herbicides block photosynthetic
electron flow 186
Organization of Light-Absorbing
Antenna Systems 176 Proton Transport and ATP Synthesis
Antenna systems contain chlorophyll and in the Chloroplast 187
are membrane associated 176 Repair and Regulation of the
The antenna funnels energy to the Photosynthetic Machinery 189
reaction center 176
Carotenoids serve as photoprotective agents 190
Many antenna pigmentprotein complexes
Some xanthophylls also participate in energy
have a common structural motif 176
dissipation 190
Mechanisms of Electron Transport 178 The photosystem II reaction center is easily
Electrons from chlorophyll travel through damaged 191
the carriers organized in the Z scheme 178 Photosystem I is protected from active oxygen
Energy is captured when an excited chlorophyll species 191
reduces an electron acceptor molecule 179 Thylakoid stacking permits energy partitioning
The reaction center chlorophylls of the two between the photosystems 191
photosystems absorb at different
Genetics, Assembly, and Evolution of
wavelengths 180
Photosynthetic Systems 192
The photosystem II reaction center is a
multisubunit pigmentprotein complex 181 Chloroplast genes exhibit non-Mendelian patterns
of inheritance 192
Water is oxidized to oxygen by
photosystem II 181 Most chloroplast proteins are imported from
the cytoplasm 192
Pheophytin and two quinones accept electrons
from photosystem II 183 The biosynthesis and breakdown of chlorophyll
are complex pathways 192
Electron flow through the cytochrome b6f
complex also transports protons 183 Complex photosynthetic organisms have evolved
from simpler forms 193
Plastoquinone and plastocyanin carry electrons
between photosystems II and I 184 SUMMARY 194
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
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XXII TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
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XXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
There are four major groups of flavonoids 378 Damage by insect herbivores induces
Anthocyanins are colored flavonoids that attract systemic defenses 389
animals 378 Herbivore-induced volatiles have complex
Flavones and flavonols may protect against dam- ecological functions 389
age by ultraviolet light 379 Insects have developed strategies to cope
Isoflavonoids have widespread pharmacological with plant defenses 391
activity 379 Plant Defenses against Pathogens 391
Tannins deter feeding by herbivores 380 Pathogens have developed various strategies to
Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 381 invade host plants 391
Alkaloids have dramatic physiological effects on Some antimicrobial compounds are synthesized
animals 381 before pathogen attack 392
Cyanogenic glycosides release the poison Infection induces additional antipathogen
hydrogen cyanide 384 defenses 392
Glucosinolates release volatile toxins 385 Phytoalexins often increase after pathogen
attack 393
Nonprotein amino acids are toxic to
herbivores 385 Some plants recognize specific pathogen-derived
substances 393
Induced Plant Defenses against Insect Exposure to elicitors induces a signal transduction
Herbivores 386 cascade 394
Plants can recognize specific components of A single encounter with a pathogen may increase
insect saliva 386 resistance to future attacks 394
Jasmonic acid activates many defensive Interactions of plants with nonpathogenic bacteria
responses 387 can trigger induced systemic resistance 395
Some plant proteins inhibit herbivore
digestion 389 SUMMARY 396
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XXVI TABLE OF CONTENTS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXVII
The Shoot Apical Meristem 474 Localized zones of auxin accumulation promote
The shoot apical meristem has distinct zones leaf initiation 480
and layers 474 Spatially regulated gene expression determines
Shoot tissues are derived from several discrete the planar form of the leaf 481
sets of apical initials 475 Distinct mechanisms initiate roots and shoots 483
The locations of PIN proteins influence SAM Senescence and Programmed Cell Death 484
formation 476
Leaf senescence is adaptive and strictly
Embryonic SAM formation requires the regulated 484
coordinated expression of transcription
factors 477 Plants exhibit various types of senescence 485
Negative feedback limits apical meristem size 478 Senescence involves the ordered degradation of
potentially phototoxic chlorophyll 487
Similar mechanisms maintain initials in the RAM
and in the SAM 479 Programmed cell death is a specialized type of
senescence 487
Vegetative Organogenesis 480
SUMMARY 488
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XXVIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
Decreasing the R:FR ratio causes elongation in Phytochrome responses show ecotypic
sun plants 512 variation 515
Small seeds typically require a high R:FR ratio Phytochrome action can be modulated 515
for germination 513
Reducing shade avoidance responses can SUMMARY 516
improve crop yields 514
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIX
Auxin rapidly increases the extensibility of Auxin is redistributed laterally in the root cap 572
the cell wall 565
Developmental Effects of Auxin 573
Auxin-induced proton extrusion increases cell
extension 565 Auxin regulates apical dominance 574
Auxin-induced proton extrusion involves activation Auxin transport regulates floral bud development
and protein mobilization 566 and phyllotaxy 576
Auxin promotes the formation of lateral and
Actions of Auxin: Plant Tropisms 566 adventitious roots 576
Phototropism is mediated by the lateral redistribu- Auxin induces vascular differentiation 576
tion of auxin 566
Auxin delays the onset of leaf abscission 577
Gravitropism involves lateral redistribution of
Auxin promotes fruit development 577
auxin 568
Synthetic auxins have a variety of commercial
Dense plastids serve as gravity sensors 569
uses 578
Gravity sensing may involve pH and calcium ions
(Ca2+) as second messengers 571 SUMMARY 578
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XXX TABLE OF CONTENTS
DELLA proteins can activate or suppress gene Gibberellin Responses: Anther Development
expression 603 and Male Fertility 607
DELLA proteins regulate transcription by interact- GAMYB regulates male fertility 609
ing with other proteins such as phytochrome- Events downstream of GAMYB in rice aleurone
interacting factors 603 and anthers are quite different 611
Gibberellin Responses: The Cereal Aleurone MicroRNAs regulate MYBs after transcription
Layer 605 in anthers but not in aleurone 611
GA is synthesized in the embryo 605 Gibberellin Responses: Stem Growth 612
Aleurone cells may have two types of GA recep- Gibberellins stimulate cell elongation and
tors 605 cell division 612
Gibberellins enhance the transcription of GAs regulate the transcription of cell cycle
-amylase mRNA 605 kinases 613
GAMYB is a positive regulator of -amylase Reducing GA sensitivity may prevent crop
transcription 607 losses 613
DELLA-domain proteins are rapidly
degraded 607 SUMMARY 614
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXI
Cytokinins affect light signaling via Cytokinins are involved in the formation of
phytochrome 640 nitrogen-fixing nodules in legumes 641
Cytokinins regulate vascular development 641
SUMMARY 643
Manipulation of cytokinins to alter agriculturally
important traits 641
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XXXII TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABA Signal Transduction Pathways 678 ABA regulates seed maturation 684
Receptor candidates include diverse classes of ABA inhibits precocious germination and
proteins 678 vivipary 685
Secondary messengers function in ABA ABA promotes seed storage reserve accumulation
signaling 680 and desiccation tolerance 686
Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent pathways Seed dormancy can be regulated by ABA and
mediate ABA signaling 680 environmental factors 686
ABA-induced lipid metabolism generates second Seed dormancy is controlled by the ratio of ABA
messengers 681 to GA 687
Protein kinases and phosphatases regulate ABA inhibits GA-induced enzyme production 688
important steps in ABA signaling 682 ABA promotes root growth and inhibits shoot
PP2Cs interact directly with the PYR/PYL/RCAR growth at low water potentials 688
family of ABA receptors 683 ABA promotes leaf senescence independently
ABA shares signaling intermediates with other of ethylene 689
hormonal pathways 683 ABA accumulates in dormant buds 689
ABA Regulation of Gene Expression 683 ABA closes stomata in response to water
Gene activation by ABA is mediated by stress 690
transcription factors 684 ABA regulates ion channels and the plasma
membrane ATPase in guard cells 690
Developmental and Physiological Effects
of ABA 684 SUMMARY 693
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TABLE OF CONTENTS XXXIII
Circadian Rhythms: The Clock Within 730 The Discovery of Florigen 745
Circadian rhythms exhibit characteristic The Arabidopsis protein FLOWERING LOCUS T
features 730 is florigen 746
Phase shifting adjusts circadian rhythms to Gibberellins and ethylene can induce
different daynight cycles 732 flowering 747
Phytochromes and cryptochromes entrain Climate change has already caused measurable
the clock 732 changes in flowering time of wild plants 748
The transition to flowering involves multiple
Photoperiodism: Monitoring Day Length 732 factors and pathways 748
Plants can be classified according to their
photoperiodic responses 732 SUMMARY 749
The leaf is the site of perception of the
photoperiodic signal 734
Plants monitor day length by measuring the length
of the night 734
Night breaks can cancel the effect of the dark
period 735
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XXXIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
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