A History of the American People COLONIAL ERA HERBERT APTHEKER fi INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS © NEW YORKContents cnarvex 1. THE, BEGINNINGS Europe, Affe and Ameria 10" a Slavey and Caplin 13) 18 Colonization athe Taian, 18 ‘xarrae 1. THE COLONIAL RELATIONSHIP 1. Colonists snd Colonize, 22 Litrary of Congres Catalog Cord Number 5011218. Impetal Domination, ’ ac ‘Wars Agsing the Indians, 31 oropean Rivalry nd Colonial War, $3 ul, CLASS CONFLIGE AT HOME ‘The Natareof Coons Society, 28, The Clas Dviiony 29 "The Indenture Servants, ‘cunvren wv, CLASS CONFLICT AT HOME The Urban Poor, 51 2 The Fang Fel, ‘exarran v. MULII-GLASS OUTBREAKS, 2 Bacon's Uprising, 62 (© 180, BY INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHERS CO, ING, sm Unret in Maryaad and North Carolin, 67 Leber and Conde, 68 *. The Caron andthe “Glarus Revlatin,” 72 Garr v. COLONIAL POLITICAL STRUGGLES 1 The Land Bank War in Masachiet, 7! The “Parone Cate” I Wat of Aatstnce and James Ot‘uxerex va. IDEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS Enlightenment and Human Resa, 83 1 marca and the Spr f he Ealgenmen 1a Religion and the Eaihtcent coxavrex vor, WILLIAMS, HUTCHINSON AND "THE WITCH-HUNT Willams: His Tie and Hi Ides, Roger Wilass: His Ese und is Sat The Remarkable Mr. Huteinon, 101 he Witch Hunt: Peneeuton and Resistance, cxarrun 1x, WISD, “THE AWAKENING” AND The Great Awakening, 113 Pasting, Tymny and Heray, Liberty andthe Maes, 128, warren x. A NEW NATIONALITY IN A NEW WORLD The Drives toward Unity, 193 Newnes and) Democrstisin, 136. The New World aed Well eng, 138 Heonotice snd National, 130 ‘ Caltre and Nasional, 1 Index The Beginnings Ths rounprne stnecamia vie appearance of capitan in Europe: Tn wrt those colonies wer Aeveloping Euopesn capitalist eto ii Europe bythe 17ch century determine the fact tht shew to play the decive role In congucng end cloning the Non Brith power saw the complete elimination of Dutch and Sw a competion in Americ, the ensting of France fom od Canada, and the receding of the Spanish ine South of the Frid 1 Th the carly history of capitate one may discern two fund ental periods: One, in the 17h century, fund the Feudal Revolution of 1640 is poled highlight. Then the newly. Aecendamt oui frightened bythe seperatstadIvclinga Colonist Br demands of the Left wing and of tbe mases sociated in fin sugeles, compromised the Revlaticn ia the £650 Resoration oning t terms with the lage Iandownen. But the Reser tien by no means undid the bse nate of the Revlaton-dh ed tog too fet, the bourgeois simulted by demomsratin and loealuprings ofthe por, ed inthe “Glorious Revolution ‘otwithout extending the compromise wih the landed arora. ‘Second, appeared the indural revlon the Tate 180 and early 10th centuries, which secebated the devdopment of Tt was within the fist stage, and « figment of the second, thatthe dana of the call peroc ofthe United States wa ‘actod. Hence there i the nce eoncme, pola, Slog aly and cultural te between Barope, especialy Great Botan, This dacs nt mean, eh Inte Edward F. heyney put ovr fifty yea ago, tha, "The Hor of America fbr of that of Earope" Nor does mean, Dail. Boonin pat Woe excavely, dmorcen tha Te truh ater i tha thee ie inerpeneration in Arnica colonial development and story bctw:en the al Scene ad dy aod. pariculaiy AMerien appears. and. factons The Basi ° Wiis the conten of ght domination ad cont he ter Het has dev ens upon the tro culled Bene th me tea tae ome ft oer fn Ema sponte dep. perso te pr Shard noe he exe oe oe be Eereran ot ot clin Say Ye sno Cine fer an nya ta ape of con Popanion ol Ames at by coed ts es ef Bue esto Rms in cnt gu win ate, Tat Bnomy, Boosh procs the Aan Ind obec beret us offs of Aneesh, fins lars tay psy pene Samana ha ply (ken) tae bce amr nal She cen esos Parla Fears Indian ring ey ate Be atic wh get ad ence and tog Melt ie eae ft lin i 2a fr tat prs oe edi populon which cane Sia om Ale nd ms om Bae (nd Sted Bier ct of te whe popsaton byte tne ae Rev Sn), Bors bet on sn len of foe ud prmoted i chon h cn ener fpme sate “Th co Neo dv cly pen wo fom he Alan ng ms tho oye ea pena” thet the impute toward cottons Harpe the proce of Aen y he rnc andthe ac othe Apes eed Ade Tan opis Ths naw ete oA1 Tn the int and second stages of the tory of capitals, ou ang teatres of is developesnt were the land-ncseare of thousands of fens; the raving of Aca, pate ce Savementof much of popladon; the plontodny of Ameaia and the enlavement (in certain ces asim preset Hal, te fsinly complete smlation) the enignalinabitant, and the systematic explitation; lay, the juga of Aa wh vay ing degrees of suc, ut with very high setarms fa teres ot “Thoe developments wore intersted; the ft three have the claws cempetion tothe beginnings of Ameren ry, Let The capitalist revehton was matked by the swift accumula tion of fid capital To eahance te rate of poe derived hom such accumulations and to deep the marke forthe prs special consequence, While In tow coutites where the break from feudal was least compete eit Spain ad Portage dh lial flo vr mae diay wl he pip land, such efors were made via mized forms and with varying ‘ponsonhip, Ths, in England, thee developed Royal colonicn here the direc impact ofthe Crown was pent: Propitar Colonies, where sme individial had been grated ceonsede soc plc right by the Crown; and Chartered clone, where Ioinesock ‘companies had’ heen ranted tise sgh bythe The Beginnings u I ar tn ps degree pene ae evar veyey ees opal nd ice ins ee cree ieee ee eer rays eee es Sgt Aas este Conran). Te tos ewer sre Boe ta opens ot of the New Wes w te fermen Ba cpa (ene eee ee ee ete mein es {ha Lion Company and te Pou Company (line a eee ene eee eee ee Fats oeciee eee ee Dating etn ol of mma wal casos Ta op Bess acntotnge Tice In ts ociea! ies me Basted cbr Meera cay pee sen anddangaas population Meme take reed up Eines wire Zopnt wat w connie te cho tse sed erage renee ct ears eee re to ventas, thy wee ade pealve long 38 the creator of all val lar power, was not valle Hence thee to concomitant of the wanton from fel jim to capitalism matarallycomplerented each eter, a eon tempera pointe ot. Sir Huriprey Gilbert, for expe half brother of Sir Walter Raleigh sol» leading Soler and x lore wrote in 1574 ‘The Spanish Miniter to England reported in 1611 to his fis to prevent the Angew hat ah be lee of he Thinsen years later the Londea Company dele colonia ‘objective to be: “The removing of te surcharge of necesita Beep the mare fe of dangerasnsrecim ue thereby considerations, but they were pisting to ene ef great moment Tustated further That, the staal conquest frou of the New Wd by the Spas and Portuguese nthe fein ot Earope with gold and sven ad the making of cara aplal fond fect ‘hich they might the mor aly ventare in adaanal eves Profs by merchant fame Int stany of them to faves dhe ences in texte, Kater, wool and etal manufac ne) ti, in tur, intensified dhe sift from sfewa oa eaptalit cosamny and the resulting demand for oveneismarkew to aor the roduc ond Bat wh the seep ie in pees which accompanied th proces bpd shoe profits st-Agh it deepened the The Beginning ton “This land grows weary of her inhabitants"; and that Queen Re earn ie aks ate Meagher pce re ingag nen car tam Th poit of ime, the fint aren oud of Earope to atti the Dena eye of acqiive merchant, che Hghteaus sigh of pious istonares and the consecrated word of gracious sovereigns ‘vas that Indes nearest ity and around which ene needs foreach the fabled hes of Aiea ly Abin “The wary subjugtion of Afsca in tnodem tines and the aslavenent of ttn of ie population, was begun by Pertugel fn the riddle of che 15th century; inthe eneting year Spin England, France, snd Halland jened lathe lucrative underak be modem Alcan save trade pected Colas! voyage tothe Wester word by hall a century I farted with Haropenm invading the West African coat and4 The Colonie Bra {or le on the European market, cpecily, in the fi year a Aepe by Amurara, leader of a Portuguese venture in 1446, Tv is type of nds tha were to alow fn the generations te i guiding spit, Arrar’ ship nace Iron the Wese- Central found 3 eommuniy of people, andlor the ret we tr tothe spe by neuer thers oon ed he Sn Aer bor nd pec fo ef hos Ne As this quotation indicates, inthis busines the brtalty wa tialed only by the stnetinionnes, ‘This, two of the sip ‘wed by Good Queen ew’ fave mval her, Si Join Hate Xin, in bis sivetrading buses were called Jobe the Bape and Jes This proces of rpine and earnage—nest to war-making the ‘apltalien—lasted for over four hundred yeas fe ferceity i has no peer inal the awl annals ef human oppreion, And he Becinnings 6 ctrl fea tof the pinkie acumaltion ot capita et of the history of expan, nd of American tala or the fr By yea the davertading busines supplied labor for plantations in seutem Portal for Spanth tases England, Then, with the dscivery of the two consents i America wwe gent need wis or strong labor far tothe Wats of mining and agteutare the specal function of Aen £5 eat care for much of that labor was exable Obrint the viewpoint of raptalit ecanomies and thi this le of Africa, ad that role wa to he panies in n North Ameria, especially i wha fia tb ‘Une State Te wae of particle than 2 millon inhabitants (ndians” the Europena called them) throughout the area now called Canada and the Unite In the entire area frm Ssine to Florida and ten he ezan 0 the Appalachian Mouse, From lack of an indigenous and expcitale population arose to be esabsbed in the favorable climate and terrain found in conony, athe than agrclre by nue fredhaer, wa of special iteret to the role of England, boca it pro he bet means fr contol of lage lab force needed to pro he raw ate ming from the Roe country Sich an economy required & ausiers, impoverished and atively unfree labor supply, The heme country, and oth Gets of Butepe wood seply an importa pare of at popu tion, especially tn the form of indentured servants (of whem nore later). But the population of Europe war needed in large proportion in Earopest enue the re eminent would bet il the goase in one wid scramble t gather the golden6 The Colonial Er The Besinnngs ; ag. Moreover, hundreds of thous would be needed in the fxomous aren north sf Marland, where the cops and the Ferm ofthe economy were tobe diferent ee oe (Ce a fensiedexplitation, besinnng with the Inte 19th century, has om the well populsted eas of Cental and Seah America is eae eer ereere Ces eee tee er face chat che vlc of che over 3000 slaves aed in 978 Liverpool ships from 1783 to 1783 was mee than 15 millon nique. He ~0, ved millions of people who were in an. agti- rhs Suppetin of the tinea Slo ‘srl age of dite, where cea ee ho bn domesticated, ron had been stcied (pstably ft in th i edn ade sands of mils from bors, and eet in the power of wl feet, mien maser, hing bet ten tie fal pie Th he slave seade busines fabuous pecs, doubling and quistupling orginal invents in coe Gr two voyage We and af American captain dor pee ade bythe rch of sll Europe a, later, by the merchants of Fest tt weiner the unpaid and he New Werd, especialy those of New Eaglnd, Por li sce labor of mln of Negros for ores ro cease Brstl snd Liverpool, Perth Amboy and Newport foushed, to * aseatedilecpealiehali ire aarti 2 eaniderale dy he bas of the live tae In Chis eeeProduced profs running into the multi-billion from the coe et, tobacco, het, gold, ea a bot Created Ail thio uite Bes labor movement aad Dulwarting rection genera The matter is complen however for intra of the development of capitalism, slavery became 8 central checi but in terms f the economic congue of this cnet, an of the ely scout i the eradaverent of the Negro As aril, English policy toward the poople originally inhabit colonized ates was ane of gentile Two gest rove ings of peoples capil sich was to make up the teen colonies; these were the Inquis ‘andthe Algoeian and they totalled some 200,00 ane Tie eae wot The Benning: ‘They lsed by hunting and fing and by very extensive fe af farming; mack ofthe labor, abd vote of the goveraing, was Gone by worn Tend wat hl in common an aly ting ight to partic lar area might accrue to cetn groupe and ight be abenated Sn never binding uns callctvlyafirmed. (The whe inter fered to view Indian society in terms of Earopean laws and tpore:—a ditomion that truely was the surce of the re tionalzatons for denouncing new “evidences” of Indian “The Bish ruler came Sram scity in which the lies of thee own eubjct (especially f poor) were evaluted sry thespiy, thi, the tel of lal of bread was a capital eee ‘This inuranity—enroiag an aequstve society showed Sal att wort when confronted by the Indian. For bere wes Pople, having posession of mesial land coveted by the i ders who besten that they were, betrayed a fanatia d gard for the cbviouly superior nights of devout and whi Chrisie Mark Twain dexsibed the rele in a sentence: the pious Intcopers ne wots, “fst fll on their Knees ad hen oh th Arigines” No mod was too horible forthe accomplahnent of the governmental plicy of ebjogaton snd extermination ‘Thee methods ran the gamut fom rewards of so many pound et eaip of Indian man, woman, or cld, to bactescegiea Imarfare inthe form of spreading blankets fected with small x germs, Of nnumersle examples of ec eaptalst methods feanque, we mint sae The’ fist cones frm Governor Bradford of the Plymouth Danke ofthe Myatic River t was marke Se itz homesThe Colonial Era The Beginnings a1 tie a feu sight ose chem fying a to re and she for instance, two year belo the Pilgrims came to Plreuth era fied qn he ed ere ws he sk amos ofthe Indian in presnt New Pagland bad died of «plague Sd enh thereat kor sumed a et sce ad ae fs the corte ofa meaty alae he tat te Pgs The oer example—and both re ltogether characte Spproplated epn tht ane come fom the hor othe Duh Govern Kite of New he white elias, den, Drowght the Taians death an Amsterdart [her New York) who deed n 1613, on ane desiucton, and met a penstent and erie eance whic ealeenlg a: Ngee Ge aante fs, a tragic mgr, forthe nda, divided among Ceme lageDav de Vis a rade among the Dutch clois as fencrally oumumbered, trmendowly outed and ter wih the Governor hat night He wre Brove 10 the new dans brought by the invater fem Europe, oe P a ri fet down to defeat. Let & be noted, that whee soe decency 1 beard aera tng and Tran oh rampart fd honor prevaled~as inthe cases of Walicm Penn and Rage Se nga mudd heir lp Whar oe day Willans—the Taine main with the ‘hese tue ofr ng masse ey od white icin to csi the prone the prety and eee igs witout which the whic cloning effort must have Ses nen eee ; fale. Some of ds was there ofthe eat fel nea me ender to ave dx, the wien weld mx the contctions came a resi orig of hela the Indians who taught the newcoery how to Nothing is beyond raontzton for this too, eon kar the primeval fret and prepare the land for clan in 1600 a very carly piese of “promotional” Iteratue, Coad fad beans, pumpkins nd squash, melons and cucumbers; how cages epic mat featnpl als; howto male the bitehbatk cane {wihout wich rl shes wish brent Alanson the beach, The ral ofthe Tian wer the path f ‘Ramos ae wee : the clos (a 0 many of them were to become the toad of thom cane on nd Dt tude bot pari and een drow ae mobile age). Ina word, the Tndane taught the Euro. More devastating tothe Indians, howevet, than he bale Beans howto ive inthe New World, ad were epi by having and fe of the Buropeas, wee the digtes which he rough that World taken away rom thempowen of wosten Earp st itl the il sapreme wis the cre ofits om ee he eileaive exploitation of the home Popul Chapter TI tion, to secure ownenip over ae mich cf the land mes of the The Colonial Relationship eng iS 0 seed tas ed area is Boose canton progam yas col oe ws MERICAN HISTORY DURING te supremacy. ‘The mere eolnie you had, the ley hod the cenary and half that cuintes inte revltinary upheaval ent. The coli were sures of aw cia, and on has several penent theties Dominant of couse, he elonal hem reeved one ef dependence upon farcgn powers wh relationship viedvs glad. Another consequat fast of he thn te pes The nse ot ‘ets hinory isthe working out of Great Power Hal (e ff enorme welt wf thee reds a I pecially tho of England, Frane, Spain ad Holland). Indian Dar fr, go “i a! Felis f otal deste fesure cf the epak somewhit ‘he pros to be made by At the same ti ab indigenous soci In these thousand and one precious commeaies conotle oer, dea ne were sours of manpower forthe stmics and avis, femeree snd ind a growth of elas ies were market whercin might be propeted an peta. aed confi to prodace many ofthe enh i tog tm AS part of chs bt Tactured goods that they would ned but tat ey would be for having spec cha = Biden to make hemi Asin oped in Englan df chat avery, ow, Hes), more ane Specialy daring the 180" centty, this Inter motive became Tnmol he Regroaven nn tte Cees and Tron pint, the, ofthe rer of Balan, the clo abel las . es were planted an exited for the purpoee of enriching tne See eens 4 tulers and eahancng their power. Adain Sith, concentate new matinaity—the American—the seston of wih was fn the economic aspect, wer in is Wealth of Notion (1776), ero basi a component of the America Revaon that England “had founded a great empite forthe se purpoe a raking up a peopl of extomncre” Her merchants ad seca to iy he declared, tat English lave gave them menopaly of 1 Anerican trade, freng the colons to by from tea £9 Sic Waler Raleigh (1552618) dered: “Who ret the trade sell to them; in ath inetences they set the paces high inthe othe werd rules the wealth of the wond and conseuetly the fonmer cae and low in the ler. “The rniotenance of ks wat oe ‘monopuly” wrote Smith, “bar hitherto been the principal, orn The Colonial B ore roy pene thle en pep of he ona A pioner British empire prmotr,Rickarl Hallut, pb ing A Dicoure on Wesers lating m 1596, concentrated on anather cena advantage actruing tothe rlem through the Vigmoen prt cfu colniaton Foc, Such ape be bed was val in challenging the sspremacy of Spain in Earoe, fs ected ree eee eT dined from Amesea “Extering into the consiteradon of how th (King) Philp may be abot" wrote Hakleyt, “shan for hs oventrowe” Alice Spain ir wat Hand and France. In this eee the colonia exited a pew where to Belp fight ins tae for wal seme, anv may cos iy in the ambition ond rapechy of ox reg thousands of ‘Once the appearance of capital Bnd wet in mation the pox ele teen indus of Tt century Enel were the wg of on ae able Ep el hs prt ted ee ete oles escerines ereemege d'not hive. She tuented and lamer her dependence pon the Baie counties for thi products wars on sexs and fr no timber for the ships, and no resin, ar ane pitch to make the shige watertight without mood, there was no fuel (at thet per ieee eae cede nsither potash nor dye forthe woole factories. And the clon ‘pilin doar In agit he Ths nec for ado mais weaned tthe Heard editaceary 17th ecty, Umea x perso oF Send The Coonial Relationship 5 Isis in many areas severely inte the sbsomping capacity tl the bome marie At the te period, however th eect eee erg tol fainland was rent by continual wars, This, the Thirty Year ‘hroughout the 160% Ths in tro, helped direct the gaze of the Engh ruling ccs toward the Wes ts Lnchatry develope in Hogland, eal capital production comes decine, the claialpoiey appropriate for an caer Pesta, when n merchant bourgeise allied with land-based fell quctioncd. This derdopirent becomes prominaat by the cod of the 1th centary aid ie of inctesng conmequence splits in English ruling Gls, both in tems of the two revolt Tater ove the iceoal ad canal poise of George 1 Thee shifts and rewgles within Ens plital ces that mack the 17h cntery (a we shall ee ait entry and that calinate in 1775 inh St expeson of St, Wile the colonies were viewed by the ruler of England a ease ard og ee cet eee Dower, they were viewed others, quite natural, by the cok Sink of tac kop prmerarel iatc Sous, But the orerwackausgrajocy of them Home). They had hazacded thei Hver in coa of improving thee fves— thar fore nfl of interest that coal he reso ved nly by the elimination The atic ean bc ab nore nea han it wa bya Beith ‘he Marquis of Garathen, in peaking tthe antag of sould nt ssuy object the het samp of eal pf ha And, we bce ha en ing colonies, the ruler planted rebellion. The rebellion I Speake the conan tres he eaoien a re nurture ithe distance between elon and rales In the masts of peoples that proaced o new peopl as the decades posed; in he sparse experiences of the colonists hat united hem among tems and ncensnely vred them from Hore; it the disinet, cs ‘clones tat, despite obrrctions and ystems di deveom Even in strictly intemal affairs, English administrative fetes%s Colonial Bra ‘The Colonial Relationship sen ty ober hg intlecaos forall erg Beerfncare a lock of wd ora Ieee be would fl the Se eee ser ay Pawn dealing with currency Baullyreiched the point of faty i od ere i icin to i wa the ctncear poly tended wo lve he Hop eine oe the eee ee es eee a atte oe os cree eee ene eee ‘Soeloation e ‘ourency, England had pased legidation heavily favoring the CSE ee se Tat es rnc mt ht epee we lan Act of 1/92, woah the colonies suppliers of raw m and comumers of finished in England was . ‘varity onthe Whol, et ever albonepon Bee creer ae penta es iectnmeere ee The laws took three main forms: regulating trade, limiting ca ia Geel AN chris. pin lnc fo sapied f ndarry, and cabing the eon cateny” Al had the o eee ree jpcve of tein the Arslan com sedate to ned Insing bntruply requreneny ori eber ways tending 10 Tec pen dtl Great Bra ee cies erie eek Mie lve runing tae (Base vat the Navigation Act pee eee eee 1660) proved gencrly foe Eagands monepliaon of the re caring aed methnalig of cll produc (and of ag Sees eee Nig eee leery oral irate cesned forthe eon), Tks eae ach reed ee eee etry Inder x upon the class caf a nave Ss Sey eee Tatas of rede Porte yea 170 gh 1775, the croc of ocaty broker “tne Mamachacis Aucoin 172 Cee infor fom England over expr tober fam he los eal juny gay by delring thar the ea quan wee the Ied mre than 20 lion pound seal sn fo tho day Kings ony wile aandng once cus the Ae Wid & snc wich help devel isang te per of seu fe eiictatgel otic Behr da Wie England eaonrged the ool a the prides of Las dealing with industry (sue athe Wool Ae, 1699 he ray tea ate hel cold bt be uch sit and ni, Hat hts 132 te hom Act’ 180) general feta thee the exportation fos the ee to England of tage of manafacurng). ven Wiliam Pity who favre « {he ercaled Cort Lam’ the importation to England of cxae eee er eee ale and meat fro the eae wan ether atoll bared Spal of Be Sap Aa dodaredy tx Anes del fe its, Englh law attenpted to preserve theiminatorydty was placed upon whale al and bisbber, if athermore, the Brisk Crown regularly disallowed colonial acts seeing to advance mancfacring. Fer eample, the Pi the making of mileoeh: and a Maseashovets effort o encouran passing of la in the plantation for encouraging manulactres, urged.” England alo systematically cowed policy of tying to pre- vent the wetward expansion ofthe alors. This was done b= suse of Engl efforts to discourage American specslatve ef fete in western Landy because of agli efforts to monopala heey eee ac Es ee eee that westward expansion of the American popalatiom would hake the raintnance of clonal ower imeesingly cat tnd tend to develop a sense of Averican indepenence "The ast notable fstance of Englehprobibiten of wetward rmoverect wat the at of 1763 whi forbade selement by th rots west ofthe Appalachians. In thin all the factors men Fancous acknowiedgrnent of some ef the Bitch motives ie at Tard In May, 1763, Lost Egremont, the Secretary of State, ‘plained bi Favor the propred Line of 1763 to Lord Shel bre, Predeat of the Beard of Tre, by writing ss ie coli abe ince hey weld ei fhe Fors} etme they Gee be tefl The Colonial Relationship There wis differcre of opin, ist Beak fpita ox chs quien of voteard exponen Some Il that fsbo be encourage, fori tended to dspene th eee! way would di ruling Ie fies oot over tie geal sought poet r pce, war wal The war wete tiny of thro Bids war Yarious Indian peoples; aud lil wats. ‘The lst shall be con Sere when desting vith the inka cll seme ‘These wary were, of cout, dhe ral of ageveions by the federation, perhaps the most powerful ofall Indian forces east of ties the feel ws in dou ha the Indians ever succeeded ‘Quest would have been delyed by many year i not generations Tn evaluating these wary too, the qucsion of progres ares Tk clea thatthe productive capa ofthe Earopean civil tion wae mush higher dha thet of the Indiany certainly th level of the former was higher than that he later. Basal,ner of the conquer: ute mathles hypotial, and brutal ‘These charactors of the tate ade toi af all tages ts development, rom the nature os Amica Taian policy when i young, tothe nature of imperilt pay when i Inthe colonial period mention may be made of four major Tadian war The Pequot Indlany,ustbering rome 8,000 alto ether, tre up in 1087, in Contec in'an effort 9 8p erstantencreachinents on hee land. The gus ofthe colonise ‘ery neal annihilated them, the pal hand of arivors Tm 1675, Metacom, lade ofthe Wammpancag Indian of New Engle (Caled bythe Engl, King Pulp) seceded in fry ig wie withthe Npmuck and Neraganet Indians and offer ing restance to frter Engh advan The struggle se fo evo year andy secng his ort roving thinner, Metacom te 1 get the Moh to jin with a. i fort filed snd thi tood united in the New England Confederation. Ia 1676 he wa his head was duplayed on a pole in Plymouth, His wife and boy were sold in West Indian saver. By 1677, these Indians Then defeated and, inde, organised Tada teal fein sath et Ny ect aed Another major war, with sila eu, wat waged by Cher Lae Taian in South Carina fea 1760 though 1762 Finally ater the Brits bevayal f the Alora peoples in the treaty of 1763, cncloding the Anglo-French Seven Vear? War, several thes amongst them In by Pete the Ottawa (ned by the Wrandot, otawaton, and Ota) declared oar upon dhe Bnei and the impact was fl far beyond he Obie Vay snd and Vga, Thi wr, starting in 3, ended with he deft of Poe i 176, ‘The Colonial Relationship cre wee four major was waged in the colonies st parts of cr cnc fought i Europe (ner clarhere) between ranot es fst England (th Spain cranny ald to Franc). Use, fiers 1689 theogh 1763 war wes practically inceaat betwee rs sopetes power Coxe arc bow pecs French Canad and Eneieh America. I ll of thee, i ay be Sree eresact ake ead a tee fetts. Froa 1701 teh 1713 Cen Arm's Worm Fa are Sn uc et the greatest of them all, started in the colonics in 1754, and 1756-1763), sown in colon hitory as the French std Indian We Tes thie war which reed in eh scquston of Canad of Guadeloupe it was one er the eter and the fialchcce hee Trefctive of the development of Engl industry, a compa With cornmerce). At the smn tne the Beth betrayed their Tadian supporter —led by Potise and in the weaty of pesce Bd cep of tc ead month of te Okla eer wich "This ast war ba profound repreusion cn the further deve Speco inthe West. By removing the French enc wade Ibe okies for Ks depend upon the mitary night ot Eneland (as Shaw noted, everyting in Es Eafe pee feta fepeaedly came gue and location fr Ene is and et ile copertion in sxch lors fom the provi pete ris coli tae rea in New York, InN ae eee ae eee siding ogee Chapter Class Conflict at Home Y AURT in his valuable fwrte “af the confer Baween privleged. snd. non peed roupes peloaged ste whieh form the ceneal theme of fob ison” We tu mention ef ti dh tres wich for Fist, come rem he general ature of clonal cel tes der Throughout the cere pregominanly ral. Th figuicant feature ofthe American calnal scene; they were Dab, Cart Bedenough ha en at orate Ba Fe dows ean thatthe ve clef cde f the colonies (Philadel Bi, New Yerk, Boron, Charles Towa, and Newport, ranging lation in that er Som st 24,000 Bad sgetber lx than 73, ‘otal popation war fd aver 2,500.00 (wih And by chat tnt dat Yas non-Englah incre,% The Colonist Era ‘skied that about 10 per een: of ll ramigratin t the clo for nonpayment of debt penis in seme sates to the Civil Clare Conic at Home 7 $0}000 men and women were involved up to 1775, the great Stile abee—Nogro wad whito—which form vey com siderable x sceon of the enie working population, exited in the ilmiabe routes ofthe area in face of the fac hat that ees eee te a et ae a peal property, ee “independenes” And independence meant their den toon tuber ete ar cheiation 2 aye eal c rockin eaeay tala et ee erent raw al oie ‘Marx in Copal volume, chapter 25, "Modern Tory of What keope ie dere forthe pradacting of sup Hence the aichtly vital nature of the land quation fer Tnercan history unl well put the colonial period: Related to Bhi ere the we earch cht further enich theres Ahrough the acral of vat Boling inthe poli land DMoch cf this represented mee or las legitimate speralatons ane Taine ventures Bats good dea of i rene fon the action iol coll (apd ater tte and federal) goverment, Instruments of the ich, i making hig land grant to te “Tod ing fais” (by 1696, New York had given thas to the Phlipacy Van Cordandts, Vast Rescuer, Schuyler, Livingstone sad’ Bayard by 1754, Vigaia had given slmowwere abo siqnifeant. Gyrus H. Karraker indecd has demon ch anain ora solar eae terms: In New England uke snd sled fre workers were Bud from 25 about B94 ada, depending ypon cl sre Gn Periods nemplyment (and thy were fre hate! davery was lo sp fon indented se fhsing the 17th cenary, Ths oe late a 1683, there were fhvesia Virginia md 12000 indentured servans Noc un 1710, id ice—overbelnngly groom by slave labor—bezome the faple crop ef South Cardinay up to Wat tine her leading Giorgia was noe ended ul the 173s and avery was not feurcduce ito that eclory (a baler between Spansh F mt the Engsh Carlin) wat ‘Bat with the 1D centr, 2 fucton ofc indigo and tobacco in ae ust, lve ans Hee of desi lave culled almext #0 per cent ofthe total soother popu tion, and 20 percent of the entre colonial popalation by th By about 1720, American Negro daery wat wol-deelped gle cop, commeaity produce, peel ae flavement It already hed pas out of the hosehald for that ofthe plantation, here cmniodites were produced for in an excaive and world-wide maker. This por the Hdeolgy that ratioalied and suainod the sem, account for the intense exploitation ad bruality that characterized. he ‘American Negro lave ste bythe any ith cntary and was to characterize efor another 15 decades Furthermore, already {hs cal in the olnial perio, the insitution wa a Basi source fof wealth forthe planes ofthe South and forthe merchants of the Ner he soe colonies (partially after the 17h century ‘he daveowning plantes--araong. whom the really inflaental be daveowning families were very few: and were lterrelated—conettated the filing cs Tn the Middl and New England colonies, the mer han snd the larger landers (the ler expel important in New York) composed the deainan lignes All thee wereatte a colonial deninat grasp, an timate pla ‘whore det representatives inthe colonies represented the peak nd here, to, thee was much intemarrag. It conttuted an ‘elute, ely, od poerfl clan the five lend tik of he cece, hin stratum Gd ot eount st many a fo hundred fans Te member, however, had divest es tothe overnon, they ston the caer counels and sncrb segue vas landed tates in deal nd though seca avr ‘and paid thir seamen and workers strat wages In atid their rity oda i etd he the los of mca any branched ost in thee busines intrest, espeilly asthe ts but alo into the for tide aid indusy, partly bipbullding and certain subsiry a proces scien nly, casting perhape 6D per cent ofthe ttl econ population, were the great mass of more or let independent eonsnry and all farmers ister ad fermen These together thd the urban worken-aad borrowing heavily fom st becae the United Sates they ge the tormenters a battle and doy, lest mperep- hy, dopte innumerable sbacl,they di forge ahead. These flas rupee fonn the hear of the hitory athe American rely, we cum ote highlghs of thistory Fit, m tothe Negro ave, of whom, it wil be sealed, there weer about half milion by 1775. Hee ove i ha Pye of commodity production fora weld matet a which the flower ofthe employer & not mow Hinied than his avaricious EE by law, the alse subminion hae eb perfect and the finplyer' power absolute, extending to fe asd Unb. Ad, the condition was perpesal nd aceracd to the deena The stem of avery was brutality penonifed and whi wa etn tothe make dave, i pact pon the female el ees the pero Tangag Te cone to the eae tometing ofthe realty of ary in the coli pein we shall offer relevant eatact rom th ry of Winn Byrd of Virginia. (10741744). This Me. Byrd owned over 170,000 acres of fad {it was on one of ie ett thatthe city of Ricnond was lad ont); he was @ member of the Virgin Coun forever 30 years; he was the nero Hbrary some 4,000 volumes, was noted art content, and a datingushed auton This Mr. Byrd indeed, was a notable an ss marked the ery colonial epoch, Tis sexet dry forthe years 1700-1712 wat recently dis red, decipher and publisher? te editors who deeabe Me Site thot he “fl that he as 9 Kindly mater and dnveighed idu Coni 6 Hm vara me te Used imemely vaned. Thee incl slowdown in work, shamingThe Colonial Ere ssination (especially with pois), elt mution tnd dotrction, infanticide purcicing feeds, iausection. feat lal Beas raining hope, of vanting to liv, of preserving to chrahed sheen (though the maser sity the high pint of unrst and dont i :n. Sperfially in American Negro davery cent of the teal popolasom and Seuther population) and rad, atthe pasliy of sce n never exited Ye, sv remarkable mane oro expt buanty ach the roca hall he atespted an the meres chronicling lal pred. Slave ple of considerable see di the same pattem was rept, though this time Indian an Negro saves were inveved tga, In 1712 rebels saves fore 21 saves were exevuted—"ots were burt, others hangs th Carolina (where the daves did outmumber the met of the period). was continually bot b 720 and, pel, dws which retared from 7A, Widespread plats were crubed in Ving 28. New York City wan dure a 170 by Glas Confit at Home 6 supply; te next year the city was sbuluely panicticken by reports (vey mich exaggersted) of the intention on the part of {he daves (with sme write confterates) of uring the town. Geraint that many fies suddenly i various parts f the ty, and iti alo certain that four whites were eect, 13, {hives were burned aie, 18 were hanged, and 70 banibed— fold nt the West Indie, She diclletion to a notable degre eeappeared in Sou CCarcina in 1799 an 1760. In northern Vezina, in 1767, feveal ovences wee led by pong, with the res tha ony saves were deete, some exceed, “afer which ther Tou” Inthe early 1770, wnrest and rbelion were reported From the slaves of Georga here slavery lad been extashed 20 yeas fore), su the lst year pit tothe Declaration Independence was taked by a'wiespread conspiracy in Nord arotin Toe conspiracies and revels wore stimulated by periods of epresion {which teu In actual aration conditions for tony af the aves ad others among the clolal poor) and by Wasaga Iran the Spanish othe French. At oes ther Iwas unity in the pl among slaves and fee Negroes Negro ves and Indian, and even among whites (peal idence Servos) sind saves a inthe cans the bulk of the rebels con Sit of Negro saves; sd mnt ofthe ve insured lori! pend (and therefer, wml 1850) involv shiver lone White this turmoil exited among the daves, all as far from iy among the indented servants, wh, with the lave p about ene ied of the whole clonal population. These tint ivsintary, apprentice ound-out conc, Fedemptionen conte! 2 group of labore whese conden i living wo bat litle above that of the chal saves. Men,rom the goverment. His ours aad conditions of werk Wer set by the maser sd the servant's dat wast obey and to work Aiigenly. Punishment was st the maiers dacetion and dude severe physical “orion” while Tight fram the master was puniable not only by betingy but also by a doubling tpg of thelength linden Feendsip beween Negeo slave, and white and Negro in dentued serena wat ction threeghet the 17th eentary and far from unknown i the 18th Jot fight by Negro and whi isrepeatedly reported, while united rareipaen in upg an caries oceurted at timex Nether save not indentured servant was pemited to marr, ation between Negro ond white frequently noted in the colonial records? The do iterate planting and spreading of white auptemacst doctrine and hab bythe peste andthe rch gener omer he clonal er, with semble pang ls faring fater owning up it. Imporant in thiscommestion was the employ eR Pe et rng tea beste ae oe Ta ae ed are eee was inilnalined ss sar the eletionuhip wid te Tdinn Ud the Negro peoples, it sto be cnpected that lass Confit at Hon ened wo indenture se potent mastery, sting for twealt, was abotinable. As the researches of Abbot E. Sth Richard B. Moris and others have shown, thew ufoe woken tree frequently beaten were branded cine to ther asks Ted sale raed in de woutde and generally received soe thing of the Kind of physal maltestmen tat saves endured throchout thei Hes Indicative was the pesmble toa Visi “The white indentured servant id have greater protection than Aoarer wae setaly hanged forthe wana Lilng fa servant. Macoumes produce Dy rac werent preset aed the maser a few ene in the colorist pecod, of maton being ted forthe particle brutal rauder of aves, but i tly one cas oo far as this wrer has ducovered, wae there any isnt st al. The ccured in New York in 1656, where a vad ied fe ig ohare dere wea He wa: acquited though the jry sid thought he shoud have bccn more "paring" tae te woman waa “uci”; it the mater was required 0 pay the cure co Wich the indentured pervantsav with the les ad a8 rue Betance Fig, gly or grea (el clon wah days) a Fey commen among the indenared servant Indiv fe ‘le cof ristance ako dot enna records and newapapes thatthe indentured servants were “stwbbora, eefractry and dix48 The Colonial Bra contented.” There are, as, contemporary elerences to work "A good example was the refusal cf six indentured servants i Cave County, Maryland, in 166%, > continue working for their master. Th eh is supply of food was insu fe oiee ae eee ae into cour, they. were ordered to rive 30 Tnseseach and to Tease, though warmed by the cour Uucarnmen; in addon, thee wae frequently mane parcpaion by indentured servants (auch more alten than save fore ie ieee tere al re eee i pea ee tae ge The competes othe i be ol good bekavioe of the 17d century Partialaty serous, for example were the wp ing of the servants in pars of Vega in 1681, 1663 (with one lies), ad ia 1681, In all cans the efor for freedom tree brutally crusted and the laden executed, The. demands ‘were for ls sbotsnable conten an beter fond, and at Goes for complete freedom, os inthe plet of 1601 in York Coun Virgina et by Isaac Fiend and Wiliam Chto, At thir twas brought out tat Friend had ured pale ee ‘epee a vey tel problem tothe employer and newapeper Fretaements for runaway servant are cxeedingly cormmon fict at Home oA aly character Ali reward, ald by Trews Carey ample 9Chapter TV Class Conflict at Home: The Free THE FREE laboring n fe was hard and milan wae wide werk population tha wa rec living conten Teter than for thet las reer in Eusope ad the dae ef i poorer farmers stats wa fixed for ile Wy ther cilren moreover, the ty worked bth ways, up and dove, Rt sis pstition was, begs Son Nr aay prt the Inge reecing thie "depraded” saturn th inher, the cannes ching was the Fale for alms all who bored with ter own hand Aad fa cs and in far the fee poor woreda worked ery hard and very on las Confit a Homes The Free 5 where. A town and country howe; hundreds and thousands of Portes; alls and stn, velvet and pat a gt ate ftionable pay and ese and boos asm, alan Inrigoesy high and mighty ei erecupaion tet bling‘ to all this and rational and keeping he Troe dferences were the work 2 cf God, ce he vol not exit, He who questions ther ere bs lack Wrath sob; he who queons them i of the devi and Should be deat with accordingly. ust be made york and ie the fae of sea ee gen Mather in 1695 (Dureble rey harellly Glas sragges among the clo fee marifeted themscies fm many levels ad in many dillerent ways, Melogcally the allege potesive satus quo can the gems from at tacks pon particular poet anarchic and leveli Po Pll, propa angel ron odio of era Sod the eabcten of on egalitarian republic, Organiza fy, aces incladed the se of fbn sol the force ere os conser in, bey, the nd ming groupe the scaled common labore, ie ty populations mode of exhautingsouhiag unrest which continually teas cut into more or fe nil united to insert notice in the iy pres ofthat time de dramatic epbode, Mot of thee prope were tere and in lain ny case hey were ethout apres thee own. The chroniclers We think ie mole we sil tbe bet by ou tf elonial day, nr of sit all tory, were of the weld un haba ry ne twee, sd eae ny ad what records emi ae lg this eth choice Produced. Despite thee Imietion the pctareof clone ile EAS erpoeenl ements oe eee 1/40 High nent pice in New York Cay came pu by Profecr Beidentwigh witing of weban cosa iy reports eflors s Ycrnrng' the rkt by vneapaons merchant shat “t work oso he ryt ks conden Wah toe Int th taken in 1951 to anne ha they callescly ad employment” Ye, despite the fact ca complete ates of xy erase eceie ete eteae aes thee are eon gid sega by te Clo Amer. tnown dtring the coloial ped (and Tater] wih strikes by taser crafstnen, which really were. protests CGhaleton in 1765 had formed "a combicaionansong. them Zaina goveromentabregulted price levels) was that of fer. trae the ul pros and to refunding their work There is ear of shipwright in Glovcoter, Massachusetts ‘being lcked one by thir employer in 164. Flesn cut espaper reporting the event carters employed by New York Gy srck agin ow wages "Surely thee are eva tht require some stein to suppres Towards the eo ofthe eoosal period, i 1768, cured a bor stapeage very cleelyeescling tcer stn This ‘re otherr and this coed none week in foreing the car sen to appeal for eetplorment. Only thee of te men wer ved about 20 joureymen tls af New York City who 1 hoe to accept a seduction i wages deve by the master ta reintated aftr being compel to ay foe of Sx hig fry ple! it caus abd talents andl opened up thes cw Tn the 16th century tare ae more frequen recor of “bor troubles” though once again i rely that only part of ths inlrig etalatumene—a very ealy example of 2 labor cl ory ever was recorded. One of te very eae example of Teetive ozsthonalactvyarsong domeste workers cons from New dion, dosing ps iy eal in 1794. Thee women felt themselves nfl lesley there wene occasional desperate cutbeaks bythe4 The Colonial Bre los Confit a Home: The F Fetssice was the ron of the towm meting octal and ofthe generally “once” a per inthe ty reating serious police problems for the authorities, - Tha nia 747, a Brith naa cer finding himself hore of crew, dispatched a pres gang in he ety and u simply carved ff seve mena practice which the clois understordhad Bren outlawed a generation earlier fara the Dot the writ was concerted. Such pe gangs seed thes ietims ro the very poor andthe that cat sponded th igor. Many of then=-Negra and white--ssembled and agreed Be coral arcs teooghcwt the cbt peed there the sich and the poor (her than the unfre). At the moment tine a eee ei ee joy ofthe rebels that ed by Bacon in Vigna o by Tebler in New York, Movement ol ths mature wil be dcesed Dear, but thee were, ational, daring the eloal pet is Lind of activity was the so-called “tae eae are eee Bei aval officers sling about the iy art be then hstages pending the release of the inypresed Boxonian, They a depaty sei In the necks and erounded the Genet Cour, seeking ree. The eee ugh to talk the cw wing and. giving wp the Tetages called upon the ick them aed to cneover th (Eep efor er The Gonerot, teed, rred to his caste an Biih naval commander to seas: the impreset Betonian That ofcer responded by offering to pot dawn the “eben ith dhe marines and naval rex of squadron, The town ns so the other hand, showed no evidence of toring back fo bir cour insted on renting thelr stages and began to wonder audibly, ifthe governor had ne actully acted his AC hs rita anctr, the tw government ite took and Governor fs repect, meanwhile. denouncing. the fellow oes and peor of le condi wassenled when che Belshofcer i ce nearly 1 impreced, whereupon the hostages wee and the naval sade let the por of Benen he woperors in Lend thatthe talons Se ces oe eding up mnrtacames and Unde were Cola by the Engi ee eel Boecien grew hcreangly bud An ert ves ware wo Heit bythe Engl rulers Sally, groupe of colonise wen rom plan tition to pantaon dating the tebace cop. Contemporsric ar een ee eee this Te military eed tel feting of good order” and two tthe aden were exc Throughout the 18th ceaary, in colaay after colony, the were uprising of debtce fame simed at eliminating fedal dens (peicalasi ia the Huston River sale region of New Yerk)thrwing fey axes iting the pli! power ofthe lanfeny merchants sod creditors of the Exe, snd Tversng 8arian confit the mom wide spread and pron conta of New Yor, New The New York dicate the Revelation, an ly there was hardly year eat i a gener] upto ges, Lvingstons and Van Renmela, hod become ease eee edges re procedures plieal representa ‘really ape teat 0 that Sie Henry Se to we "the mort exertion of your appre outrage and ablisied—dhough cian the appara of (Gas Confit at Home: The Free ‘Thee farmers had tried yes alter year to obtain some som bance of juste frm the courte or sme ideation of tel from the provincial government, but both were bee stu {ales oftheir oppress Aone of thei hit leaders, Willa Prendergut, pu fy the tent farmer “could not be dee fdscrmined to do themselves jie, poor men were ala} i the mia rca, the seal auppresion fll to regu Baksh oops Aout 80 of the rebels wer arrested and were variously pu faked with pllry, ne, or impetonment.Prendergen ws se fenced wo be hanged and quartered, but the bei was unable od any one to execute the, gresome science, Afr several erg delewe efforts of is wie, te Gavermor recommended the be pardoned After a fother delay this was done By the Hing ‘Mitane unre on the pat ofthe rural mass war ako ceric of New Jerey throughout the 1740 and wp (0 2 Jest 1754, Here h frst ssprenion were compl ‘ted not nly by cna ofthe Jat mili Tt al by an acual morn of Ne Josey traps in 1740 xorive seas conomic depreon, the exaence of feodal taxes auch 28 quit ren plea deprivation, and the whole fraud of te ch, metiated the Jerey farmers expecially fastrn secon ofthe col, in their defance of cur 0 demand, the termination of the collection of uit eas, was won eles clletvely under the tite of Regulator a to terme plc a economic eb