W o r

d W ar I
The w a r th a t m g h t w o u b e o u a
a n y th o

in a fe u 7 e e k s
GU
D E TO R E A D IN G itin

a s te fa r to n g e r , r e s 1
g in m a
\ c a s u a lt ie s
fo r b o th s i d e s .

The w a r w id e n e d a n d th e U n ite d S t a te s m te r e d th e
fr a y in
T he B IG
dea
,

D e v a s t a t io n o f W a r T h e s ta le m a te a t th e 19 1 7 A . s W o r ld W a r I e s c a la te d , g o te n t n m ts to o k o o n iu o
f
W e d to a w ld e n ln g o f W o d W a r
e ste rn F ro n t
th io n f
n d
, a
in g o od a n d su a n d c tltin
e ir e c o n o m ie s , r a t
p p i e s g on
governments e x p a n d e d th e ir p o w e r s to a c c o m m o -

d a te th e w a r .
i a n s to w o r k a n m
c iu i a k e
sacri$ices fo r th e w a r

C o n te n t V ocab u
a ry

p n a g a
n d a (p
.
w a r T6 1 9 1 4 to 19 15 Illu s io n s a n d S ta le m a te
* la n n e d ie s
tr e n c h w a r
u e p e c o n o m

a 7lsq
. . T g [m a in id e a i tre n c h w a rfa re b ro u g h t th e w a r o n th e w e s te rn f ro n t to a s ta
e

* w a r o f a tM t io n
m a te w h ile G rm a n y a n d A u s tria
-

H u n g a ry d e fe a te d R u s s ia o n th e E a s t e r n F ro n t

(P 7 6 5 )
.
H IS RO R Y & yo u H o w d o p o litic a c a m p a ig n s in fu e n c e v o te rs ? R e a d to te a m

h o w g o v e rn m e n ts trie d to in flu e n c e p u b lic o p in io n b e fo re W o rld W a r .

Academ ic V o c a b u
a ry
* ta r e t
g . 716 g u n r e s t r ic t e d
dp T
.

B e fo r e 19 14 , m a n
y po itic a l le a d e r s b e ie v e d w
a r to b e im p
r a c t ic a l

Peo p e , P a c e s , a n d E v e n ts becau se it in v o lv e d so m an
y p
o li tic a l a n d e co n o m ic r is k s . O th e r s
*
M a r n e p 7lq .
A d m ira l H o lt z e n d o r f b e lie v e d th a t d i
p
lo m a ts c o u ld e a s il
y p
re v e n t w a r . A t th e b e g in n in g

* G a
ip o li . T6 6 ) (p T6 g .
of A u g u st 19 14 , bo th id e a s w e r e s h a t te r e d . H o w ev e r th e n e w illu -

Wo
s io n s th a t r e p la c e d th e m so o n ro v e d to b e e a ll fo o lis h
q u
L o d r ow Wi lso n
p y
.
a w r en c e of Ha b i a *

T (P 7 16 69
.
G o v e rn m en t p
ro
p
a
g
a n d a - -
id e a s s
p
re a d to in f l u e n c e
p
u b lic

o
p
in io n f o r o r a g a in s t a c a u s e -
h a d s rre d n a tio n a l h a tr e d s b e f o r e

th e w a r . N o w ,
in A u
g u s
t 19 14 , t he u r g e n t p le a s o f E u r o p e a n g o
v -

em m e n ts fo r d e fe n s e a a in s t a e s s o r s f e ll o n re ce t iv e e a r s in
g g g r p
' M
= H =
e v e ry n a t io n a t w a r o s t p e o p le see m e d e n u in e l c o n v in c e d

= g y
.

'
th a t th e ir n a tio n s c a u s e w a s
j u st .

A n ew s e t o f ill u s io n s a ls o f e d t h e e n t h u s ia s m fo r w a r . In A u
g u s
t

19 14 , a lm o st e v e r
y
o n e b e lie v e d th a t th e w a r w o u ld b e o v e r in a

fe w w eek s . A fte r a ll , a lm o s t a ll E u r o
p
e an w a r s s in c e 18 15 h a d , in

fa c t , e n ded in a m a t te r o f w e ek s . B o th t h e s o ld i e r s w h o b o a rd e d

th e tr a in s fo r th e w a r k o n t in A u
g
u st 19 14 an d th e
ju b ila n t c iti -

z en s w h o sa w th e m o f f b e li e v e d th a t th e w a r o rs w o u ld b e h o m e

b y C h r is tm a s .

The W e s te r n F r o n t
G e rm an h o
p
e s fo r a
q
u ic k en d to th e w a r r e s te d o n a m ilita r
y

g a n b le . Th e S c h lie f fe n P la n h a d c a lle d fo r th e G e r m an a rm
y
to m ak e

a v a s t e n c ir c lin m o v e m e n t th r o u g h B e l iu m in t o n o r t h e r n F r a n c e .

g g
A c c o r d in
g
to t h e
p
la n , t he G em a n fo rc e s w o u ld s w ee
p
a r o t u d P a r is .

T h is w o u ld e n a b le t h e m to s u rro u n d m o s t o f th e F r e n c h a rm
y
.

th e G e rm a n a d v a n ce w a s h a lte d a s h o r t d is ta n c e f r o m P a r is a t

th e F ir s t B a t tle o f th e M a r n e (S e p te m b e r 6 -
10 ) T o . s to
p
th e G e r -

m an s , F re n ch m il ita r
y
le a d e r s l o a d e d 2 , 0 0 0 P a r is ia n t a x ic a b s w it h

fr e s h tr o o p s a n d s e n t th e m to th e fr o n t lin e .

7 62

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 w iy w e re n i a n m n e s c o n -
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M p *
n M O
iii t i n
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org
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in e w a r u ic k l tu r n e d in t o a s t a le m a te c o s t in liv e s
q y h o w e v e r w a s
qu a ll en o r -
, e
y
a s n e ith e r th e G e rm a n s n o r th e F re n c h m o u s . A t th e b e
g
in n in
g o f th e w a r th e
c o u l d d is lo d
g
e e a c h o th e r f r o m th e t r e n c h e s R u s s ia n a rm
y m o v e d in t o e a s te r n G e r -

th e
y
h a d d u fo r s h e l te r T in e se tr e n c h e s m an b u t w a s d e c i s iv e l d e f e a te d a t th e
g .
y y
w e r e d itc h e s
p y
r o te c t e d b b a rb e d w ir e . B a t tle o f T n n e n b e r
g
o n A u t
g u s 3 0 an d th e
Tw o l in e s o f t r e n c h e s s o o n re a c h e d fro m B a t t le o f M a s u r ia n L a k es o n S e te m b er 15
p
.

th e E n
g
l is h C h a n n e l to th e f r o n t ie r s o f A fte r th e s e d e fe a ts , t he R u s s ia n s w e re n o
Sw it z e r la n d 1 1 e W e s t e r n F ro n t h a d b e c o m e lo n r a th r e a t to
g e G e rm a n
.

y
.

bo g g e d d o w n in t r e n c h w a rfa re . B o th s id e s A u s tr ia -

H u n a r G e rm an y
'
s a lly , fa r e d
g y ,

w e re k e
p
t in v ir t u a ll
y
th e sa m e
p
o s it io n s le s s w e ll a t fi r s t . T he A u s tr ia n s h a d b e e n

fo r fo u r
y
e a rs .
d e fe a te d b th e R u s s ia n s in G a l ic ia a n d
y
th ro w n o u t o f S e r b ia a s w e ll . To m a k e m a t -

T h e E a s te r n F ro n t te rs w o rse , t h e I t a li a n s b e tr a y e d t h e ir G e r -

U n lik e t h e W e s t e r n F r o n t , t he w a r o n th e m a n an d A u s t r ia n a l lie s in th e
Triple
Ea ste rn F r o n t w a s m a rk e d b
y
m o b ili t y . T in e A llia n ce b
y
a t t a c k in
g
A u s t r ia in M a
y
19 15 .

C H A P TE R 23 W ar an d R e v o lu tio n 7 6 3

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a d
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r e v
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i o u
r e a t B r i ta in

s ly b e e n k n o w n
, a n
T he a u g h te r
G re a t S
, p

a s th e T r i
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le E n te n te , bu t n o w w e r e c a lle d
[M A IN ID E A N e w w e a p o n s a n d tre n c h w a rfa re m a d e
th e A llie d P o w e rs ,
o r A llie s .
W o rld W a r l fa r m o re d e v a s ta tin g th a n a n y p re v io u s w a n
B y th is t im e t h e G e rm a n s h a d co m e to
,
H RS TO R Y & yo u H o w d o new in v e n tio n s a n d s tra t
-

th e a id o f th e A u s t r ia n s . A G e rm a n -

eam
e g ie s a ffe c t w a rfa re to d a y ? R e a d o n to about
A u s t r ia n a rm
y
d e fe a t e d th e R u s s ia n a rm
y th e n e w in v e n tio n s a n d tre n c h w a rfa re th a t c h a ra e r
-

in G a l ic ia a n d
p
u sh e d th e R u s s ia n s fa r
iz e d th e fig h tin g in W o rld W a r .

ba ck in t o th e ir o w n te r r ito r y . R u s s ia n ca su -

a l tie s s to o d a t 2 . 5 m illio n k ille d , c a

p
t u r e d ,

o r w o u n d e d T he R u s s ia n s h a d a m o st
he
.

O n th e W e s t e r n F r o n t, t tr e n c h e s d u g
been k n o ck e d o u t o f th e w a r .

in 19 14 h a d b 1 9 1 6 b e co m e e la b o r a t e s s -

y y
E n c o u ra
g
e d b
y
th e ir su c c e ss a
g
a in s t
te m s o f d e fe n s e . Th e G e rm a n s a n d th e
R u s s ia G e r m a n a n d A u s t r i a
-
H u n a r
, y g y ,
F re n ch e a ch h a d h u n d re d s o f m ie s o f

jo in e d b
y
B u l
g
a r ia in S e
p
te m b e r 1 9 1 5 ,
tr e n ch e s , w h ic h w e re
p
r o te c te d b
y
b a rb e d -

a t ta c k e d a n d e lim in a t e d S e r b ia fr o m th e
w ir e e n ta n le m e n ts u to 5 fe e t (a b o u t
g p
w a r . Th e ir su c ce sse s in th e e a st w o u ld
1 5 3 0 a rd s
. m ) h i
g
h a n d y (a b o u t 2 7 m )
e n a b le th e G e rm a n tr o o s to m o v e b a c k to
p w id e . C o n c r e te m a c h in e -

g u n n e s ts a n d
th e o f f e n s iv e in th e w e st .
r te d f u r th e r b a c k
o th e r g u n b a t t e r ie s ,
s u
ppo
by heav y
a r t ille
\ p
r o te c te d th e tr e n c h e s .

[ R e a d in g C heck I C o n tr a s tin g H ow d id th e w a r T ro o
p
s liv e d in h o le s in th e
g
ro u n d , s e
p
a
-

o n th e E a s te rn F ro n t d ie r fro m th e w a r o n th e W e s t e r n r a te d fr o m e a ch o th e r b y a s tr i o f te r r it o r
p y
kn la
'

Fio n ? o w n a s n o -
m a n s
-
n d .

S C iE N C E, T EC H N O LO G Y, & S O C iE T Y 1
T h e N e w T e c h n o lo g y n f W o rld W a r I

W a r fa re in th e t re n c h e s p ro d u c e d W rite r H . G W
. e
s d e s c rib e d th e im p a c t o f th e n e w w a r te c h n o lo g y

u n im a g in a b le h o r r o r s B a t t le f ie ld s .
'
h e re d o e s n o t a p p e a r th e s lig h te s t h o p e o f a n
N o w t
y in v e n t io n th a t w ill
w e re h e llis h la n d s c a p e s o f b a r b e d
m a k e w a r m o re c o n c
u s iv e o r le s s d e s tru c tiv e th e re is ho w e v e r, t he c
ea r -

w ir e , s he ll h o le s . M u d , a n d in ju re d
e s t p ro s p e c t in m a n y d ire c tio n s th a t it m a y b e m o re d e s tru c tiv e a n d le s s
a n d d y in g m e n .
c o n c lu s iv e . It w ilb e d re a d f u l
e r a n d b it te re r its h o rro rs w i
b e le s s a n d

le s s
"

fo rg iv a b le .

T re n c h d W a r in s ta le m a te
w a rla re le ft W o r , -
G
l$
'
C iv i liz a t io n a t th e B r e a k in P o in t
'
N e w rk T im M 1 9 5
. . W e Y o e s, a 2 7 , 1
g y

w ith n e ith e r s id e a b le to g a in m o re th a n a
fe w m ile s o f g ro u n d . B o th th e A llie d P o w e rs
a n d th e C e n tra l P o w e rs a tte m p te d to g a in
a n a d v a n ta g e w ith n e w w e a p o n s a n d w a r
m a c h in e s . M a c h in e gu ns, p o is o
n
g a s ,
t i
g
h te r

a irp la n e s , a n d ta n k s w e re a ll in t r o d u c e d or
v a s t
y im p ro v e d d u rin g W o rld W a r I .

In th e e n d , n e w t e c h n o lo
g y d id n o t b re a k
th e s ta le m a te . t d id , h o w e v e r
, c a u s e t he
d e a d lie st w a r th e w o rld h a d y e t s e e n .

N e a rly 1 0 m illio n p e o p le p e ris h e d d u rin g

"
W o rld W a r I, w h ic h b e c a m e k n o w n a s th e

"

w a r to e n d a ll w a rs .

/
J

\ #

7 64 S E C T IO N 2 W o r ld W ar I

Scanned by CamScanner
 T a c t ic s o f T r e n c h W a r fa re W a r in t h e A ir
T re n ch w a r f a re b a ff le d m ilita r y le a d e r s By th e e n d o f 19 15 , a i r
p
a n e s h a d

w h o h a d b ee n tr a in e d to fig h t w a rs o f m o v e a e a re d o n th e b a t t le f r o n t fo r th e f ir s t
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tim e in h is to r
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'

m a n d o n e ith e r s id e w o u ld o r d e r a n o f fe n s iv e sp o t th e e n e m
y
s
p o s it io n . So o n ,
p la n e s

th a n a r til le r y b a rra a ls o b e a n to a tt a c k ro u n d
a t w o u ld b e in w i th g e to ta r
g e ts
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g g g , e s
p
e
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fla tt e n th e en e m y
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y
co m m u n ic a tio n s .

"

th e en e m in a s ta te o f s h o c k . A fte r s o fte n -
F g h t s f o r c o n tr o l o f th e a ir o c c u r r e d a n d
y
in u
p
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t h e e n e m
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g
s o id ie r s w o u ld c lim b o u t o f th e ir t e n c h e s e ach o th e r w ith h a n d h e ld
p
is to ls . La te

w ith f ix e d b a y o n e ts a n d h o e to w o rk th e ir m a c h in e in s w e re m o Lm te d o n th e n o s e s
p g

w a y to w a rd th e e n e m y
tr e n c h e s . o f
p
la n e s ,
w h ic h m a de th e s k ie s c o n s id e r -

Th e a tta c k s ra re l
y
w o rk e d b e ca u se m en a b ly m o re d a n
g
e ro u s .
S e e pa g e R 50

to re a d a n e x c e rp t
a d v a n c in g u n p r o te c te d a c ro s s o
p en f ie ld s T in e G e rm a n s a ls o u se d t h e ir
g
ia n t a iF .

' *o m A rth u r G u y
c o u ld b e f ire d a t b y th e e n e m
y s m a c h in e s h ip s -
th e z e
p p
e lin s -
to b o m b L o n d o n '
Em p ey s A n A m e c a n

W . In 19 16 an d 19 17 ,
m i l l i o n s o f yo u n
g
a n d e a s te r n E n
g
la n d . T h is c a u se d l it t le
S o ld ie r R e m e m b e rs
m e n d ie d in th e se a rch fo r th e e u s iv e da m a
g
e b u t fr i
g
h te n e d m a n
y p
e o
p
le . G er -

W o r ld W a r 1 in th e
'
b re a k th r o u g h . m an
y
s e n e m i e s , howeve so o n fo u n d th a t P rim a r y S o u rc e s a n d

In h ic h Lite ra t u re L ib ra r y
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y
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in
g
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m ile s o f la n d in 19 1 6 . W o r ld W a r I h a d w h e n h it b
y
a n tia ir c r a f t g u n s .

turned n t o a w a r o f a t tr i tio n , a w a r b a s e d

o n w e a r in
g
th e o th e r s id e d o w n b
y co n -

f R e a d in
g C h e c k
P E x p a in in g W h y w e re m ilita ry

s ta n t a t ta c k s a n d h e a v
y
lo s s e s . le a d e rs b a ffle d b y tre n c h w a rfa re ?

G e rm o t M a n fre d v o n R ic h th o f e n
a n fig h te r p i , b e t te r k n o w n

a s th e R e d B a ro n , s t a n d s n f r o n t o f a F o k k e r D V
-
II b ip
an e .

A
rp
anes b o m b s o n th e e n e m y s tre n c h e s
c o u ld d ro p s m a
a n d fire m a c h in e g u n s a t t h e t ro o p s .

In 1 9 1 6 th e B ritis h b e c a m e th e fir s t to u s e a rm o re d t a n k s in w a r .

A rm o r p ro t e c te d th e ta n k s o m m a c h in e -
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lo w e d t a n k s to c ro s s b a rb e d
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d b a

Y D O CU M EN T -
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sh o w n h e re p ro v id e a n a d v a n ta g e o n t h e

ba e f ie
t t d ?

2 . A n a y z n g W h a t d id H . G . W e l
s ie v e
b e
w a s th e o v e ra ll im p a c t o f th e n e w w a r

te c h n o lo g y ? D o y o u a g r e e ? E x p a in .

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a llie s to g a in a n a d v a n ta g e .
tr o u s, f o r c in
g th e A llie s to w ith d r a w .

In r e t u r n fo r I ta ly e n te r in g th e w a r o n th e
H IS TO R Y & YO U In th e A m e ric a n R e v o lu tio n , w ha t
A llie d s id e , F r a n c e a n d G r e a t B r ita in p
ro m -

c o u n try p ro v id e d a id to th e c o lo n is ts ? R e a d to le a rn
is e d h a v e so m e A u s tr ia n te r r i -

to le t I t a l y
ho w n a tio n s lo o k e d fo r a llie s in W o rld W a r .

to \
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w o r ld c o n flic t T ha t
y
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f ro n t, b o t s id e s s o u g h t t o g a in n e w a llie s .

in th e M id d e E a s t , a B r i t i s h o ffic e r k n o w n
E a ch s id e h o p e d n ew a llie s w o u ld p
r o v id e
a s L a w re n c e o f A r a b ia u r g e d A ra b r in c e s
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a w in n in g a d v a n ta g e , a s w e l l a s a n e w

to r e v o lt a g a in s t th e ir O t to m a n o v e r lo r d s .

so m ce o f m o n ey a n d w a r o o d s .
g
In fo rc e s fr o m E t m o b i -

19 18 B r it is h g y p

liz e d tr o o p s fr o m I n d ia , A u s t r a l i a , a n d
W id e n in g o f t h e W a r N ew Z e a la n d a n d d e s tr o y e d th e O t to m a n

Bu l
g
a r ia e n te r e d th e w a r o n th e s id e o f Em p
ir e in th e M id d le E a s t .

th e C e n tr a l P o w e rs, a s G e rm an
y
A u s tr i a -

th e A llie s a ls o to o k a d v a n ta g e o f G e r -

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H tn
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a n d th e O tt o m a n E m
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p re o c c u p a tio n s in E u ro p e a n d la c k

c a lle d . R u s s ia , G r e a t B r i t a in , a n d F ra n ce - -

o f n a v a l s tr e n g th to s e iz e G e rm a n c o lo n ie s

th e A llie d P o w e r s e c l a r e d w a r o n th e in th e r e s t o f t h e w o r ld .
Ja p a n , a B r i t is h a ll
y
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ir e . beg in n in
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in 1 9 0 2 , s e i z e d a n u m b e r o f

'
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2 . D e te rm in i n g C a u s e a n d E e c t W h a t

k = J
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tr a lia s e iz e d G e rm an N ew G u in e a .

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E n try o f t h e U n ite d S t a te s governments ta k in g c o n tro l o f t h e ir e c o n o m ie s a n d

ra tio n in g c iv ilia n g o o d s .

A t fir s t, t h e U n i te d S ta te s t r ie d to re m a in

n e u tr a l . A s W o r ld W a r I d ra g g e d o n how
,
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'
p u b lis h ? R e a d to le a rn w h y m a n y g o v e r n m e n t s
im m e d ia t e ca u se o f th e U n ite d S ta t e s s

re s o rte d to c e n s o rs h ip a n d s im ila r p ra ic e s d u rin g

in v o lv e m e n t g re w o u t o f th e n a v a l w a r
W o rld W a r I .

b e tw e e n G e rm an y a n d G r e a t B r it a in .

B r i ta in h ad u sed it s s u
p
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to a b lo c k a d e o f G e r m an y ,
-

se t u p .

ad e k e tw ar m a te r ia ls a n d o th e r g o o d s fr o m to ta l w a r in v o l v in g a co m
p
le t e m o b ili z a -

p
G e rm an y b y se a G e rm an y h ad tio n o f r e s o u r c e s a n d p e o p le . It a f fe c te d th e
r e a c h in g .

r e ta lia te d b y s e in g u p a b lo c k a d e o f B r it a in .
liv es o f a ll c i t iz e n s in th e w a r r in g co u n -

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y
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o f u n r e s t c te d su b m a r in e w a r fa r e , w h ic h th e b a ttle fie ld s .

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in c lu d e d th e s in k in g o f
p
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,

w m a n u f a r tn r p d a n d u r -

O n M a y 7 , 1 9 1 5 , G e rm an fo r c e s s a n k th e s u p p li e s e re p

B r itis h sh i
p
L u s ita n ia . A bo u t 1 ,1 0 0 c iv il ia n s , ch a se d fo r y e
a rs o f co m b a t .
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y

in c lu d in g o v er 100 A m e r ic a n s ,
d ie d A fte r .
a lo n e h a d 5 . 5 m i ll i o n m e n in u n if o r m

s t r o n g p r o t e s ts f r o m th e U n ite d S ta te s , t h e
in 1 9 16 .
) T h is le d to a n in c r e a s e in

o w e rs a n d th e m a n i u la t io n
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g o v e r n m e n t
su s
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o f p u b lic o in io n to k e e th e w a r e ff o r t
su b m a r in e w a r fa r e in S e te m b e r 19 15 to p p
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g o in g . Th e h o m e fr o n t w a s ra
p
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th e r O n l o n c e d id th e G e rm a n s a n d B r it -
beco m in
g
a c a u s e fo r a s m u ch e f f o r t a s th e
y
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t th w a r fr o n t
is h en g a g e in d i r e c t n a v a l b a t t le -

a e .

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n e ith e r s i d e w o n a c o n c lu s iv e v ic t o r y .
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By an u a ry 19 14 h o w e v e r, t h e G e rm an s M o s t p e o p le h a d e x
p
e c te d th e w a r to b e

w e re e a g e r to b re a k th e d e a d lo c k in th e sh o rt . L ittle th o u g h t h a d b e e n
g
iv e n to

w a r . G e rm a n n a v a l o f f ic e r s c o n v in c e d
lo n te r m w a r tim e n e e d s . G o v ern m e n ts

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e ro r W iu ia m n th a t r e s u m in
g
th e u s e ha d to re sp o n d q
u ic k l
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s ta r v e th e B r it is h in to su b m is s io n w it h in th e ir g o a ls . M a n y m o re m e n a n d su
p p
lie s

s ix m o n th s . W n en th e em p
e ro r ex
p
re ss e d w e re n e e d e d t o c o n t in u e th e w a r e ffo r t . To
c o n c e r n a b o u t th e U n i te d S t a te s , A d m ir a l m e e t th e s e n e e d s, governments ex p an d e d
-
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o u r th e ir p o
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M j
a e s ty m y w o rd as an o tf tc e r t h a t n o t o n e m ill io n s o f y o
u n
g m en , ho p in g
fo r th a t

A
"

m e r ic a n w ill la n d o n th e c o n t i n e n t .
e lu s iv e b r e a k th r o u g h to v ic to r y .

T he G e rm a n n a v a l o f f ic e r s w e re q u ite W a r tim e o v e rn m e n ts th r o u
g
h o u t
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m a r in e w a r fa r e b ro u
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in to th e w a r in A
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p p
r ic e ,
w a
ge , a n d re n t c o n -

n o t a r r iv e in la r e n u m
g b e r s in E u r o p e u n t il tr o is . Th ey a ls o r a tio n e d fo o d s u p p lie s a n d

1 9 18 . H o w ev e th e e n tr
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g
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p
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a p sy
c h o lo g ic a l b o o s t a n d a m a o r
j n ew in d u s tr i e s . In e ff e c t, in o r der to m o b iliz e a ll

so u rc e o f m o n ey an d w a r
g
o o d s .
th e r e s o u rc e s o f th e ir n a t io n s f o r th e w a r

e f fo r t , n a tio n s se t u p la n n e d
E u r o
pean p

R e a d in g C h ec k E v a u a tin g W h y d id th e economiessystems d ir e c t e d b y
g o v e r n
-

G e rm a n s re s o rt to u n re s tric te d s u b m a rin e w a rfa re ? m en t a e n c ie s

g
.

C H A P IE R 2 3 W a r a n d R e v o lu tio n 7 67

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- ' '
B
TH E M B N Z A E P ID E M IC o 1 9 8
In th e fa ll o f 1 9 1 8 , ju s t a s W o rld W a r I w a s w in d in g d o w n in G iv e n th e d e a d ly s p re a d o f th e 1 9 1 8 in llu e n za ke e p in g
, s c ie n t is t s a r e

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P R IM A R Y S O U R C E

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th e lo s s o f e n th u s ia s m a n d o p p o s itio n to

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