The American Journey: Activity Workbook

Activity Workbook
Student Edition
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Table of Contents
To the Teacher.................................................. ii
Activity Workbook
Local history activities ..................................... 1 Activity 17 ...................................................... 43
Activity 1 ..................................................... 11 Activity 18 ..................................................... 45
Activity 16 ..................................................... 41
The American Journey iii

this is a blank page
Name Date Class
American History in Your Community
The First Inhabitants

Part 1
DIRECTIONS: Before European set-

tlers came to North America, Native
Americans lived in groups through-
out what would become the United
States. Look in your local library or
historical society to find out what
Native American nations lived clos-
est to your community before settlers
arrived. Then answer the questions
about them below.
1. What was the name of the Native

American group or groups?

2. Describe their social organization. Who led the group? Who was the spiritual
leader? What role did women and children play?

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. What did the Native Americans in your area eat? How did they get their food?

4. What happened to the Native Americans when European settlers came into
the area?

5. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the typical home for these
Native Americans.
(continued)
The American Journey 1
Name Date Class
Part II
Different groups of non-native settlers came into different areas in North
America. Find out who the earliest non-native settlers in or near your community
were. Then answer the questions about them below.
6. From where did the largest number of settlers come?

7. What were the settlers seeking when they arrived?

8. What sort of community did they establish? What religion or religions did
they practice?

9. How did the settlers get food and supplies?

10. Was this early community successful? Did it continue to grow? If not, why did
it fail?

Part III
Visit the site of a local Native American settlement or museum, if possible, or
use the media center to find out more about local Native Americans. Find a cre-
ative way to present what you learn to the classin a play, a bulletin board, or a
painting, for example.
2 The American Journey

Name Date Class
EARLY GOVERNMENT
DIRECTIONS: After the United

States Constitution was ratified,
each state sent senators and repre-
sentatives to Congress. As states
were admitted to the Union, they
also sent representation to Congress.
Research to find information about
your states senators and represen-
tatives; then answer the questions.
(Some places to search for the infor-
mation you need include your local
library, the Internet, or the League
of Women Voters.)
1. Who were the first senators and representatives sent to Congress from your state?

2. To what political party did each official belong?
3. Who was president of the United States at the time?

4. Describe one issue on which your states first senators had to vote.

5. Who are your state representatives today? How are their backgrounds and
experiences similar to or different from your states first representatives?

6. On a separate sheet of paper, draw a picture of the flag of the United
States at the time your state sent its first officials to Congress.

Name Date Class
LAB ACTIVITY REPORT

Moving Across America
DIRECTIONS: In the early 1800s people began moving across the coun-
try in covered wagons and on steamboats. Research an early method of
transportation used in your state. Draw a labeled
diagram of the vehicle on a
separate sheet of paper. Then
answer the questions about it
that follow.
Method of Transportation:

1. When was this method of transportation used in your state?

2. How fast could the vehicle go? How many people could it carry?

3. What were the vehicles limitations? Were there places it could not go or things

it could not carry?

4. Imagine you are traveling on the vehicle you have drawn. Write a diary entry
describing a typical day of travel.


Name Date Class
Early Schools
DIRECTIONS: Educational reform was an

important issue in the mid-1800s. What
were early schools like in your commu-
nity? Research the earliest schools in your
area at your local library or historical
society. Then answer the questions below.
1. What grades were taught in the earliest schools in your community?

2. Were all the grades taught together, or were there separate rooms for different
age groups?
3. What subjects did students study?

4. How were students disciplined?

5. How was the classroom designed? How was it heated? If you can find the
information, draw an illustration on a separate sheet of paper.

6. What kind of training did teachers receive?

7. How long was the school year? What events or situations might have interrupted
the school year?
8. How did students travel to school?

9. Compare your school to the earliest schools in your community. What aspects
are similar? How have schools changed?


Name Date Class
An Immigrants Experience
DIRECTIONS: The United States is a nation

of immigrants. Most people who live here
came from another place. Interview some-
one in your community who immigrated
to the United States from another
country or research the life of an
immigrant to your state. Answer
the questions below.
1. From where did the person come?
2. What year did he or she come to the United States?
3. Why did the person leave his or her home country?

4. What was the person expecting to find in the United States? Did this country

meet those expectations?
5. What surprised him or her about the United States?

6. What in your community is most like his or her home country? What is the most
different from his or her home country?

7. Share your understanding of immigrants with classmates and learn about the
people that they interviewed. How were their persons experiences similar to
yours? How were they different?


Name Date Class
LAB ACTIVITY REPORT

The Great Depression
DIRECTIONS: The Great Depression affected every com-

munity in the United States. Research to learn more
about the effects of the Great Depression on your com-
munity. If possible, interview older residents or family
members who remember what life was like in your
community during the Great Depression. Then answer
the questions below.
1. What jobs were available in your community in 1928? Were people
factory workers, farmers, or ranchers?

2. How did the Depression affect workers in your community?


3. Describe a New Deal project in your state. What did government workers create?

4. How was family life during the Great Depression different from family life today?

5. Find the statistics on the number of workers in your state from 1928 to 1933.
Create a line graph on a separate sheet of paper showing the information.

Name Date Class
World War II
DIRECTIONS: States made various contributions to the war effort during

World War II. Find out how your state helped. Then answer the questions
below.
1. How many soldiers from your state fought in World War II?
2. How many soldiers from your state died in World War II?
3. How did your state or community contribute to the war effort at home?

4. At your local library, find a microfilm or microfiche edition of a
local newspaper for August 15, 1945, V-J Day, or Victory Over
Japan day. Copy the headline and first paragraph of a story about
the armistice below. Then create a second paragraph for the story,
detailing the wars effect on your area.


Name Date Class
LAB ACTIVITY REPORT

The 1960s
DIRECTIONS: Political events in the 1960s

affected many people. Conduct interviews
with subjects whose lives were affected by
the civil rights movement or the war in
Vietnam during the 1960s. Use the questions
below to help you plan your interviews. Then
think carefully about other questions you would
like to ask. Use the information from your interviews
to write a profile of one of your interview subjects and
share with your classmates. What did you find out
about the war in Vietnam or the civil rights movement
that surprised or shocked you?
Interview Subject:

How did you first become aware of the civil rights movement?
Were you in agreement with your friends and neighbors about civil rights?
Why or why not?
In what ways do you think the civil rights movement changed the lives of
people in your community?
Interview Subject:

How did the controversy about the Vietnam War affect
your community?
Were you involved in either the military or the protests against the
war? What experiences did you have because of your involvement?
Was your life changed in any way by the war or the reaction to
it? In what way?

Name Date Class
Technology and You
DIRECTIONS: Technology touches every part

of life. Think about the impact technological
advances such as the personal computer,
Internet, VCR, satellite dish, and advances in
medicine and industry have had on you and
your community. Then answer the questions
below.
1. What technological advance has had the greatest impact on your life?

2. How has it changed your life?

3. What aspect of technology has most affected your community?

What was its effect?

4. How might technology have had a negative impact on your
community?

5. Make a prediction about the future. What new technological advances do you
see coming? How will it change your community and your life?


Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 1
The First Americans

DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
B 1. The Hohokam were experts at which of the following?

A. building mounds C. hunting buffalo
B. irrigating fields D. fishing for salmon
D 2. The Anasazi lived in an area known as the Four Corners, the meeting place

of the present-day states of
A. Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, and Idaho.
B. Utah, Colorado, Nevada, and California.
C. Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Nevada.
D. Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico.
B 3. The Great Serpent Mound, a huge burial mound, was built by the

A. Natchez people. C. Mississippians.
B. Hopewell people. D. Hohokam people.
C 4. The city of Cahokia, in present-day Illinois, contained

A. an apartment building with hundreds of rooms.
B. dwellings in the walls of steep cliffs.

C. a great pyramid-shaped mound, with a temple on its summit.
D. square houses called hogans.
A 5. What was the main food of the Tlingit, Haida, and Chinook peoples?

A. salmon C. roots and berries
B. deer D. caribou
C 6. The Pomo people, of the central valley of present-day California,

A. fished for food. C. pounded acorns into flour.
B. followed wandering herds. D. planted vegetables.
B 7. Scientists think the Inuit, who live in North Americas Arctic region,

A. crossed the land bridge from Asia first.
B. crossed the land bridge from Asia last.
C. always lived in North America.
D. migrated north from Central America.
(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 1
DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists early civilizations of the
Americas. Review the information about these peoples in your textbook and
write the facts in the appropriate boxes on the chart.
Early Civilizations of the Americas

Civilization Location Dates Major Achievements
The Olmec Gulf coast of flourished between farming supported large cities;
Mexico, 1500 B.C. and 300 B.C. sculpted large stone monuments;
Guatemala, and built stone pavements and drainage
Honduras systems
The Maya rainforest areas of height of civilization built many large cities and a network
present-day from about A.D. 200 of roads in the jungle; built pyramids
Mexico, to A.D. 850 of stone; created a 365-day calendar
Guatemala, based on astronomical observations;
Honduras, and developed a complex vocabulary of
Belize hieroglyphics; engaged in long-

distance travel
The Aztec present-day central found a permanent built the great city of Tenochtitln
and southern home in A.D. 1325 on an island in Lake Texcoco
Mexico
The Inca western highlands established capital built 10,000 miles of stone-paved roads
of South America; city in A.D. 1200 over mountains, across deserts, and
empire stretched through jungles; built city of Machu
from present-day Picchu on a mountain top; developed
Colombia to a system of record keeping with string
northern Argentina called quipus; built stone-walled
and Chile terraces on steep slopes to plant crops

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 2
Exploring the Americas

DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with an accomplish-
ment in Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
Column A Column B
F
1. Henry the A. landed in Mexico in 1519, completed conquest of
Navigator Aztec in 1521
J B. discovered strait around southern tip of South
2. Bartholomeu
America in 1520; some of crew completed first
Dias
circumnavigation of globe
H
3. Vasco da Gama C. landed in Florida in 1513 hoping to find the
L legendary fountain of youth
4. Christopher
Columbus D. discovered and sailed up the Hudson River in 1609
E. captured the Inca ruler, Atahualpa, in 1532, and
M
5. Vasco Nez gained control of most of the Inca Empire within a
de Balboa few years
B
6. Ferdinand F. brought astronomers, geographers, and
Magellan mathematicians to share their knowledge with
Portuguese sailors and shipbuilders
A
7. Hernn Corts G. led three-year expedition through southeastern
E
8. Francisco United States; crossed the Mississippi River in 1541
Pizarro H. sailed around Africa and across the Indian Ocean,

reaching India in 1498
C
9. Juan Ponce I. rediscovered Newfoundland for England
de Len
G 10. Hernando J. sailed around southern tip of Africa (Cape of Good
Hope) in 1487
de Soto
K. led expedition through northern Mexico, Arizona,
K 11. Francisco Vsquez
and New Mexico hoping to find the legendary
de Coronado Seven Cities of Cibola
I 12. John Cabot L. reached the Bahamas in 1492; went ashore on a small

island, named it San Salvador
N 13. Giovanni da
M. crossed the mountains in Panama in 1513 and
Verrazano discovered the Pacific Ocean
D 14. Henry Hudson
N. explored coast of North America from present-day
Nova Scotia to the Carolinas in 1524
(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 2
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words that
best complete the sentence.
lines of latitude conquistadors magnetic compass

circumnavigate stern rudder mercantilism
immunity astrolabe caravel
astrolabe
1. An is an instrument that measures the position of stars.
magnetic compass
2. The was invented by the Chinese and then passed on to the
Europeans by the Arabs in the 1200s.
stern rudder
3. The and the triangular sail enabled ships to sail into the wind.
lines of latitude
4. Distance north and south of the Equator is indicated on a map by .
caravel
5. The was a three-masted ship developed by the Portuguese in
the late 1400s.
immunity
6. Because they had no , entire communities of Native
Americans were wiped out by diseases brought to the Americas by the Europeans.
circumnavigate the world, you would have to sail completely around it.
7. In order to
conquistadors
8. Early Spanish explorers in the Americas were known as .
mercantilism
9. The economic theory of describes how a nations power was

based on its wealth.
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the question below in the space provided.

10. What was the Columbian Exchange?
Answers will vary but should indicate that the voyages of Christopher Columbus

and other explorers brought together the continents of the Americas with those of

Europe, Asia, and Africa. This contact led to an exchange of goods and ideas that

altered life on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 3
Colonial America
The English defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the end of Spanish con-
trol of the seas and cleared the way for England and other European nations
to establish colonies in North America.
DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the map and use the information to answer
the questions.
1. In what year did the English
first attempt to settle on The First English Settlements
Roanoke Island? 1585

Native American Nation
2. Approximately how many English settlement
miles from Roanoke Island
Colonial arrivals
was the colony of Jamestown?
0 50 100 miles
100 miles

0 50 100 kilometers
3. Jamestown was built along
the banks of which river?
James River
Lake Ontario
1620
r
4. What piece of land extends
Hudson Rive
Massachusetts
into the Atlantic Ocean near rie Cape
eE Plymouth Cod
Lak NS
Plymouth, Massachusetts? N T AI Wampanoag
Delaware River
UN Narragansett
Cape Cod
W E M
O
AN
5. How many Native American S HI
C
nations are shown on this map? Susquehanna

LA
omac Ri ATLANTIC
PA
Pot Leni-Lenape OCEAN

AP
ve
seven

r
6. If you were a member of the Nanticoke

Virginia J 07
Susquehanna Nation and you ame Chesapeake 16
sR Bay
wished to visit the Powhatans, iver 87
Jamestown , 15
in which direction would you 85
Powhatan 15
Roa
south
travel? nok
e Ri
ve
7. In which direction would Tuscarora r Roanoke
you travel if you left Roanoke Island
northeast
Island for Plymouth?
(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 3
choice that best completes the statement.
C 1. The colony of Jamestown survived because the settlers

A. discovered gold and silver. C. began to grow tobacco.
B. always had plenty of food. D. lived under strict military rule.
B
2. Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims at Plymouth make a treaty with
A. the Dutch. C. the French.
B. the Wampanoag people. D. the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
D 3. Roger Williams, who founded the colony of Rhode Island, believed that

A. people should be free to follow any religion.
B. the church and the government should be completely separate.
C. it was wrong for settlers to take land away from Native Americans.
D. all of the above
B
4. Conflicts often arose between settlers and Native Americans because
A. settlers refused to learn Native American languages.
B. settlers moved onto Native American lands without payment or
permission.
C. settlers traded with the Native Americans.

D. settlers refused to plant corn.
A 5. The Dutch West India Company gave large estates to landowners called

A. patroons. C. platoons.
B. patrons. D. dragoons.
D 6. In 1682 William Penn sailed to America to supervise the building of

A. Baltimore. C. Boston.
B. Pittsburgh. D. Philadelphia.
C
7. Southern Carolina was settled mainly by
A. poor farmers from Virginia. C. English colonists from Barbados.
B. tobacco growers. D. Dutch colonists.
C 8. The French had good relations with the Native Americans because

A. Native Americans spoke French. C. they respected local customs.
B. they rarely left Quebec. D. they paid high prices for furs.

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 4
The Colonies Grow

DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read each paragraph and write a V in
the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be a valid
conclusion.
A. New Englands long winters and thin, rocky soil made large-scale farming
difficult. Farmers in New England practiced subsistence farming, producing
just enough to meet the needs of their families. Everyone in the family
worked. Important farm jobs included spinning yarn, preserving fruit,
milking cows, fencing in fields, and sowing and harvesting grain.

V 1. New England farmers had little food left over to sell or exchange.
2. New England farm families bought most of what they needed in town.
3. Most farms in New England were very large.

V 4. Children of New England farm families had to work.
5. New England farmers were able to provide jobs for many of the people in town.

V 6. Many jobs were done by New England farm families.
B. The warm climate and rich soil of the Southern Colonies enabled Southern
farmers to cultivate large areas of land and produce abundant harvests of
cash cropsmainly tobacco in Maryland and Virginia, and rice in South

Carolina and Georgia. Southern plantation owners relied on enslaved
Africans to work in the fields. During the 1700s the population of African
Americans in the colonies grew from 28,000 to more than 500,000. Many
plantation owners became extremely wealthy during this period.
1. Southern farmers grew wealthy because every member of the family worked.
V 2. Because of their profitable lifestyle based on agriculture, the Southern Colonies

had little need to develop other industries.
3. During the 1700s Africans were eager to come to America.
4. Most Southern farmers practiced subsistence farming.

V 5. Southern farmers specialized in growing crops that they could sell at a profit.

V 6. Slavery was legal in America during the 1700s.

(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 4
DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description in

Column B. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
Column A Column B
H A. British secretary of state and then prime
1. Tidewater
minister during French and Indian War
E
2. Edward Braddock B. Benjamin Franklins plan for a single elected
K legislature that would govern all the American
3. Royal colonies colonies
M
4. Iroquois Confederacy C. a small post established in 1754 by George
G Washington near the site of present-day
5. Middle Passage Pittsburgh
N
6. Treaty of Paris D. a series of laws regulating the flow of goods
between England and the colonies, passed by
C
7. Fort Necessity Parliament between 1651 and 1673
O
8. Proclamation of 1763 E. commander in chief of British forces in
America in 1754
B
9. Albany Plan of Union F. field outside Quebec where the British army
P 10. Pontiac defeated the French

G. the shipping of enslaved Africans to the West
F
11. Plains of Abraham Indies
A 12. William Pitt
H. location of most of the large Southern

plantations
L 13. Great Awakening
I. Connecticut and Rhode Island
I
14. Charter colonies J. Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania
D 15. Navigation Acts K. Georgia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New
Jersey, New York, North Carolina, South
J
16. Proprietary colonies Carolina, and Virginia
L. a religious revival that swept through the
colonies from the 1720s through the 1740s
M. a group of five Native American nations
N. a treaty signed in 1763, marking the end of the
French and Indian War
O. King George IIIs declaration that the
Appalachians were the western boundary for
all the colonies
P. chief of an Ottawa village near Detroit who
put together an alliance of Native American
peoples to fight the British

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 5
Road to Independence
DIRECTIONS: Completion In the space provided, write the word or words
from the box that best complete the sentence.
boycott Sugar Act Tea Act

Townshend Acts Declaratory Act nonimportation
writs of assistance Coercive Acts Stamp Act
Stamp Act
1. The of 1765 placed a tax on almost all printed material.
Townshend Acts
2. The of 1767 placed taxes on imported goods such as glass,
tea, paper, and lead.
3. An effective method used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act was to
boycott
British and European goods.
Coercive Acts
4. The purpose of the of 1774 was to make colonists in
Massachusetts pay for their resistance to British control.
Sugar Act
5. The purpose of the of 1764 was to stop smuggling between
the colonies and the French West Indies.
6. Legal documents that allowed customs officers to search homes and warehouses
writs of assistance
for smuggled goods were known as .
Declaratory Act
7. The of 1766 stated that Parliament had the right to tax and
make decisions for the colonies in all cases whatsoever.
nonimportation
8. In 1765 merchants, artisans, and farmers signed agreements,
pledging not to buy or use goods imported from Great Britain.
Tea Act
9. The of 1773 gave the British East India Company the right to
ship tea to the colonies without paying the taxes colonial tea merchants had to pay.

10. Why did the colonists refer to the Coercive Acts as the Intolerable Acts?
Answers should include that the Coercive Acts closed Boston Harbor; took away

many rights of Massachusetts colonists; prohibited most town meetings, an impor-

tant form of self-government in New England; and forced Bostonians to shelter

British soldiers in their own homes.

(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 5
DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether the

statements below are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion
in the blank next to each statement.
F
1. James Otis, a young lawyer in Boston, argued that colonists should not be
taxed by Parliament because they could not vote for members of Parliament.
O
2. The Sons of Liberty acted courageously when they protested against the
Stamp Act.
F
3. When Patrick Henrys political opponents accused him of treason because
of his opposition to the Stamp Act, he replied, If this be treason, make the
most of it!
O
4. When Parliament repealed all of the Townshend Acts taxes except the one
on tea, the colonists should not have ended their boycott.
O
5. Britain should have granted the colonies independence when the colonists
first asked to be free.
F
6. On December 16, 1773, a group of colonists disguised as Mohawks boarded

three tea ships in Boston Harbor and threw 342 chests of tea overboard.
O
7. It would have been more appropriate for Patrick Henry to say I am not a
Virginian, but an American after the American Revolution rather than before.
O
8. By stating that blows must decide who would control the colonies, King
George III showed that he was a powerful leader.
F
9. With his forces at Bunker Hill low on ammunition, Colonel William Prescott
reportedly shouted the order, Dont fire until you see the whites of their eyes.
F
10. The Declaration of Independence lists the many grievances Americans held
against King George III and Parliament.

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 6
The American Revolution

C 1. Loyalist strength was the greatest in which regions?

A. New England and New York C. the Carolinas and Georgia
B. Pennsylvania and New Jersey D. Virginia and Maryland
B 2. Which one of the following women did not fight in the American Revolution?

A. Deborah Sampson C. Molly Pitcher
B. Dolley Madison D. Margaret Corbin
D 3. The Quakers would not participate in the war because they

A. supported the Loyalists. C. were allies of the Hessians.
B. sympathized with Great Britain. D. opposed all armed conflict.
A 4. At first, soldiers who enlisted in the Continental Army usually signed up for

A. one year. C. five years.
B. three years. D. the length of the war.
D 5. I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country were the

immortal last words of
A. Thomas Paine. C. Benedict Arnold.

B. John Burgoyne. D. Nathan Hale.
D 6. African Americans joined the Patriots for all of these reasons except

A. belief in the Patriot cause. C. to earn their freedom.
B. need for money. D. preserving the right to own slaves.
B
7. Several European nations helped the American cause, mostly because they
A. believed in the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence.
B. hated the British.
C. were afraid the Americans might declare war on them.
D. needed an excuse to declare war on Great Britain.
C 8. British General Charles Cornwallis surrendered at

A. Charleston, South Carolina. C. Yorktown, Virginia.
B. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. D. Wilmington, North Carolina.
(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 6
the questions.
1. Which battle occurred first,
The Revolutionary War, 17761777
Saratoga or Trenton?
Trenton
Quebec
CANADA
2. General William Howe was a
commander in which army?
Montreal
British

3. In which state did the battle at .
ce R Lake
ren
Brandywine take place? aw Champlain
.L
Pennsylvania
St
Ft. Ticonderoga
4. Which city was captured by Lake Ft. 4 Burgoyne surrenders
Ontario Stanwix Saratoga N.H. 1777
General Howe in 1777? Ft. Mohaw
at Saratoga,
Ontario k R.
Philadelphia Bennington
Boston
Oriskany Albany
5. British Colonel Barry St. Leger N.Y. Mass.
Hudson R.
2 Americans take
led his troops from Montreal, Trenton and
Conn.
down the St. Lawrence River, Princeton, 1776
through Lake Ontario, to Fort R.I.
Stanwix in New York. Mark his Morristown Long
New York Island
route on the map and estimate

Princeton
how many miles his troops Pa. Trenton
traveled. Brandywine Germantown 1 British capture
Philadelphia
New York, 1776
about 210 miles
Md. N. J.
WASHINGTON
3 Howe captures
Del. Philadelphia, 1777 N
6. If the British had been able to E
W
capture Albany, they would have
S
gained control of which river?
Hudson River

7. Which event shown on the map American victory
occurred first? British victory
0 50 100 miles
British capture New York, 1776

0 50 100 kilometers


Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 7
A More Perfect Union

While fighting for their independence, the Americans drew up plans for
creating governments at the state and national levels. Under the Articles of
Confederation, the states gave up little of their power to the central govern-
ment. As the weaknesses of the new central government became clear, dele-
gates drafted a new Constitution providing for a strong central government.
DIRECTIONS: Comparing and Contrasting Write an A in the blank next to

each statement that refers to the Articles of Confederation, a C next to each
statement that refers to the United States Constitution, and a B if the statement
refers to both.
C
1. The federal government is divided into three branches: legislative, executive,
and judicial.
A
2. The Congress is the one and only branch of the federal government.
C
3. The Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional.
C
4. A president is elected to head the executive branch of the government.
B
5. The federal government has the power to declare war or make peace.
A
6. The federal government does not have the right to collect taxes.
C
7. The Congress is made up of two houses, a Senate and a House of
Representatives.
B
8. The federal government has the power to coin money.
A
9. The federal government does not have the power to organize a court system.
C 10. The Bill of Rights guarantees basic human freedoms.

C 11. The president and vice president are indirectly elected by the Electoral College.

A 12. The federal government cannot regulate trade.

(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 7
DIRECTIONS: Writing Essays Answer the questions below in the space provided.
The Federalists were Americans who were in favor of a
1. Who were the Federalists?
strong central government, and they supported the Constitution.

The Federalist was
2. Who wrote a book called The Federalist and what is it about?
written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. It is a collection of

essays explaining and defending the Constitution.

They thought the Constitution
3. Why did the Antifederalists oppose the Constitution?
gave too much power to a central government and would take away too many

liberties from the states and individuals.

They felt that a
4. Why were the Federalists in favor of a strong central government?
powerful government was necessary to prevent disorder, such as occurred during

Shayss Rebellion.

5. What helped the state of New York to overcome its reluctance and ratify the
New York City threatened to leave the state and join the Union on its
Constitution?
own.


6. What famous Virginian gave fiery speeches against ratification of the Constitution?
Patrick Henry

7. What is the most distinctive feature of the United States government, as set forth in
The government is divided into three branchesthe legislative,
the Constitution?
executive, and judicialand through a system of checks and balances, each branch

plays a role in limiting the power of the others so that no branch can dominate the

government.

8. What important powers did the Constitution leave in the hands of the states?
The states could pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders;

establish local governments, schools, and other institutions affecting the welfare of

their citizens; collect certain taxes; and build roads.


Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 8
A New Nation
C 1. Some states had supported the Constitution on the condition that

A. no amendments be added. C. a bill of rights be added.
B. a bill of goods be added. D. states could nullify amendments.
B 2. As a Democratic-Republican, Thomas Jefferson favored

A. a strong federal government, a national bank, and protective tariffs.
B. strong state governments, state banks, and free trade.
C. strong state governments, state banks, and protective tariffs.
D. a weak federal government, a national bank, and no tariffs.
B 3. Who did George Washington nominate as chief justice of the United States?

A. Henry Knox C. James Madison
B. John Jay D. Edmund Randolph
D
4. Alexander Hamilton proposed a tariff to encourage United States citizens to
A. trade with other nations. C. buy British products.
B. consume less. D. buy American products.
A
5. Jefferson favored the French in the 1793 British-French War because
A. he thought a French victory would drive the British out of North America.
B. he was an admirer of the French Revolution.
C. he hoped France and the United States would become strong allies.
D. he wanted France to establish new colonies in North America.
D
6. The Whiskey Rebellion of July 1794 was an armed protest by farmers in
western Pennsylvania against
A. the use of whiskey. C. whiskey made from corn.
B. the sale of imported whiskey. D. a special tax on whiskey.
A
7. What did the Native Americans agree to do in the Treaty of Greenville?
A. surrender land in present-day Ohio C. fight at the Battle of Fallen Timbers
B. combine forces with the French D. move north of the Ohio River
(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 8
DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each item in Column A with its description in

Column A Column B
N A. Political party in favor of a strong federal
1. Judiciary Act
government and a loose interpretation of the
of 1789
Constitution
H
2. Treaty of
B. French foreign minister Charles de Talleyrand
Greenville
sends agents to demand a bribe and a loan from the
C
3. Proclamation United States government (1797)
of Neutrality
C. George Washington discourages United States
G
4. Jays Treaty involvement in war between Great Britain and
O France (1793)
5. Pinckneys
Treaty D. Alexander Hamiltons proposal to pay off the
A national debt (1790)
6. Federalists
E. Congress passes a law making it difficult for
M
7. Democratic- foreigners to become citizens
Republicans F. James Madison and Thomas Jefferson write two
B
8. XYZ Affair resolutions on the rights of states (1798, 1799)
F
9. Virginia and G. British agree to withdraw from American soil (1794)
Kentucky H. General Anthony Wayne forces 12 Native American
Resolutions nations to sign treaty opening most of Ohio to

K
10. Aliens white settlement (1795)
I. Secretary of war appointed by President George
L 11. Sedition
Washington
E 12. Naturalization Act
J. Attorney general appointed by President George
Washington
J
13. Edmund K. Immigrants living in a country who are not citizens
Randolph
I L. Activities aimed at weakening established
14. Henry Knox government
D 15. Report on the
M. Political party favoring strong state governments
Public Credit and a strict interpretation of the Constitution
N. Law passed by Congress establishing a federal
court system
O. Spain gives the United States unrestricted access to
the Mississippi River and promises to dismantle all
forts on United States territory (1795)

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 9
The Jefferson Era

Charles de Talleyrand Missouri River Zebulon Pike St. Louis

Napoleon Bonaparte Mississippi River New Orleans William Clark
Meriwether Lewis Toussaint-Louverture
Mississippi River
1. In 1800 the Louisiana Territory extended west from the to the
Rocky Mountains.
2. The Spanish allowed the Americans to sail on the lower Mississippi River and to
New Orleans
trade in .
Napoleon Bonaparte was forced to abandon plans for an American empire because
3.
of a revolt in Santo Domingo in 1802.
Toussaint-Louverture was an ex-slave who led a revolt in Santo Domingo.
4.
Charles de Talleyrand informed the American diplomats
5. French Foreign Minister
that the whole Louisiana Territory was for sale.
Meriwether Lewis
6. Thomas Jefferson chose William Clark
and to lead the
exploration of the Louisiana Territory.
St. Louis
7. The expedition left in the spring of 1804.
8. The expedition traveled along the Missouri River

and kept a journal of their
voyage.
Zebulon Pike
9. Lieutenant led two expeditions through the upper Mississippi
River valley and into the region now known as Colorado.

10. Why were Lewis and Clark, Pike, and others sent to explore the wilderness?
Answers will vary but should include that Jefferson was interested in obtaining

scientific information about the plants and animals of the West. Congress was

interested in obtaining information about the commercial possibilities and in sites

for future forts.

(continued)
Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 9
the questions.
1. What area was blockaded by

the British in 1812? The War of 1812
Lake CANADA Montreal
the East coast of the
American forces
Superior (British Territory)
British forces r.
United States Ind. Ter Lake
American victory io Champlain
Lake Michigan
r
Lak
nta Vt. N.H.
British victory
York Lake O
eH
2. Why do you think the British 0 100 200 miles (Toronto)
u ro
navy set up and maintained N.Y. Mass.
n
Ft. Niagara
0 100 200 kilometers Conn.
their blockade? Ft. Detroit eE
rie 4 Americans win the Battle
Lak of Lake Champlain, 1814
The British hoped to Ft.
Dearborn Oh. Pa.
N Baltimore
strengthen their troops on
2 Perry defeats the British Ft. McHenry
N.J.
Maryland
W E on Lake Erie, 1813 Washington
land by preventing supplies
S
3 TheVirginia
British torch Chesapeake
from reaching the Americans.
Washington. Americans Bay
Kentucky recapture the city and
defeat the British at
Ft. McHenry, 1814
3. Who was commander of the Tennessee N.C.

Lake Erie naval forces in
5 General Jackson defeats the S.C.
British at New Orleans, 1815
1813?

Ga.
Commander Perry
Horseshoe Bend ATLANTIC
OCEAN

Pensacola 1 The British navy blockades
4. Which American city was La. Fla. the coast, 1812
burned by the British? (Spain)
Gulf of
Washington, D.C.
New Orleans Mexico
5. Through which body of water

did the British sail in order to
Chesapeake Bay
reach Washington, D.C.?
6. What happened at New Orleans in 1815? General Andrew Jackson defeated the British.

Spain
7. To which country did Florida belong in 1812?

Name Date Class
Workbook Activity 10
Growth and Expansion

DIRECTIONS: Drawing Conclusions Read the paragraphs and write a V in
the blank at the left of each of the statements that you believe to be valid
conclusions.
A. The Industrial Revolution began in the United States in New England
around 1800. Although New Englands soil was poor and farming was
difficult, New Englands rushing rivers provided water power to run
machinery. New England was close to resources, such as coal and iron in
Pennsylvania, and had many seaports that allowed goods to be shipped.
Most important, New Englands population included wealthy merchants
eager to provide the money necessary to build industries.
V 1. Because farming was difficult, people were willing to leave their farms and

work in the new factories.
V 2. Machinery in New Englands factories ran on water power.

3. Industry developed in New England because all New Englanders were wealthy.
V 4. The Industrial Revolution in the United States occurred first in New England

because of a combination of several important factors.
5. Industry in the United States developed wherever there were wealthy people
interested in progress.
B. In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textile plant in Waltham,

Massachusetts. Lowells mill was based on the factory system, which
for the first time brought manufacturing steps together in one place to
increase efficiency. About 80 percent of Lowells workers were young
unmarried women who left their farms to work in the factories in towns.
The Lowell girls endured difficult working conditionslong hours of
monotonous workfor low pay. Most of them worked in the mills for a
few years.
V 1. Keeping all of the manufacturing steps of textile production together in one

place was a more efficient method of production.
2. The Lowell girls left their farms because factory work was more interesting
than farm work.
V
3. The Lowell girls left their farms because at the textile mill they had an
opportunity to earn a wage.
V
4. At least 20 percent of Lowells workers were not young unmarried women.
5. Lowell girls often left the mill to return to work on the farms.
(continued)
Name Date Class
DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Read the paragraphs and then answer

the questions in the space provided.
A. In 1790 the United States undertook the first official count of its
population. The census takers counted a population of nearly 4 million. In
the next few decades land and water transportation improved, and the
number of settlers heading west increased dramatically. Thirty years later,
in 1820, the population of the United States had more than doubled to
about 10 million, with nearly 2 million people living west of the
Appalachians.
1. In 1820 approximately what percentage of the United States population lived west of
20 percent
the Appalachians?
2. How many more people lived in the United States in 1820 than in 1790? 6
million

8 million
3. About how many people in 1820 lived east of the Appalachians?
4. Why did the number of settlers west of the Appalachians increase? Land and water

transportation improved.


B. The 363-mile-long Erie Canal across New York State, which connected
Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie, was completed in
1825. People could now travel on water all the way from Buffalo to New
York City. In the early years, a two-horse team pulled a 100-ton barge about
24 miles in one day.
1. About how long would it have taken to travel the length of the Erie Canal in 1825?
15 days

2. What two regions of the United States were connected by the Erie Canal?
East and Midwest (or Great Lakes)

363 miles
3. What is the distance from Albany to Buffalo?
4. A two-horse team was capable of pulling how much weight? 100 tons


Name Date Class
The Jackson Era

Democracy in the United States expanded during Andrew Jacksons two
terms as president. For the first time poor white males were allowed to vote,
and by 1828 most states allowed the people, rather than state legislatures, to
choose presidential electors.

D 1. From 1816 to 1824, the United States had
A. two political parties, the Democrats and the Republicans.
B. only one political party, the Whigs.
C. two political parties, the National Republicans and the Democratic-
Republicans.
D. only one political party, the Jeffersonian Republicans.

B 2. According to the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution, when no presidential
candidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the president is selected by the
A. Supreme Court. C. attorney general.
B. House of Representatives. D. secretary of state.

B 3. In the election of 1828, Jackson received many votes in the South because he
A. supported slavery. C. supported a strong federal bureaucracy.

B. supported states rights. D. all of the above

C 4. In 1832 South Carolinas state legislature passed the Nullification Act,
declaring it would
A. nullify the Constitution. C. not pay the illegal tariffs.
B. nullify the Bill of Rights. D. not pay any of its debts.

A 5. The Force Bill of 1833 allowed the president to
A. use the United States military to enforce acts of Congress.
B. force Congress to pass legislation the president supported.
C. use military force against his political opponents.
D. force the Supreme Court to support his executive decisions.
C 6. Who took William Henry Harrisons place as president after his death in 1841?

A. Martin Van Buren C. John Tyler
B. Henry Clay D. James Polk
(continued)
Name Date Class
DIRECTIONS: Matching Match each name in Column A with its description in

Column A Column B
D
1. Daniel Webster A. Seminole chief who led his people to war
against the United States in 1835
H
2. Robert Hayne
B. President of the Bank of the United States
F
3. John C. Calhoun C. United States army general who removed the
K Cherokee from their homes and led them west
4. Baltimore, Maryland
D. United States senator who defended the
B
5. Nicholas Biddle Constitution and the Union in a debate in 1830
M E. Chief justice who ruled that Georgia had no
6. Old Hickory
right to interfere with the Cherokee in 1832
N
7. Florida F. Vice president during Jacksons first term; a
L Southerner who supported states rights
8. Indian Removal Act
G. Forced march of the Cherokee into the Indian
J
9. Indian Territory Territory
C 10. Winfield Scott H. United States senator from South Carolina who
debated Daniel Webster in the Senate
G 11. Trail of Tears
I. Sauk chieftain who led a force of Sauk and Fox
people back to their homeland in Illinois
A 12. Osceola

J. Area in present-day Oklahoma created by
I
13. Black Hawk Congress in 1834 for Native Americans
E 14. John Marshall K. Site of the Democrats first national party
convention in 1832
L. 1830 congressional act allowing the government
to pay Native Americans to move west
M. Nickname given to Andrew Jackson
N. Site of the Seminole rebellion

Name Date Class
Manifest Destiny
From the early through mid-1800s, the United States pursued various
policies that expanded United States borders from coast to coast.
DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists various territories

acquired by the United States in the 1800s. Review the information about
these territories in your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate
boxes in the chart.
Territories Added to the United States

Year How Territory Todays States and Parts of
Territory Acquired Was Acquired States Included in the Territory
Oregon Country 1846

Treaty with Great Britain
Washington, Oregon, Idaho,

after negotiating territorial Montana, Wyoming
boundaries

Mexican Cession 1848

After losing war with the
New Mexico, California, Arizona,

United States, Mexico ceded Nevada, Colorado, Utah
its provinces of California

and New Mexico to the
United States for $15 million

Louisiana 1803
Purchased from France for
Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri,

Purchase $15 million Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas,

Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming,
Montana
Texas 1845
Annexed nine years after
Texas

Annexation winning its independence
from Mexico

Gadsden 1853
Narrow section of southern
Arizona, New Mexico

Purchase Arizona and New Mexico
purchased from Mexico for

$10 million

(continued)
Name Date Class
DIRECTIONS: Essay Answer the questions below in the space provided.

1. Who were the first Americans to reach the Oregon Country, and why did they go there?
Fur traders arrived first. They came to trap beaver, whose skins were in great demand

in the eastern United States and in Europe.

2. In 1843 a thousand American pioneers traveled along the Oregon Trail to Oregon.
They had
Why were so many people willing to embark on such a difficult journey?
heard about the fertile land in the Willamette Valley south of the Columbia River, and

they wanted to settle there.

3. Since colonial times Americans had believed that their nations mission was to serve
as a model of freedom and democracy. How did that vision change in the 1800s?
Many Americans came to believe that their nation was destined to extend to the Pacific

coast, and that its mission was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent.

It offered new
4. What did the Mexican government do to attract new settlers to Texas?
settlers large tracts of land at extremely low prices, and no taxes for four years.

5. What did the Mexican government expect from the settlers in return for the land?
It expected the settlers to learn Spanish, convert to Catholicism, and obey Mexican law.


6. Why did the United States government wait for nine years after Texas had declared its
Northerners were
independence from Mexico until agreeing to annex Texas as a state?
against adding another slave state to the Union, and President Martin Van Buren, like

Andrew Jackson, did not want to inflame the slavery issue or risk war with Mexico.

7. Why were many Americans, particularly Northerners, opposed to the Mexican War?
They were afraid that if the United States expanded into the West, the Southern states

would carry slavery into the new territories.

8. Thousands of people came to California during the Gold Rush of 1848 and 1849. What
was the result of their frantic search for gold? The worlds gold supply more than

doubled, but very few of the forty-niners achieved lasting wealth. However, Californias

economy expanded in the areas of agriculture, shipping, and trade, and Californias

population grew from about 20,000 in 1848 to more than 220,000 only four years later.


Name Date Class
North and South

DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Use the map to answer the questions.
St. Joseph
1. Which Missouri River city has a rail connection to a Mississippi River city?
2. Which Great Lakes are near the New York Central Railroad lines? Erie and Ontario

3. Which railroads could Midwestern shippers use to send goods to the East Coast?
Pennsylvania, Baltimore and Ohio, New York Central

northeast
4. Which direction does a train from Chattanooga to Lynchburg travel?
5. What is the fastest speed at which trains could travel in 1860? 30 miles per hour

6. How long would it take a train to go from Charleston to Hamburg? about 4 hours

7. If you wanted to travel from Buffalo to Boston, which rail line would you take?
New York Central

Major Railroads, 1860

L ak O n ta ri o Boston
Lake M i chigan
eH L ak e AL
La Crosse uro ENTR
n Buffalo KC
R
Madison Detroit rie YO Railroad
eE
W
N
k
NE
L a
Mis
W E Chicago New York

souri R.
S IA Philadelphia
VAN
S YL Baltimore ATLANTIC
Indianapolis N
Quincy EN
D OHIO
OCEAN
E AN
P
St. Joseph O R Washington, D.C.

B A L TI M
Kansas City Lynchburg Richmond
St. Louis r
iv e
Americans O hio R Trains clipped
loved their Cairo. along at 20 to
railroads
iR
30 miles per hour by 1860.

ipp
in spite of irregular Chattanooga

s i ss
schedules, frequent Wilmington

Memphis
Mis
breakdowns, and being

Atlanta Hamburg
showered with sparks
Charleston
from the locomotives.
In 1833 the 136-mile Charleston
Vicksburg and Hamburg line was the longest
railroad in the world.
0 200 miles
New Orleans Gulf of 0 200 kilometers
Mexico Albers Equal-Area projection
(continued)
Name Date Class
DIRECTIONS: Analyzing Information Study the graph and then answer the
questions in the space provided.
7.1 percent
1. Cotton was what percentage of United States exports in 1800?
57.5 percent
In 1860?
2. Between which two of the four dates listed on the graph was there the greatest
between 1800 and 1820
increase in cotton as a percentage of United States exports?
24.9 percent
What was the increase?
3,768,000
3. How many more bales of cotton were produced in 1860 than in 1800?
4. How does the size of the enslaved population of the United States in 1860 compare to
The number of enslaved Americans is five times as great in 1860 as in 1800.
that in 1800?
5. What might you infer about the relationship between the increase in production of
Cotton growers relied on
cotton and the increase in the numbers of enslaved Americans?
increasing numbers of enslaved people to enable them to increase their output of cotton.

6. What information on the graph points to the increasing importance of slave labor over
The estimated auction price per field slave
the years in the growing of cotton?
increased from $600 in 1800 to $1,800 in 1860.


Cotton Production in America, 18001860
200,000 bales Total Cotton Production 3,841,000 bales
of cotton produced Cotton as a percentage
Est. Auction Price
per field slave $ 1,800 of U.S. exports
200,000 slaves Total Crop Value $ 248,757,000 7.1%
in the United States
32.0 %
Total Cotton Production 73,000 bales
Est. Auction Price
per field slave $ 600
1800 1820
Total Crop Value $ 8,085,000
51.6 % 57.5 %
1840 1860
1800 1820 1840 1860 Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.

Name Date Class
The Age of Reform

During the early and mid-1800s, idealistic men and women in the United
States wanted to improve society. They worked hard to bring about changes in
politics, religion, and education. These reformers wanted the United States to
live up to the ideals and goals stated in the Declaration of Independence and
the Constitution.
Ashmun Institute Underground Railroad Horace Mann

Trancendentalists utopian Mount Holyoke
abolitionist temperance movement Thomas Gallaudet
utopian
1. In 1825 Robert Owen established New Harmony, Indiana, a
community in which people cooperated instead of competed with one another.
temperance movement opposed the use of alcohol.
2. The
Horace Mann
3. In 1839 , a Massachusetts educator, founded the nations first
state-supported teacher-training school.
Ashmun Institute
4. , the first college for African Americans, opened in
Pennsylvania in 1854.
Mount Holyoke
5. In 1837 in Massachusetts, Mary Lyon opened , the first
permanent womens college in America.
Trancendentalists
6. stressed the relationship between humans and nature as
well as the importance of the individual conscience.
Thomas
7. The Hartford School for the Deaf was opened in Connecticut in 1817 by
Gallaudet
.
abolitionist
8. Frederick Douglass was an African American who devoted
his life to speaking out against slavery.
Underground
9. Harriet Tubman escaped from slavery and became a conductor on the
Railroad
.
(continued)
Name Date Class
DIRECTIONS: Distinguishing Fact From Opinion Decide whether the statements

below are facts or opinions. Write F for fact or O for opinion in the blank next
to each statement.
O
1. If he was truly serious about improving education, Horace Mann should have
lengthened the school year to ten months instead of six months.
F
2. American artists explored American themes beginning in the 1820s.
F
3. Henry David Thoreau went to jail rather than obey laws he thought were
unjust.
O
4. Emily Dickinsons greatest poem is titled Hope.
F
5. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin, the most successful best-seller
of the mid-1800s.
F
6. Isabella Baumfree changed her name to Sojourner Truth in 1843 and began to
work for womens rights and the abolition of slavery.

O
7. Southerners who did not hold enslaved people should not have opposed
abolitionism.
O
8. The abolitionist sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimk engaged in unfeminine
activities, and men in the movement were right to criticize them.
F
9. In July 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and a few other women
organized the first womens rights convention.
O 10. Although the womens rights convention issued a declaration calling for an

end to discrimination against women, the declaration did not go far enough.

Name Date Class
Road to Civil War

As new Western territories were added to the United States, the tension
between the North and the South over slavery reached a dangerous level.
C 1. The Missouri Compromise admitted Missouri to the Union
A. as a slave state, provided that all enslaved people in Missouri be given their
freedom within 10 years.
B. as a free state but allowed current slaveholders to keep their slaves.
C. as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
D. as a free state if all territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase were
admitted as slave states.
D 2. Which political party nominated Martin Van Buren for president in 1848?
A. Democrats C. Republicans
B. Whigs D. Free-Soilers
D 3. According to the Compromise of 1850,
A. California would be admitted to the Union as a free state.
B. the New Mexico Territory would have no restrictions on slavery.
C. the slave trade would be abolished in the District of Columbia.
D. all of the above

B 4. argued that the only way to save the Union was to protect slavery.
A. Daniel Webster C. Henry Clay
B. John C. Calhoun D. David Wilmot
B 5. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
A. was supported in the North. C. protected enslaved people.
B. required citizens to catch runaways. D. punished slaveholders.
A 6. The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed to decide whether to allow
slavery in those states.
A. citizens of Kansas and Nebraska C. the president
B. Congress D. the Underground Railroad
C 7. In his speech entitled , Charles Sumner lashed out against
proslavery forces in Kansas.
A. Bleeding Kansas C. The Crime Against Kansas
B. Marching to Kansas D. The Civil War in Kansas
(continued)
Name Date Class
D 8. Afraid that a Republican government would not protect Southern rights, South
Carolina voted to
A. disobey unpopular federal laws. C. recall its representatives in Congress.
B. organize an armed civilian militia. D. secede from the Union.
C 9. The Wilmot Proviso specified that slavery should be
A. prohibited in Missouri. C. banned in former Mexican lands.
B. allowed in Missouri. D. allowed in former Mexican lands.
A 10. The Know-Nothing Party took its name from an organization that opposed
A. immigration. C. slavery.
B. public education. D. democracy.
D 11. In the Dred Scott case, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled that
A. an enslaved person was not a citizen, and had no right to bring a lawsuit.
B. an enslaved person was property.
C. living on free soil did not make an enslaved person free.
D. all of the above
A 12. This act, in effect, repealed the Missouri Compromise.
A. Kansas-Nebraska Act C. Fugitive Slave Act

B. Compromise of 1850 D. Dred Scott Act
D 13. In their debates in 1858, and Abraham Lincoln argued mostly
about the issue of slavery.
A. John C. Calhoun C. Frederick Douglass
B. Daniel Webster D. Stephen A. Douglas
B 14. Where did John Brown lead a raid on an arsenal to spark an uprising of
enslaved people?
A. Fort Sumter, South Carolina C. Freeport, Illinois
B. Harpers Ferry, Virginia D. Richmond, Virginia
C 15. Mississippi Senator became president of the Confederacy.
A. John C. Calhoun C. Jefferson Davis
B. Robert E. Lee D. Francis Pickens
C 16. attacked Fort Sumter, South Carolina, to start the Civil War.
A. Union forces C. Confederate forces
B. National Guard troops D. the South Carolina militia

Name Date Class
The Civil War

DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answer
the questions. (For questions 17, refer to the map for 18611863; for questions
814, refer to the map for 18641865.)
Civil War Battles

3 Gettysburg
(July 1-3, 1863) Lincoln issued the
6
The Battle of Antietam was the
L E E 18
bloodiest day of the Civil War, Pa. MEADE Emancipation Proclamation
with more than 20,000 Union 1863 after the battle at Antietam.
and Confederate casualties. Antietam Md.
(Sept. 1862)
N
Harpers Ferry E
18611863 (Sept. 1862) Washington, Del. W
W. Va. D.C. S
Bull Run
(July 1861
& Aug. 1862)
0 30 60 miles
0 30 60 kilometers Chancellorsville
(May 1863) Fredericksburg
(Dec. 1862)
M c C L E LLA
L E E 1 8 62
ATLANTIC
Va.
OCEAN
Seven Days
(June 1862)
N 1862
Stonewall Jackson was mortally
Union troops wounded the night after the Battle of Richmond Monitor
Confederate troops Chancellorsville. v. Merrimack
Union victory (March 1862)
Confederate victory
Washington, D.C. Del.
Indecisive battle Ohio
Lee surrendered The Wilderness Md.
Union naval blockade Ind. to Grant on GRA
(May 1864) NT
April 9, 1865.
EE
L
Va. Cold Harbor

Richmond (June 1864)
W. Va. LEE
0 50 100 miles
Appomattox
Ill. Ky. Court House GRANT
0 50 100 kilometers
Petersburg siege
(June 1864
April 1865)
Nashville Bentonville
Sherman ordered Atlanta (Mar. 1865)
(Dec. 1864) to be destroyed in N.C.
THOMAS
November 1864.
Tenn.
Franklin
(Nov. 1864) Chattanooga
65 Wilmington
18 N
S.C. (Feb. 1865)
AN
Kennesaw Mountain
RM
(June 1864) E
ATLANTIC
SHE
HOOD W
Atlanta OCEAN S
Miss. (Sept. 1864)
SHE
Ala. Charleston Sherman marched his troops

RM
Ga. through South Carolina swamps

AN
MA at a rate of 10 miles per day for

18641865 R CH TO
THE SE 45 days.
A 186
4 Savannah
(continued)
Name Date Class
1. The Monitor and the Merrimack fought a battle in March 1862 off the coast of which
state? Virginia
2. What were the dates for the two battles at Bull Run? July 1861 and August 1862
3. In which state was Stonewall Jackson mortally wounded? Virginia

more than 20,000
4. According to the map, how many soldiers died at Antietam?
5. Which battle on the map was fought in the state of Pennsylvania? Gettysburg
6. In which direction did Union General George McClellan lead his troops on the way
to the Seven Days battles? south and then northwest

7. The Confederacy chose the city of Richmond, Virginia, as its capital. About how
far is this city from Washington, D.C., the Union capital? 100 miles
8. Which side won a victory at Atlanta? the Union

9. How many miles did William Tecumseh Sherman and his troops travel on their
march from Atlanta to Bentonville? about 500

10. Why do you think the Union organized a blockade off the Atlantic coast?
The Union organized the blockade to prevent supplies of food, manufactured

goods, and firearms and ammunition from getting through to the Confederates.
11. The siege of the city of Petersburg, Virginia, by General Ulysses S. Grants forces,
began in June 1864. When did the siege end? April 1865
12. Before General Shermans historic March to the Sea, what happened to Atlanta?
Sherman captured Atlanta and ordered it to be destroyed.
13. In which state did the Battle of the Wilderness and the Battle of Cold Harbor take
place? Virginia
14. What happened at Appomattox Court House? Robert E. Lee surrendered to

Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865.

Name Date Class
Reconstruction and Its Aftermath

DIRECTIONS: Using Graphic Organizers Write the features of each Reconstruction
plan in the spaces provided. Then answer the questions that follow.
Southerners
(except Confederate leaders)
get amnesty if they swear
loyalty to the Union
Punishing South State constitutions
serves no useful purpose must ban slavery
LINCOLNS PLAN
African Americans When 10%
who were educated or had of voters swear loyalty
served in the Union army to be to the Union, state can
given the right to vote form government
Southern states would

not have to give African
Americans equal rights
50% of white males must Only white males who

swear loyalty to the Union swore they never took up
arms against the Union could
vote for convention delegates
RADICAL
REPUBLICANS
PLAN
Former Confederates do State constitution must

not have right to hold abolish slavery before
public office state can be readmitted
to the Union
(continued)
Name Date Class
1. At the end of the Civil War, why was it only the South that faced the enormous prob-
lems of Reconstruction? Most of the fighting and destruction took place in the South.
2. What was the Ten Percent Plan? The Ten Percent Plan was Lincolns first plan, offered
in December 1863. When 10 percent of the voters of a state took an oath of loyalty
to the Union, the state could form a new government.

3. What was the main difference between the way Abraham Lincoln and Congress felt about
rebuilding the South? Congress wanted to punish the Southern states, but Lincoln
disagreed. Lincolns goal was to heal the nations wounds as soon as possible.
4. When Congress passed the Wade-Davis Bill in July 1864, why did Lincoln refuse to
sign it into law? Lincoln believed the plan, which required 50 percent of the white
males in a state to swear loyalty to the Union and banned former Confederates from
holding public office, would prevent order from quickly being restored.
5. President Andrew Johnsons plan for Reconstruction, which he called Restoration, re-
quired that a state ratify the Thirteenth Amendment before it could be readmitted to the
Union. Why was this important? The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which

Congress had passed in January 1865, abolished slavery in all parts of the United States.
6. What were the black codes? A series of laws passed by the new legislatures of
Southern states in 1865 and 1866 that were designed to control the lives of freed men
and women and to enable plantation owners to exploit African American workers.
7. When Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution in June 1866, why
did 10 of the 11 Southern states hesitate to ratify it, so that its adoption was delayed until
1868? The Fourteenth Amendment, which granted full citizenship to all people born in
the United States, would entitle freed African Americans to equal protection of the laws.
8. What major piece of Reconstruction legislation did Congress pass in February 1869 that the
Republicans believed would enable African Americans to protect themselves? Congress
passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which gave African American
men the right to vote. The amendment was ratified and became law in February 1870.

Name Date Class
The Western Frontier

During the mid- to late 1800s, the frontier kept being pushed westward by
waves of settlers. By 1890 the frontier had ceased to exist. Railroads crossed
the country from coast to coast, and hundreds of new towns, many of them
boomtowns, seemed to have sprung up almost overnight.
DIRECTIONS: In the space provided, write the word or words that best com-
plete the sentence.
Exodusters George A. Custer Geronimo

stampede reservations sodbusters
William Cody vaqueros Sitting Bull
1. Hispanic ranch hands in the Spanish Southwest were called vaqueros .
2. One of the greatest dangers faced by cowhands was the stampede ,

when thousands of cattle ran in panic.
3. Exodusters were African Americans who migrated from the

Southern states into Kansas in the late 1870s.
4. Plains farmers, known as sodbusters , needed new tools, such

as lightweight steel plows, to penetrate the tough, dry soil.
5. William Cody , hired by the Kansas Pacific Railroad to kill buffalo,

became known as Buffalo Bill.
6. In 1867 the federal governments Indian Peace Commission recommended moving
the Native Americans to a few large reservations .
7. Sitting Bull , a leader of the Lakota Sioux, refused to sell land in

the Black Hills to the federal government.
8. General George A. Custer and all of his troops were killed in the
battle at the Little Bighorn River.
9. The Apache leader Geronimo led raids against settlers and the
army in Arizona in the 1880s.
(continued)
Name Date Class

1. The pioneers who settled the Great Plains were faced with numerous challenges to
their survival as they attempted to build new lives in the vast open spaces of the
prairie. What were the main problems the settlers were up against?
Because traditional building materials were usually unavailable, the settlers had to
build houses out of sod; the dry soil required new methods of farming; the climate
featured extremes of heat and cold; crops would periodically be destroyed by
droughts, floods, and occasionally by plagues of grasshoppers; brushfires during
drought years would destroy everything in their paths; and careful planning was
required in order to survive winter blizzards.
2. Why was the disappearance of the buffalo a catastrophe for the Plains Native Americans?
The Plains Native Americans depended on the buffalo for most of the essentials of
lifefood, clothing, and shelter. They used buffalo skin to make tepees, clothes, and
bags for carrying food; they dried the meat into jerky for winter food; they shaped the
bones into tools such as hoes, knives, and fishhooks; and they used dried manure,
called buffalo chips, for fuel. When the buffalo were no longer available, the traditional
lifestyle of the Plains Native Americans was no longer possible.
3. Why did boomtowns develop in the West, and what eventually happened to them?
When prospectors discovered gold or silver in various places in the West, the news
traveled quickly and attracted many other people eager to try their luck at striking

it rich. Investors financed large-scale mining operations to extract most of the ore,
which was buried deep underground. Mining required many workers. New towns
arose around all of the businesses that provided the services needed by the miners
and prospectors. The boomtowns thrived as long as men continued to seek precious
metals, but once the mines no longer yielded ore, the booms were followed by busts.
The populations of the boomtowns dwindled until many of them became empty
ghost towns.
4. How did the government help expand the nations railroad network?
The federal government agreed with the railroad companies that the railroad
network would benefit the entire nation, therefore the railroad companies should
receive free public land on which to lay railroad track and financial aid and land
grants. The government gave the railroad companies more than 130 million acres
of land, which included land for the tracks plus 20- to 80-mile-wide strips of land
along the railway. State and local governments gave the railroad companies cash
subsidies to make sure the railroad came to their communities.

Name Date Class
The Growth of Industry

1. Why did many businesses that were looking to expand form corporations?
By forming corporations, companies could raise the capital they needed to buy raw
materials and equipment, pay workers, and cover shipping and advertising costs.
2. How did John D. Rockefeller create a monopoly in the oil industry through his
Standard Oil Company? He lowered prices to drive his competitors out of business;
he pressured his customers not to deal with competitors; he combined competing firms
into one organization; and he formed a trust.

3. What method did Andrew Carnegie use to build the nations largest steel company?
He used vertical integration, buying other companies that provided the equipment and
services he needed, such as iron and coal mines, warehouses, ore ships, and railroads.
4. How did the government respond to public pressure to prohibit trusts and monopolies?
During the 1880s, 15 states passed laws restricting business combinations that limited
competition.
5. Describe typical working conditions for industrial workers in the late 1800s.
Factories and mines were noisy, unhealthy, and unsafe. Laborers worked 10 or 12 hours a
day, 6 days a week. Dim, crowded sweatshops were filled with flammable materials;
airborne lint damaged textile workers lungs; cave-ins and gas and coal dust killed mine-
workers; and spills of hot steel burned steelworkers.

6. How did the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869, differ from other labor organizations?
The Knights of Labor recruited workers who had been kept out of trade unions,
including women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled laborers.

7. What did the American Federation of Labor (AFL), under the leadership of Samuel
Gompers, hope to accomplish? The organization pressed for higher wages, shorter
hours, better working conditions, and the right to engage in collective bargaining.
(continued)
Name Date Class
8. What event at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory led the International Ladies
Garment Workers Union (ILGWU) to organize the women there?
Nearly 150 workers were killed in a fire when the crowded sweatshop where young
immigrant women were locked in to prevent them from leaving early.

9. Why did antilabor feelings in the United States grow stronger after the strike by
workers from the McCormick Harvester Company in 1886? A bloody clash took
place between strikers and police in Chicagos Haymarket Square where workers had
gathered to protest the killings of four strikers the previous day. When the police
ordered the crowd to break up, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer.
Americans began to associate the labor movement with terrorism and disorder.
10. Why did the 1892 steelworkers strike at Andrew Carnegies steel plant in
Homestead, Pennsylvania, fail? Homestead managers hired nonunion workers.

In a battle between the strikers and 300 armed guards, 10 people died, and
Pennsylvanias governor sent the states militia to protect nonunion workers.

11. How did George Pullman end the strike by the employees at his railway-car plant?

Pullman and the railroad owners persuaded the United States attorney general to
obtain an injunction against the strike. They said that striking workers interfered with
the delivery of the mail. Union leader, Eugene V. Debs, was jailed, and President
Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to end the strike.

12. How did Henry Fords manufacturing method revolutionize the automobile industry?
Ford developed the assembly line process in which each worker does the same task over
and over. The assembly line made producing large numbers of cars quicker and cheaper,
so millions of Americans could afford automobiles.

13. How did George Westinghouse improve upon Thomas Edisons electric power plant?
Edisons power plant in New York City in 1882 provided electricity to light up
85 buildings. Westinghouse developed and built transformers to send electric power
more cheaply over longer distances so whole cities had electric power.

Name Date Class
Toward an Urban America Urban and Rural Population

Between 1860 and 1910, Americas urban Growth, 18601900
population grew from a little over 6 million 50
people to more than 40 million. By 1914, the Urban Rural
Population (in millions)

40
number of Americans living in the cities
was the same as those living in rural areas.
30
People left the farms and flocked to the
cities to find new manufacturing and indus-
20
trial jobs. Also fueling the explosive growth
in urban population were waves of 10
immigrants.
0
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900
Year
at the left, write the letter of the choice that Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.
best completes the statement. To answer

questions 914, refer to the graph.
A 1. In the mid-1880s large groups of new immigrants arrived from
A. eastern and southern Europe. C. northern Europe.
B. southeast Asia. D. Mexico.
C 2. Among the immigrants from eastern and southern Europe were
A. Jews, Germans, and Dutch. C. Greeks, Russians, and Italians.
B. Italians, Poles, and Scotch. D. Greeks, Italians, and Germans.
C 3. Many Jews who came to the United States in the 1880s

A. planned to homestead on the Great Plains.
B. planned to return to Russia at a later date.
C. fled persecution in Russia.
D. intended to eventually settle in Israel.
D 4. The voyage across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States usually took
A. 60 days. C. 12 weeks.
B. 6 months. D. 12 days.
B 5. After 1892, immigrants in the East were processed at
A. Castle Garden. C. Angel Island.
B. Ellis Island. D. Staten Island.
C 6. Many immigrants spent long hours in sweatshops, which were
A. health clubs. C. crowded garment workshops.
B. sauna rooms. D. steam baths.
(continued)
Name Date Class
B 7. The Chinese Exclusion Act, passed by Congress in 1882,

A. prohibited Chinese workers from ever entering the United States.
B. prohibited Chinese workers from entering the United States for 10 years.
C. prohibited Chinese immigrants from leaving the United States.
D. ordered Chinese immigrants to return to China.
A 8. The new immigrants enriched communities with their
A. customs and culture.
B. expensive jewelry.
C. knowledge of farming.
D. quick assimilation into American culture.
D 9. There were three times as many urban dwellers in than in 1870.
A. 1860 C. 1890
B. 1880 D. 1900
C 10. About people lived in rural areas in 1860.
A. 7 million C. 26 million
B. 20 million D. 30 million
A 11. About more people lived in rural areas in 1900 than in 1860.

C 12. The year with the biggest numerical difference between urban and rural
dwellers was
A. 1860. C. 1880.
B. 1870. D. 1890.
B 13. In 1900 there were about more rural dwellers than urban
dwellers in America.
B 14. According to the graph, urban population was growing rural
population.
A. at about the same rate as C. more slowly than
B. faster than D. three times slower than

Name Date Class
Progressive Reforms
During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the United States experienced a
period of rapid growth that resulted in major economic and social changes.
1. Journalists who wrote about corruption in society were called muckrakers .
2. Robert La Follette brought about significant reformsraising taxes for corpo-

rations and improving civil servicewhile governor of Wisconsin.
3. Ida Tarbell , writing for McClures Magazine, warned about the unfair
practices of the oil trust.
4. One of the most successful civic reformers was Tom Johnson , mayor of
Cleveland, Ohio, from 1901 to 1909.
5. Eugene V. Debs helped found the American Socialist Party in 1898.
6. Boss Tweed and a ring of corrupt city officials controlled the police, the
courts, and some newspapers in New York City in the 1860s and 1870s.
7. In 1912 Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party.
8. People who fought for womens right to vote were called suffragists .
9. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony founded the National Woman
Suffrage Association.
10. What did Upton Sinclair write about in his 1906 novel The Jungle, and how did
Americans react to the book? In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair described the horrors of
the meatpacking industry in Chicago, hoping to arouse sympathy for the workers.
But Americans were mainly upset by his vivid descriptions. Public outrage led to
congressional passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.
(continued)
Name Date Class
11. What was La Follettes great accomplishment that led to other states reformers
copying this Wisconsin idea? LaFollette reformed Wisconsins electoral system.

He introduced a direct primary election in which the states voters could choose
their partys candidates.
12. How did the state of Oregon reform its political process? Oregon gave voters more
power and limited the influence of political parties through a series of reforms
known as the Oregon System. The reforms included a direct primary election and
the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. The initiative allowed citizens to place
a measure or issue on the ballot in a state election. The referendum gave voters the
opportunity to accept or reject measures that the state legislature enacted. The recall
enabled voters to remove unsatisfactory elected officials from office.

13. What progressive actions did Theodore Roosevelt take during his presidency to earn
the nickname trustbuster? He directed the Justice Department to act against

several trusts, including a railroad monopoly, the beef trust, the tobacco trust, and

Standard Oila petroleum trust. He wanted to prove that the federal government
had authority over big business.

14. Why did progressives support the
Sixteenth Amendment, which gave
Congress the power to tax peoples
income? Progressives hoped that the
revenue generated by the income tax
would enable the government to lower
tariffs. This, in turn, would lead to lower
prices for goods. Lower prices would
be especially beneficial to the poor.

Name Date Class
Overseas Expansion
By 1890 the United States stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific
Ocean, and the frontier was gone. Americans, for whom the frontier had
always symbolized growth and opportunity, were eager to find new frontiers
to replace the one that was lost.
choice that best completes the statement. To answer questions 611, refer to
the map.
The Spanish-American War

0 150 300 miles CHINA
Gulf of Tampa N Taiwan
Mexico 0 150 300 kilometers
a
Hong Kong
f F l o ri d
Fla.
W E (Brit.) PACIFIC
ATLANTIC OCEAN
S
DE
ha
Ba
it s o
Key OCEAN
m
WE
West aI Luzon
Str a
s la
Y
Island
Havana
nd U.S. forces
s(
B ri Spanish forces
South
CUBA t.) Manila
U.S. naval blockade China Manila
San Juan El Caney Battle Sea Bay
Hill PHILIPPINES
Mindoro
Santiago dee Cuba Island
DOMINICAN
Caribbean HAITI REPUBLIC San Juan
Sea The Philippines
JAMAICA Santo
Gunica Mindanao
Domingo Island
The Caribbean CERVERA PUERTO 0 200 400 miles N
(FROM SPAIN) RICO
W E
0 200 400 kilometers
S
B 1. In 1867 United States Secretary of State William H. Seward purchased Alaska

from Russia for
A. $700,000. C. $72 million.
B. $7.2 million. D. $720 million.
A 2. In 1889 United States Secretary of State invited Latin American
nations to attend a Pan-American Conference in Washington, D.C.
A. James G. Blaine C. William H. Seward
B. Alfred Thayer Mahan D. Theodore Roosevelt
D 3. In 1893 American planters overthrew the Hawaiian ruler
A. King Kamehameha I. C. King Kalakaua.
B. King Kamehameha II. D. Queen Liliuokalani.
(continued)
Name Date Class
B 4. United States Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policy
regarding China so that
A. Americans could settle in China.
B. the United States could trade with China.
C. Chinese could immigrate to the United States.
D. none of the above
C 5. The Panama Canal reduced shipping costs by cutting more than
off the voyage from New York to San Francisco.
A. 700 miles C. 7,000 miles
B. 1,700 miles D. 70,000 miles
B 6. American troops bound for the south coast of Cuba set sail from the city of
A. Havana. C. Santo Domingo.
B. Tampa. D. San Juan.
D 7. In order to reach Santiago de Cuba, the Americans had to sail
A. south of Haiti. C. north of the Bahama Islands.
B. around the western tip of Cuba. D. around the eastern tip of Cuba.
C 8. Spanish forces approached Santiago de Cuba from the
A. north. C. south.

B. east. D. west.
B 9. The United States maintained a naval blockade of Cuba to
A. help the United States fleet navigate in the Caribbean.
B. prevent supplies from reaching the Spanish forces.
C. force Cubans to buy products made in Cuba.
D. help American companies supply American forces.
A 10. Commodore George Dewey sailed in a direction across the South
China Sea to reach Manila Bay.
A. southeasterly C. northwesterly
B. northeasterly D. southwesterly
C 11. Manila is located on the island of
A. Mindanao. C. Luzon.
B. Mindoro. D. none of the above

Name Date Class
World War I
During the early 1900s European powers competed with one another for
colonies and markets around the world. To protect their interests, they estab-
lished a complicated system of alliances. By 1914 Europe had become a pow-
der keg.
DIRECTIONS: Completing a Chart The chart below lists the major participants
in World War I. Use your textbook and write the facts in the appropriate boxes.
Then answer the questions that follow.
World War I
Date of Entry
Country Into War Reason for Entering War
Austria-Hungary July 28, 1914 Declares war on Serbia, blaming it for assassination of
Austrian archduke
August 6, 1914 Declares war on Russia, Serbias ally
Russia July 30, 1914 Obliged by treaty to protect Serbia, its ally; begins to
mobilize armed forces in preparation for war
Germany August 1, 1914 Declares war on Russia in order to help its ally,
Austria-Hungary
August 3, 1914 Declares war on France because of Frances alliance
with Russia, and begins invasion of Belgium
August 4, 1914 Declares war on Germany because of treaty obligation
Great Britain
to protect Belgium
August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germanys ally
France August 12, 1914 Declares war on Austria-Hungary, Germanys ally
Turkey October 1914 Joins war as ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary
(Ottoman Empire)
United States April 6, 1917 Declares war on Germany because German U-boats
attacked and sank American merchant ships

1. World War I involved a struggle between two great alliancesthe Allied Powers and
the Central Powers. Identify the countries in each alliance. The Allied Powers
at first consisted of Great Britain, France, and Russia. Then Japan joined in
August 1914, Italy joined in 1915, and the United States joined in 1917. The Central
Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey (the Ottoman Empire).
(continued)
Name Date Class
2. Why did Italy refuse to honor its alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary?
Italy joined the Allies in 1915 after being promised territory in Austria after the war.
3. What happened at the Battle of the Marne? The British and the French stopped the
advance of the German army just a few miles east of Paris, but it became clear that
neither side would be able to win the war quickly or easily.
4. What new weapons were used in World War I that helped contribute to the extremely
high numbers of casualties on both sides? Armored tanks, airplanes, the zeppelin,
U-boats, submarines, poison gas, and new improved cannons and machine guns.
5. Although the United States was neutral at first and traded with both sides in the war,
why did it end up trading exclusively with Great Britain? The British navy blockaded
Germany, stopping and searching American ships and sometimes seizing their
cargoes.
6. What was the Zimmermann telegram, and why did Americans react angrily to it?
In February 1917, German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to

the Mexican government offering to help Mexico take back its lost territory in Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona, if Mexico would agree to help Germany in its war
against the Allies. This set off a new wave of anti-German feelings.
7. How much did World War I cost the United States, and how did the United States pay
for the war? World War I cost the United States about $32 billion. The government
raised two-thirds of the money by selling Liberty Bonds to the American people.
The government also raised money by increasing taxes and requiring more people
to pay income taxes. The government also imposed high taxes on business profits.
8. What terms did Germany agree to under the Treaty of Versailles?
Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war, pay billions of dollars in
reparations to the Allies, disarm completely, and give up all of its overseas colonies
and some territory in Europe.

Name Date Class
The Jazz Age

The 1920s was an exciting time of changein lifestyles, fashion, and music
and the other arts. But the decade also showed intolerance of immigrants,
minorities, and radical or foreign political ideas.
DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided.
1. What caused Americans growing fear of radical political ideas? When the Bolsheviks
took over Russia in November 1917 and established a Communist state, they also
supported the overthrow of capitalism in other countries. Americans felt that their
own government and institutions were threatened by bolshevism. In 1919 a series
of anarchist bombings occurred in the United States, contributing to antiradical
hysteria.
2. What were the effects of the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920? Attorney General A.
Mitchell Palmer and his deputy J. Edgar Hoover ordered the arrest of people
suspected of being Communists and anarchists. Government agents raided the
headquarters of various groups, ransacked homes and offices, seized records,

arrested more than 4,000 people, and deported about 500 foreigners.
3. What was the cause of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzettis arrest, trial, conviction,
and eventual execution? Sacco and Vanzetti were charged with robbing a shoe
factory in South Braintree, Massachusetts, and shooting and killing a guard and pay-
master. Although both men claimed to be innocent, many Americans demanded their
execution.
4. When 350,000 steelworkers went on strike in September 1919, the steel companies
accused the strikers of being communists. What effect did this have on the strikers?
It cost the strikers public support and helped force them to end the strike.
5. What caused a sharp drop in union membership during the 1920s? Antiunion
feelings grew because many Americans connected unions with radicalism and
bolshevism. Employers and the government pressured workers not to join unions.
(continued)
Name Date Class
6. What led to rising racial tensions and outbreaks of racial violence in the North in 1919?
During World War I, more than 500,000 African Americans left the South and
migrated to the North in search of jobs. Many Northern whites resented African
American competition for jobs.

7. What caused Warren G. Harding to promise Americans a return to normalcy
during his campaign for the presidency? He sensed Americans longing for calm
and stability after decades of progressive reforms and world war.
8. What kind of foreign policy was responsible for the United Statess refusal to join the
League of Nations? Isolationism, favored by presidents Harding and Coolidge and

many Americans, discouraged involvement in international disagreements.
9. What effects were caused by the increasing availability of electricity in the 1920s?
Consumers eagerly bought electric appliances, which reduced the time spent on
household chores and gave people more leisure time. They also bought radios
to enjoy during their leisure time.

10. What effect did the automobile have on other industries? The automobile led to
the development of new roads, gas stations, rest stops, and roadside businesses;
growth in the steel, rubber, and glass industries; and a shift in the oil industry,
from producing lubricants to refining gasoline.

11. Why did writers during the 1920s leave the United States? Some American writers
were disappointed with American values, so they left the country in search of
inspiration; many, such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, settled in Europe.
12. The prohibition of alcohol ended in failure. What were some of the negative effects
of Prohibition? A continuing demand for alcohol led to widespread lawbreaking, as

people made wine or bathtub gin at home and went to illegal bars. It sparked the rise
of organized crime, as gangsters profited from the making and selling of illegal alcohol.

Name Date Class
The Depression and FDR

The New Deal
Program Initials Begun Purpose
Civilian Conservation Corps CCC 1933 Provided jobs for young men to plant trees, build bridges
and parks, and set up flood control projects
Tennessee Valley Authority TVA 1933 Built dams to provide cheap electric power to seven
Southern states; set up schools and health centers
Federal Emergency Relief FERA 1933 Gave relief to unemployed and needy
Administration
Agricultural Adjustment AAA 1933 Paid farmers not to grow certain crops
Administration
National Recovery Administation NRA 1933 Helped devise standards for

production, prices, and wages
Public Works Administration PWA 1933 Built ports, schools, and aircraft carriers
Federal Deposit Insurance FDIC 1933 Insured savings accounts in banks
Corporation approved by the government
Rural Electrification REA 1935 Loaned money to extend electricity
Administration to rural areas
Works Progress Administration WPA 1935 Employed men and women to build hospitals, schools,
parks, and airports; employed artists, writers, and musicians
Social Security Act SSA 1935 Set up a system of pensions for the elderly, unemployed,
and people with disabilities
Farm Security Administration FSA 1937 Lent money to sharecroppers; set up camps for migrant
workers
Fair Labor Standards Act FLSA 1938 Established minimum wages and maximum hours for all
businesses engaged in interstate commerce
DIRECTIONS: Multiple Choice In the blank at the left, write the letter of the choice that
best completes the statement. To answer questions 813, refer to the chart.
D 1. Before the 1929 stock market crash, many investors bought stocks on margin,
or they paid only a fraction of the stock price and
A. never had to pay the rest. C. paid the rest if stock prices rose.
B. borrowed the rest from banks. D. borrowed the rest from brokers.
B 2. The Great Depression was caused by
A. the stock market crash of 1929. C. widespread unhappiness.
B. a combination of economic problems. D. peoples refusal to work hard.
C 3. When 9,000 banks closed between 1930 and 1933, millions of depositors
A. continued to collect interest. C. lost their money.
B. got their deposits back. D. shifted deposits to other banks.
C 4. By 1932, of American workers were out of work.
A. 5 percent B. 15 percent C. 25 percent D. 35 percent
(continued)
Name Date Class
B 5. In June 1932 the Bonus Army marched on Washington, D.C., to demand the
A. annual bonuses promised by their bosses.
B. early payment of the bonuses that Congress had agreed to give them in 1945.
C. bonuses promised for their community volunteer work.
D. bonuses promised by President Herbert Hoover.
D 6. In the 1930s the southern Great Plains suffered an environmental disaster. The
area, known as the Dust Bowl, included parts of Kansas, Oklahoma,
A. Texas, Colorado, and Nebraska. C. Missouri, Nebraska, and Iowa.
B. Texas, Missouri, and Nebraska. D. Texas, Colorado, and New Mexico.
A 7. Thousands of Dust Bowl farmers went bankrupt and had to
A. give up their farms. C. get jobs on neighboring farms.
B. take out more bank loans. D. get jobs in town.
D 8. The Civilian Conservation Corps, set up in 1933, provided jobs for young men to
A. plant trees. C. set up flood control projects.
B. build bridges and parks. D. all of the above
A 9. Most of the New Deal programs on the chart on page 59 were begun in
A. 1933. B. 1935. C. 1937. D. 1938.
C 10. The set up pensions for the elderly, unemployed, and disabled.
A. Federal Emergency Relief Administration

B. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
C. Social Security Act
D. Fair Labor Standards Act
C 11. The employed artists, writers, and musicians.
A. Public Works Administration C. Works Progress Administration
B. Fair Labor Standards Act D. Civilian Conservation Corps
B 12. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration paid farmers
A. for their work. C. to grow certain crops.
B. not to grow certain crops. D. for the use of their land.
D 13. The built dams to provide cheap electric power to seven
Southern states.
A. Rural Electrification Administration
B. Civilian Conservation Corps
C. Public Works Administration
D. Tennessee Valley Authority

Name Date Class
World War II
DIRECTIONS: Using a Map Study the maps and use the information to answer
the questions.
N
Bering
Sea
World War II in the Pacific
1. The British beat 40
SOVIET
UNION
Sakhalin Attu
Aleutian
Islands
N MONGOLIA
the German MANCHUKUO Kurile Is.
Kiska
(MANCHURIA)
tank division CHINA Midway
KOREA June 3-6, 1942 Pearl Harbor
at El Alamein. In NEPAL
Chungking
Hiroshima
JAPAN
Dec. 7, 1941
Tokyo
which country 20
INDIA Nagasaki
Kyushu Midway
1942
N
did this battle BURMA
1945 Okinawa
Iwo Jima PACIFIC Island
Hawaiian
OCEAN Islands
take place? THAILAND
Hong
Kong
(Br.)
Formosa
Luzon Wake Island
Mariana Is.
Philippine 1944
Egypt FRENCH
INDOCHINA Manila Is. Saipan
Marshall Is.
0 Guam Eniwetok
43
MALAYA
Kwajalein
42
2. On July 10, 1943, Singapore Caroline Islands Gilbert
19
Leyte Gulf 19 Is.
SUMATRA Oct 23-24, 1944 44 Bismarck Coral Sea
180E
180
180

Allied forces left BORNEO Arch.
May 7-8, 1942
Tarawa
45
E
NE
TH NEW
Tunisia, ERL
A NDS
E A S T I N DIE S
GUINEA
Solomon Is. Ellice Empire, 1936
crossed the Japanese
y;;yyy;;
yy
y
; ;;;
yyy
y
; yy
;;
y
; ;
Islands
20 Extent of Japanese control, 1942
S
INDIAN
Mediterranean OCEAN Guadalcanal Allied troop movements
100
Major battles
E
;;;; ;
160EE
AUSTRALIA Coral Atomic bomb explosions
Sea , Sea
40
and landed on
;;yy
;;;;
yyyy
y
;
;;yyy
;;;
y
; ;;
the shores of World War ll in Europe and Africa
;; ;
Sicily . Major Axis Powers
Greatest extent of Axis control
ICELAND Allied or Ally-controlled
3. Supply ships
;;;;;;;
N Neutral nations
Allied forces
; ; ;
from the United E
yyyy
;;;;;
yyyyy
yyy
;;;
;;
yy
y
; ;;
yy
;;;
y
;;;;
yyyy
; y
;;;
yyy
; ;
yy
;;;
W Supply lines
EN
FINLAND
SWED
States reached Supply lines S 0 250 500 miles

Y
WA
from U.S. ESTONIA

NOR
the northern North

Leningrad
Moscow 0 250 500 kilometers
Sea
Sea
;; ;;
coast of the LATVIA
;
UNITED
tic
IRELAND KINGDOM
al
B LITHUANIA
Soviet Union ATLANTIC NETH.
SOVIET UNION
Aral
OCEAN Dunkirk
after sailing London GERMANY Sea
yy
;; ;;;;;;;
Berlin FINAL SOVIET DRIVE Stalingrad
yyy;
yyy
yyy;;;
;;;
;;;;;
yyyyy;;
yy
y
; yy
;;
y
; ;;;
yyy
y
;
yy
;;;;
yy
y
; y
;
Warsaw
BELG.
POLAND July-August, 1944
around the
;;
; ;;
; ;
;;;
y
and LUX. Ca
N orm CZECH. sp
Vienna ia
northern tips D-DAY
June 6, 1944 FRANCE
Paris
SWITZ. AUSTRIA HUNGARY
nS
ea
ROMANIA
of which
;; ;
Black Sea
ITALY YUGOSLAVIA
Scandinavian PORTUGAL
ALBANIA BULGARIA IRAN
SPAIN Rome
Aug. 15, 1944 TURKEY
countries? Nov. 8, 1942 Naples SUPPLY LINE
;;;;;yy
yyyyy ;;
Sicily GREECE TO SOVIET
SPANISH UNION
MOROCCO
SYRIA
Norway, July 10, 1943
IRAQ
LEBANON
FRENCH Mediterranean
MOROCCO ALGERIA TUNISIA Sea PALESTINE
Sweden, (France) (France) El Alamein Cairo TRANSJORDAN KUWAIT
1942 The British beat the German

Finland .
LIBYA
(Italy) EGYPT
tank division at El Alamein SAUDI
ARABIA
(continued)
Name Date Class
4. In the summer of 1944, Allied forces converged on Berlin from which directions?
from the west and from the east
5. After crossing the English Channel, Allied forces taking part in the D-Day invasion
of June 6, 1944, landed on the French coast at Normandy .
6. Which Soviet city on this map is closest to the Caspian Sea? Stalingrad
7. On their final drive of JulyAugust 1944, Soviet forces had to cross the countries of
Poland and Czechoslovakia in order to reach Germany.
8. What event occurred on December 7, 1941? The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor
in Hawaii.
9. Where did the battle of the Coral Sea take place? the Solomon Islands
10. When the Japanese took over the northern part of China known as Manchuria, they
changed its name to Manchukuo .
11. The battle of Leyte Gulf took place in

which country? the Philippine Islands

12. Allied forces sailing from Australia to
Guadalcanal traveled in which direction?
northeast
13. What is the closest island to Hawaii on

which a major battle took place?
Midway Island
14. What happened to the Japanese cities of

Hiroshima and Nagasaki? The United
States dropped atomic bombs on
both cities.
SOURCE: Culver Pictures

Name Date Class
The Cold War Era

As soon as World War II ended, the wartime cooperation between the
United States and the Soviet Union turned to mutual distrust. The two former
allies became enemies almost overnight, with each nation viewing the other as
an evil force striving for world domination. As a climate of fear and intoler-
ance took hold in the United States, certain politicians took advantage of the
situation by persecuting those who held different political ideas, in this way
ruining the lives of many innocent Americans.
Warsaw Pact United Nations Fair Deal Winston Churchill

Taft-Hartley Chiang Kai-shek George F. Kennan Douglas MacArthur
Berlin Yalta Marshall Plan Mao Zedong
Joseph McCarthy Truman Doctrine demilitarized zone NATO
1. The Marshall Plan contributed nearly $13 billion to the rebuilding of the
countries of Western Europe after World War II.
2. In 1949 Mao Zedong led Communist forces to victory in a long civil war
in China.
3. The agreement of July 27, 1953, ending the Korean War, created a
demilitarized zone between North and South Korea.
4. In 1946 Winston Churchill declared that an iron curtain had

descended on Europe.
5. NATO was established in April 1949 by the United States, Canada,

and 10 Western European nations to defend against a possible Soviet invasion of
Western Europe.
6. On April 11, 1951, President Harry Truman relieved General Douglas MacArthur
of his command because the general was opposed to negotiating an end to the
Korean War.
(continued)
Name Date Class
7. From June 1948 until May 1949, the Soviets maintained a blockade of Berlin .
8. George F. Kennan believed that the United States should follow a policy of
containment regarding the Soviet Union.
9. President Harry S Trumans Fair Deal legislation raised the minimum

wage, expanded Social Security benefits for senior citizens, and provided funds for
housing for low-income families.
10. In February 1945, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin met at
Yalta , a Soviet port on the Black Sea.
11. The Truman Doctrine was a commitment to help nations threatened by com-
munism and Soviet expansion.
12. On June 26, 1945, in San Francisco, 50 nations signed the charter creating the
United Nations .
13. The Soviet Union and the Communist governments of Eastern Europe established a

military alliance in 1955, known as the Warsaw Pact .
14. Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin publicly attacked many

people alleged to be Communists.
15. In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek

retreated with his forces to the island
of Taiwan after being defeated in the
civil war in China.
16. In 1947 Congress introduced the

Taft-Hartley bill, which
limited the actions workers could take
against their employers.

Name Date Class
America in the 1950s

Although the 1950s was a period of international cold war tensions,
it was also a time of prosperity for many Americans. Economic growth
meant more jobs, higher salaries, and greater educational opportunities.
B 1. In November 1952, Americans elected Dwight D. Eisenhower to the
presidency, the first Republican to win the White House since
A. 1918. B. 1928. C. 1938. D. 1948.
A 2. ran against Eisenhower in 1952 on the Democratic ticket.
A. Adlai Stevenson C. Richard M. Nixon
B. John J. Sparkman D. none of the above
C 3. The Federal Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of more than
miles of highway.
A. 4,000 B. 14,000 C. 40,000 D. 400,000
C 4. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower named Oveta Culp Hobby as the first
secretary of the of the United States.
A. Treasury C. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
B. Department of Energy D. Womens Air Corps
D 5. Alaska and Hawaii, which entered the Union in 1959, were the only states
A. without highway systems. C. with rainforests.
B. with volcanoes. D. not bordering on other states.
B 6. When the first American space satellite was launched in December 1957, it
A. orbited the earth. C. crashed into the Atlantic Ocean.
B. exploded. D. linked up with the Soviet Sputnik.
A 7. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles believed that the best foreign policy for
the United States regarding the Soviet Union was a policy of
A. brinkmanship. C. isolationism.
B. peaceful coexistence. D. massive nuclear attack.
C 8. When fighting broke out in the Middle East in 1956, the United States
sponsored a United Nations resolution calling for
A. Israeli control of the Suez Canal.
B. British and French control of Egypt.
C. British and French withdrawal from Egypt.
D. none of the above
(continued)
Name Date Class
C 9. When Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian revolt in 1956, Dwight Eisenhower
A. called for a military intervention by NATO forces.
B. advised the Hungarians to cooperate with the Soviets.
C. condemned the Soviet crackdown.
D. threatened an American nuclear attack on the Soviets.
B 10. When 13,000 French troops were trapped by Vietminh forces in Vietnam,
Eisenhower refused to send American military aid because he believed that
A. every nation should fight its own battles.
B. it would be tragic if the United States became involved in a war
in Indochina.
C. the French had no business being there in the first place.
D. it was always wrong to try to solve political problems with military force.
B 11. When Fidel Castro overthrew Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista and formed a
new government in January 1959, the United States
A. cut diplomatic ties with Cuba. C. set up a naval blockade of Cuba.
B. supported Castro at first. D. planned an invasion of Cuba.
D 12. American and Soviet hopes for peaceful coexistence ended in 1960 when
A. the Soviets invaded Hungary.
B. Fidel Castro invited Soviet officials to Cuba.
C. President Eisenhower insulted Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev.

D. the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union.
C 13. In the mid-1950s, Dr. Jonas Salk developed an effective vaccine against
A. diphtheria. C. polio.
B. influenza. D. typhoid fever.
D 14. The suburbs appealed to many Americans because they offered
A. affordable homes. C. isolation from urban problems.
B. privacy. D. all of the above
A 15. Developers of the United States postwar suburbs
A. often refused to sell homes to minorities.
B. were eager to sell homes to minorities.
C. reduced the prices of their homes for minorities.
D. refused to use precut and preassembled building materials.
C 16. Between 1940 and 1960, more than three million African Americans moved
from the rural South to cities in the North and the Midwest because
A. they liked city life. C. they were looking for work.
B. they liked snowy winters. D. all of the above

Name Date Class
The Civil Rights Era

Minority groups who did not share in the general prosperity of the 1950s organized mass
protest movements. African Americans, women, Hispanics, and Native Americans were
among those who took part in the struggle for civil rights.

1. Why did the Supreme Court rule in favor of Brown in the case of Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka, Kansas? Linda Brown, an African American student, had been
prevented from attending an all-white elementary school near her home. Thurgood
Marshall argued that segregated schools were not as good as white schools, and
therefore segregated schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
2. What happened in 1957 when a federal judge ordered all-white Central High School
in Little Rock, Arkansas, to admit African American students? Arkansas Governor
Orval Faubus called out the states National Guard to prevent the students from
entering the school. A federal judge ruled that Faubus had violated federal law, and
President Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops to protect the students.
3. What event led to the bus boycott by African Americans in Montgomery, Alabama,
and what was the result of the boycott? When African American Rosa Parks
refused to give up her seat on a bus and move to the rear, she was arrested. Martin
Luther King, Jr., and other leaders boycotted the buses for more than a year, and the
bus company lost thousands of dollars. The boycott ended when the Supreme Court
ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.
4. Why did Martin Luther King, Jr., admire Mohandas Gandhi? Gandhi had used
nonviolent protest to help India gain independence from Great Britain. King
hoped to use Gandhis methods to win equality for African Americans.
5. How did the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) prepare African
Americans for the struggle for equal rights? SCLC taught people how to react to
taunts and jeers, how to protect themselves from violent attacks, how to identify
targets for protest, and how to organize people for support.
(continued)
Name Date Class
6. Who were the Freedom Riders, and why did they travel through the South?
The Freedom Riders were members of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
who traveled through the South by bus to see whether the 1960 Supreme Court
ruling against segregated bus facilities was being enforced.

7. What did President Lyndon B. Johnson do to bring about progress in civil rights?
President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which
prohibited discrimination in employment, voting, and public accommodations, and
the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which prohibited poll taxes, literacy tests, and other
methods of reducing minority voter registration.

8. What did Malcolm X believe was the best way for African Americans to achieve
justice, and how did his ideas change in the early 1960s? At first Malcolm X thought
African Americans would be better off separated from whites. He later came to
believe that a society of true brotherhood between African Americans and whites
would be the best way to achieve justice for all.

9. What was the meaning of Black Power, as advocated by Stokely Carmichael?

Black Power was a philosophy of racial pride that said African Americans should
create their own culture and political institutions.
10. How did President John F. Kennedy help women in the United States in their struggle
to achieve equal rights? President Kennedy created the Commission on the Status of
Women in 1961, and convinced Congress to pass the Equal Pay Act in 1963, prohibiting
employers from paying women less than men for the same work.
11. What did Csar Chvez do to try to improve the lives of Mexican American migrant
farmworkers? Csar Chvez organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to fight for
better wages and working conditions.
12. How did the federal government respond to the demand by Native Americans for
greater political power? Congress passed the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968, which
recognized the right of Native American nations to make laws on their reservations.

Name Date Class
The Vietnam Era

Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, the continuing rivalry between the United States
and the Soviet Union led to confrontations in Berlin, Cuba, and Vietnam. The Vietnam War
caused many Americans to question the foreign policy goals of the United States. As casu-
alties mounted, opposition to the war led to antiwar protests.
DIRECTIONS: Cause and Effect Answer the questions below in the space provided.
1. What were the results of the failed invasion of Cuba by CIA-backed Cuban exiles
at the Bay of Pigs in 1961? President John Kennedy lost confidence in his military
and intelligence advisers; other Latin American nations lost trust in Kennedy; and
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev concluded that Kennedy could be bullied.

2. What caused the Soviets and East Germans, in August 1961, to build a wall along the
border between East and West Berlin? A large number of East Germans had fled to
the West during the summer of 1961, and the Soviets wanted to prevent more people
from escaping.
3. What discovery caused President John F. Kennedy to become alarmed about Soviet
activities in Cuba? Photographs from an American spy plane showed that the Soviets
were secretly building launching sites for nuclear missiles in Cuba.

4. What effect did coming close to nuclear war have on relations between the United
States and the Soviet Union? The United States and the Soviet Union worked to
establish better relations. They set up a hot line, a direct telephone link between
Moscow and Washington, and they signed a nuclear test ban treaty.
5. What effect did Soviet achievements in space have on the United States?
Soviet and United States rivalry on Earth extended into space. The United States
started a major effort to land men on the moon by the end of the 1960s.
6. According to the domino theory, what would happen to the rest of Southeast Asia
if the Communists took South Vietnam? According to this view, if the Communists
took control of South Vietnam, the other countries of Southeast Asia would also
fall to communism, one by one, like a row of dominoes.

(continued)
Name Date Class
7. What caused a group of South Vietnamese army officers to overthrow the government
of South Vietnam and assassinate its leader, Ngo Dinh Diem? The Kennedy
administration had ended its support of Diem because Buddhist monks protested by
setting themselves on fire when Diem took away their rights. When the army officers
realized that Diem had lost the support of Washington, as well as losing the support
of many of the people of South Vietnam, they acted.

8. What caused Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave President
Lyndon B. Johnson broad authority to use American forces in Vietnam? In August

1964 North Vietnamese patrol boats allegedly attacked American destroyers in the
Gulf of Tonkin near North Vietnam.

9. What effect did the Vietnam War have on Americans at home, as the fighting
continued in Vietnam? The war caused a deep division, with mounting anger on
both sides, between antiwar protesters and supporters of the war who called the
protesters traitors. Opposition to the war increased as the war dragged on.
10. What was the effect of draft boards giving military deferments to full-time college

students, who were mainly from the middle class? An increasing percentage of
soldiers came from poor or working-class families.
11. What effect did the Vietnam War have on President Lyndon B. Johnsons popularity?
As anger and frustration over the war mounted, Lyndon B. Johnsons approval
rating declined dramatically, and on March 31, 1968, he announced that he would
not accept the nomination for another term as president.

12. In May 1970 what caused a wave of antiwar protests on college campuses that
resulted in 4 students being shot to death and at least 9 others wounded by the
National Guard at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, and 2 students being killed
by the police at Jackson State in Mississippi? On April 30, 1970, President Richard
Nixon announced that he had authorized a United States attack on Cambodia,
a Southeast Asian nation that had been neutral up to that point.

Name Date Class
Search for Stability

Two Republicans and a Democrat served as president between 1968 and 1980.
Certain issues challenged all three presidents; other issues arose only during the
period that one party or the other controlled the White House. The three presi-
dents sometimes pursued similar policies; at other times, the approach taken by
the president differed depending on which party was in office.
DIRECTIONS: Completing and Analyzing a Venn Diagram The Venn diagram

below includes the Republican and Democratic presidents who held office
between 1968 and 1980. Examine the setup of the diagram and study the list
of issues/policies beneath the diagram. Review this period in your textbook
and write the numbers of the correct information in the appropriate spaces in
the diagram. Use what you learn to answer the essay questions that follow.
SEARCH FOR STABILITY
Republicans Democrat
(Nixon/Ford) (Carter)
Both
1, 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 2, 5, 8, 13, 14
4, 9, 11, 15
FACT BANK
1. shuttle diplomacy 9. arms reduction talks

2. the National Energy Plan 10. New Federalism
3. a presidential pardon 11. energy problems and conservation
4. Middle East peace negotiations 12. resignation of a president
5. Iran hostage crisis 13. Panama Canal agreement
6. progress on dtente 14. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
7. the Watergate scandal 15. inflation
8. emphasis on human rights
(continued)
Name Date Class
1. Why did Richard Nixon believe that reestablishing trade and diplomatic relations
with China was important to dtente? Answers may vary. One possible
response: Nixon knew the Soviet Union would fear a Chinese-American alliance.
He hoped that improving relations with China would make the Soviet Union more
willing to cooperate with the United States to reduce cold war tensions.
2. How did New Federalism fulfill one of Nixons campaign promises? Answers may
vary. One possible response: Nixon promised to reduce the role of the federal
government in peoples lives. New Federalism tried to reverse the flow of resources
by giving some of the revenue from federal taxes back to the states for use at the state
and local levels.
3. What revelation on secret White House tapes led directly to Nixons resignation?
A conversation on one tape revealed that the president had ordered a cover-up of the
Watergate break-in just a few days after it happened.
4. How was the effect of Gerald Fords presidential pardon different from what he intended?
Answers may vary. One possible response: Ford hoped that the pardon would help
heal the wounds of Watergate. Instead it stirred controversy, and he never fully

regained the trust he enjoyed in his first weeks in office.
5. Why did Jimmy Carters approach to dealing with the recession make him seem
indecisive? Answers may vary. One possible response: At first he increased federal
spending and proposed a tax cut to spur growth. When inflation rose, he reversed his
policies by proposing spending cuts and delaying the tax cut.
6. In what ways did Carter demonstrate his belief in human rights as the basis for
foreign policy? Answers may vary. Students can draw from any or all of the
following in their responses: He withdrew economic and military aid from countries
that violated human rights. He condemned apartheid in South Africa. He allowed
Cubans expelled by Fidel Castro to enter the United States. He halted American grain
shipments to the Soviet Union after the invasion of Afghanistan.
7. Which two domestic concerns plagued all three administrations between 1968 and 1980?
Energy problems and inflation plagued all three administrations between 1968
and 1980.

Name Date Class
New Challenges
New challenges, both foreign and domestic, faced the United States in the
years between 1981 and the present.
DIRECTIONS: Completing and Interpreting a Chart Study the chart and the
list of events that follow, and review the period 1981present in your textbook
to write the information in the appropriate boxes on the chart. Use what you
have learned to answer the questions on the next page.
Toward a New Century

Terms of Office President Party Affiliation Major Issues/Events
19811985 Ronald Reagan Republican taxes lowered; defense spending
increased
19851989 Ronald Reagan Republican perestroika begins; Iran-Contra scan-
dal; Intermediate-Range Nuclear
Forces Treaty
19891993 George Bush Republican end of the Soviet Union; Strategic
Arms Reduction Treaty; Persian Gulf
War; Americans with Disabilities Act
19931997 Bill Clinton Democrat North American Free Trade Agreement
Middle East Peace Accords; Contract
With America; attempts at health-
care reform
19972001 Bill Clinton Democrat NATO bombing of Serbia; Articles of

Impeachment go to Senate
2001 George W. Bush Republican inauguration of 43rd president; first
African American as Secretary of State
FACT BANK
taxes lowered Iran-Contra scandal

Middle East Peace Accords NATO bombing of Serbia
perestroika begins defense spending increased
Persian Gulf War inauguration of 43rd president
attempts at health-care reform end of the Soviet Union
Contract With America North American Free Trade Agreement
Americans with Disabilities Act Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
first African-American U.S. Secretary Articles of Impeachment go to Senate
of State
(continued)
Name Date Class
D 1. During Ronald Reagans first term,
A. taxes were lowered and the government shut down.
B. taxes were lowered and perestroika began.
C. taxes were raised and defense spending increased.
D. taxes were lowered, but defense spending increased.
C 2. Ronald Reagans second term was marred by a secret arms deal known as
A. the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty. C. the Iran-Contra scandal.
B. perestroika. D. the Intermediate-Range Nuclear
Forces Treaty.
D 3. One domestic high point of George Bushs administration was the
A. Persian Gulf War. C. end of the Soviet Union.
B. banking crisis. D. Americans with Disabilities Act.
C 4. George Bushs popularity soared after the 1990
A. banking crisis. C. Persian Gulf War.
B. Iran-Contra scandal. D. Contract With America.
B 5. Bill Clinton achieved domestic successes, but support was lacking for the

A. Brady Bill (gun control). C. Family Medical Leave Act.
B. health-care reform plan. D. North American Free Trade
Agreement.
A 6. Bill Clinton sounded a hopeful note in his
A. second Inaugural Address. C. Contract With America.
B. Middle East Peace Accords. D. government shutdown.
B 7. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), was ratified during the
presidential term of
A. George Bush. C. Ronald Reagan.
B. Bill Clinton. D. none of the above
B 8. Bush and Gore needed electoral votes in order to win the 2000
presidential election.
A. Californias C. New Yorks
B. Floridas D. Texass

Notes

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Local history activities ..................................... 1 Activity 17 ...................................................... 43

Activity 1 ..................................................... 11 Activity 18 ..................................................... 45

Activity 2 ..................................................... 13 Activity 19 ..................................................... 47

Activity 3 ..................................................... 15 Activity 20 ..................................................... 49

Activity 4 ..................................................... 17 Activity 21 ..................................................... 51

Activity 5 ..................................................... 19 Activity 22 ..................................................... 53

Activity 6 ..................................................... 21 Activity 23 ..................................................... 55

Activity 7 ..................................................... 23 Activity 24 ..................................................... 57

Activity 8 ..................................................... 25 Activity 25 ..................................................... 59

Activity 9 ..................................................... 27 Activity 26 ..................................................... 61

Activity 10 ..................................................... 29 Activity 27 ..................................................... 63

Activity 11 ..................................................... 31 Activity 28 ..................................................... 65

Activity 12 ..................................................... 33 Activity 29 ..................................................... 67

Activity 13 ..................................................... 35 Activity 30 ..................................................... 69

Activity 14 ..................................................... 37 Activity 31 ..................................................... 71

Activity 15 ..................................................... 39 Activity 32 ..................................................... 73

The American Journey iii

American History in Your Community

The First Inhabitants

DIRECTIONS: Before European set-

1. What was the name of the Native

leader? What role did women and children play?

the area?

American History in Your Community

6. From where did the largest number of settlers come?

they practice?

9. How did the settlers get food and supplies?

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

2 The American Journey

American History in Your Community

DIRECTIONS: After the United

2. To what political party did each official belong?

3. Who was president of the United States at the time?

The American Journey 3

American History in Your Community

LAB ACTIVITY REPORT

Method of Transportation:

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

describing a typical day of travel.

4 The American Journey

American History in Your Community

DIRECTIONS: Educational reform was an

1. What grades were taught in the earliest schools in your community?

age groups?

3. What subjects did students study?

4. How were students disciplined?

6. What kind of training did teachers receive?

the school year?

8. How did students travel to school?

are similar? How have schools changed?

The American Journey 5

American History in Your Community

DIRECTIONS: The United States is a nation

1. From where did the person come?

2. What year did he or she come to the United States?

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

5. What surprised him or her about the United States?

different from his or her home country?

yours? How were they different?

6 The American Journey

American History in Your Community