Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Supplementary Material
Organic and Inorganic Contaminants Removal from
Water with Biochar, a Renewable, Low Cost and
Sustainable Adsorbent- a Critical Review
Dinesh Mohan*1, Ankur Sarswat1, Yong Sik Ok2, and
Charles U. Pittman Jr.3
1
School of Environmental Sciences
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi 110067, India
Email: dm_1967@hotmail.com
Phone: 0091-11-26704616
FAX: 0091-11-26704616
2
Korea Biochar Research Center & Department of Biological Environment,
Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
3
Department of Chemistry
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
2
Table SM1: Slow pyrolysis, fast Pyrolysis and gasification biochars produced around the world.
Pyrolysis conditions Surface Yield1
Type of Place of
Raw Material Biochar Designation Furnace/Reactor Atmosphere Temp. (C) Residence area Reference
Pyrolysis study
time (m2/g)
orange peel OP250 slow - - 250 6h 51.6 -
orange peel OP400 slow - - 400 6h 28.1 - (Chen et al.,
orange peel OP700 slow 700 6h 501 - China 2011a)
orange peel MOP250 slow - - 250 6h 41.2 -
orange peel MOP400 slow 400 6h 23.4 -
orange peel MOP700 slow - - 700 6h 19.4 -
oak wood oak wood char fast Inert 2.0 - (Mohan et al.,
pine wood pine wood char fast auger reactor atmosphere 48 sec 2.7 - 2007)
0ak bark oak bark char fast 400- 450 25.4 - USA
pine bark pine bark char fast 1.9 -
canola straw canola straw char slow muffle furnace - 350 4h - - China (Xu et al., 2011)
peanut straw peanut straw char slow muffle furnace - 350 4h - -
soybean straw soybean straw char slow muffle furnace - 350 4h -
rice hull rice hull char slow muffle furnace - 350 4h -
bamboo bamboo char slow muffle furnace nitrogen 900 2h 327 22.6 Hong (Mui et al., 2010)
Kong
sugarcane bagasse digested sugercane bagasse slow muffle furnace - 550 2h 17.7 - USA
biochar (Inyang et al.,
sugarcane bagasse undigested sugercane slow muffle furnace - 550 2h 14.1 - 2010)
bagasse biochar
rapeseed plant straw rapeseed plant straw and stalk slow tubular reactor nitrogen 400 - 16.0 39.4 (Filiz
and stalk biochars 500 - 15.7 35.6 Karaosmanolu,
600 - 17.6 32.2 Turkey 2000)
700 - 19.3 29.6
800 - 19.0 28.2
900 - 140.4 27.9
rice straw rice straw char slow vertical tubular nitrogen 20-700 2h - - Malaysia (Hameed & El-
reactor Khaiary, 2008)
corncobs CC-1.6 fast screw reactor nItrogen 500-550 1.6 s 138.9 - China (Liu et al., 2011)
rice-husks RH-0.6 0.6 s 44.7 -
rice-husks RH-1.0 1.0 s 79.1 -
rice-husks RH-1.3 1.3 s 119.8 -
rice-husks RH-1.6 1.6 s 139.7 -
rice-husks RH-2.0 2.0 s 78.0 -
hardwood HW450 fixed bed reactor Inert 450 <5 sec 0.4 - USA (Chen et al.,
from Dynamotive, atmosphere 2011b)
canada
corn straw CS600 slow rector from BEST 600 2h 13.1 -
Energies Inc., USA
3
Table SM2. Adsorption capacities of different biochars for organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water and
wastewater
Designated Adsorption study parameters Langmuir
Surface
biochar adsorption
Type of Biochars area Targeted Specie Temp. Conc. range Reference
Type of water pH capacity
(m2/g) (0C) (mg/L) (mg/g)
[A] Inorganics
Metal Ions
Pine wood char - 2.73 Pb2+ 5.0 25 2-1036 4.13
Pine wood char - 2.73 Cd2+ 5.0 25 1 -562 -
Pine wood char - 2.73 As3+ 3.5 25 0.7-375 1.20
Oak wood char - 2.04 Pb2+ 5.0 25 2.0-1036 2.62
Oak wood char - 2.04 Cd2+ 5.0 25 1-563 0.37
Oak wood char - 2.04 As3+ 3.5 25 0.7-375 5.85
Synthetic (Mohan et al., 2007)
Pine bark char - 1.88 Pb2+ 5.0 25 2-1036 3.00
Pine bark char - 1.88 Cd2+ 5.0 25 1-562 0.34
Pine bark char - 1.88 As3+ 3.5 25 0.7-375 12.15
Oak bark char - 25.4 Pb2+ 5.0 25 2-1036 13.10
Oak bark char - 25.4 Cd2+ 5.0 25 1-563 5.40
Oak bark char - 25.4 As3+ 3.5 25 0.7-375 7.40
Hard wood char HW450 0.43 Cu2+ 5.0 22 6-318 6.79
Hard wood char HW450 0.43 Zn2+ Aqueous 5.0 22 6-327 4.54 (Chen et al., 2011b)
Corn straw char CS600 13.08 Cu2+ solution 5.0 22 6-318 12.52
Corn straw char CS600 13.08 Zn2+ 5.0 22 6-327 11.00
Peanut straw char - - Cu2+ 5.0 25 158-954 89.0
Peanut straw char - - Cu2+ 4.5 25 158-954 50.0
Soybean straw char - - Cu2+ Aqueous 5.0 25 158-954 53.0
(Tong et al., 2011)
Soybean straw char - - Cu2+ solution 4.5 25 158-954 33.0
Canola straw char - - Cu2+ 5.0 25 158-954 37.0
Canola straw char - - Cu2+ 4.5 25 158-954 31.0
R-R - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 6.26
Rice husks R-H - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 3.49
R-P300 - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 4.57
R-P600 - Cu2+ Aqueous 5.0 24 1 20 0.27
P-R - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 7.07 (Pellera et al., 2012)
solution
P-H - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 1.44
Dried olive pomace
P-P300 - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 5.12
P-P600 - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 0.66
Orange waste O-R - Cu2+ 5.0 24 1 20 10.26
7
Oak-650cs 225.0 - 50
Pine-250cs - - 12
Pine( Softwood Loblolly pine, Pinus
Pine-400cs 3.0 - 14
taeda:)
Pine-650cs 285.0 - 14
Grass-250cs 3.0 - 12
Grass( Eastern gamma-grass,
Grass-400cs 6.0 - 40
Tripsacum dacttyloides)
Grass-650cs 77.0 - 83
Oak-250a - - 17
Hard wood (Laurel oak, Quercus
Oak-400a - - 25
laurifolia: Oak)
Oak-650a - - 36
Pine-250a - - 25
Pine( Softwood Loblolly pine, Pinus
Pine-400a - - 14
taeda:)
Pine-650a - - 20
Grass-250a - - 16
Grass( Eastern gamma-grass,
Grass-400a - - 33
Tripsacum dacttyloides)
Grass-650a - - 50
Oak-250fn - - 25
Hard wood (Laurel oak, Quercus
Oak-400 fn - - 33
laurifolia: Oak)
Oak-650 fn - - 10
Pine-250 fn - - 14
Pine( Softwood Loblolly pine, Pinus
Pine-400 fn - - 20
taeda:)
Pine-650 fn - - 25
Hard wood (Laurel oak, Quercus Oak-400a 3.0 Humic acid - 0 13 -
laurifolia: Oak) Oak-650a 166.0 Humic acid - 0 13 -
Grass( Eastern gamma-grass, Grass-400a 2.0 Humic acid - 0 13 -
Tripsacum dacttyloides) Grass-650a 261.0 Humic acid - 0 13 -
Agrichar - 427.0 24.7
Agrichar - 427.0 Aqueous 21.4
Cinnamic acid ~7.0 20 0-14 (Ni et al., 2011)
Soil Reef - 338.0 solution 6.89
Soil Reef - 338.0 5.65
Pesticides and PAH
Orange peel biochar
OP250 51.6 naphthalene Synthetic - 25 18 -
Orange peel biochar (Chen et al., 2011a)
OP400 28.1 naphthalene Synthetic - 25 18 -
Magnetic orange peel biochar MOP250 41.2 naphthalene Synthetic - 25 18 -
Magnetic orange peel biochar MOP400 23.4 naphthalene Synthetic - 25 18 -
Grass biochar G200 3.3 norflurazon Aqueous 7.0 25 0.4-18 -
G300 4.5 norflurazon solution 7.0 25 0.4-18 -
G400 8.7 norflurazon 7.0 25 0.4-18 -
G500 50.0 Norflurazon 7.0 25 0.4-18 -
(Sun et al., 2011a)
G600 75.0 Norflurazon 7.0 25 0.4-18 -
Wood biochar W200 2.3 fluridone 7.0 25 - -
W300 3.0 fluridone 7.0 25 - -
W400 28.70 fluridone 7.0 25 - -
11
References
Ahmad, M., Lee, S.S., Dou, X., Mohan, D., Sung, J.-K., Yang, J.E., Ok, Y.S. 2012. Effects of pyrolysis temperature on
soybean stover- and peanut shell-derived biochar properties and TCE adsorption in water. Bioresource
Technology, 118, 536-544.
Ahmad, M., Lee, S.S., Rajapaksha, A.U., Vithanage, M., Zhang, M., Cho, J.S., Lee, S.-E., Ok, Y.S. 2013. Trichloroethylene
adsorption by pine needle biochars produced at various pyrolysis temperatures Bioresource Technology, 143,
615-622.
Ahmad, M., Moon, D.H., Vithanage, M., Koutsospyros, A., Lee, S.S., Yang, J.E., Lee, S.E., Jeon, C., Ok, Y.S. 2014.
Production and use of biochar from buffalo-weed (Ambrosia trifida L.) for trichloroethylene removal from water.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 89(1), 150157.
Cao, X., Ma, L., Gao, B., Harris, W. 2009. Dairy-Manure Derived Biochar Effectively Sorbs Lead and Atrazine.
Environmental Science and Technology, 43(9), 3285-3291.
Chen, B., Chen, Z., Lv, S. 2011a. A novel magnetic biochar efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate. Bioresource
Technology, 102(2), 716-723.
Chen, B., Zhou, D., Zhu, L. 2008. Transitional Adsorption and Partition of Nonpolar and Polar Aromatic Contaminants by
Biochars of Pine Needles with Different Pyrolytic Temperatures. Environmental Science and Technology, 42(14)),
5137-5143.
Chen, X., Chen, G., Chen, L., Chen, Y., Lehmann, J., McBride, M.B., Hay, A.G. 2011b. Adsorption of copper and zinc by
biochars produced from pyrolysis of hardwood and corn straw in aqueous solution Bioresource Technology,
102(19), 8877-8884.
Chun, Y., Sheng, G., Chiou, C.T., Xing, B. 2004. Compositions and Sorptive Properties of Crop Residue-Derived Chars.
Environmental Science and Technology, 38(17), 4649-4655.
Dong, X., Ma, L.Q., Li, Y. 2011. Characteristics and mechanisms of hexavalent chromium removal by biochar from sugar
beet tailing Journal of Hazardous Materials, 190(1-3), 909-915.
Filiz Karaosmanolu, I.-E., and Aydn Sever. 2000. Biochar from the Straw-Stalk of Rapeseed Plant. Energy Fuels, 14(2),
336-339.
Hameed, B.H., El-Khaiary, M.I. 2008. Kinetics and equilibrium studies of malachite green adsorption on rice straw-
derived char. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 153, 701-708.
Han, X., Liang, C.-f., Li, T.-q., Wang, K., Huang, H.-g., Yang, X.-e. 2013a. Simultaneous removal of cadmium and
sulfamethoxazole from aqueous solution by rice straw biochar. Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B, 14(7),
640-649.
Han, Y., Boateng, A.A., Qi, P.X., Lima, I.M., Chang, J. 2013b. Heavy metal and phenol adsorptive properties of biochars
from pyrolyzed switchgrass and woody biomass in correlation with surface properties Journal of Environmental
Management, 118, 196-204.
Inyang, M., Gao, B., Ding, W., Pullammanappallil, P., Zimmerman, A.R., Cao, X. 2011. Enhanced Lead Sorption by Biochar
Derived from Anaerobically Digested Sugarcane Bagasse. Separation Science and Technology, 46, 1950-1956.
Inyang, M., Gao, B., Pullammanappallil, P., Ding, W., Zimmerman, A.R. 2010. Biochar from anaerobically digested
sugarcane bagasse Bioresource Technology, 101(22), 8868-8872.
Inyang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Xue, Y., Zimmerman, A.R., Pullammanappallil, P., Cao, X. 2012. Removal of heavy metals
from aqueous solution by biochars derived from anaerobically digested biomass Bioresource Technology, 110,
50-56.
Karakoyun, N., Kubilay, S., Aktas, N., Turhan, O., Kasimoglu, M., Yilmaz, S., Sahiner, N. 2011. Hydrogel-Biochar
composites for effective organic contaminant removal from aqueous media Desalination, 280(1-3), 319-325.
Kasozi, G.N., Zimmerman, A.R., Nkedi-Kizza, P., Gao, B. 2010. Catechol and Humic Acid Sorption onto a Range of
Laboratory-Produced Black Carbons (Biochars). Environmental Science and Technology, 44(16), 6189-6195.
Koodyska, D., Wntrzak, R., Leahy, J.J., Hayes, M.H.B., Kwapiski, W., Hubicki, Z. 2012. Kinetic and adsorptive
characterization of biochar in metal ions removal Chemical Engineering Journal, 197, 295-305.
15
Kong, H., He, J., Gao, Y., Wu, H., Zhu, X. 2011. Cosorption of Phenanthrene and Mercury(II) from Aqueous Solution by
Soybean Stalk-Based Biochar. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 59(22), 12116-12123.
Kumar, S., Loganathan, V.A., Gupta, R.B., Barnett, M.O. 2011. An Assessment of U(VI) removal from groundwater using
biochar produced from hydrothermal carbonization Journal of Environmental Management, 92(10), 2504-2512.
Liu, W.-J., Zeng, F.-X., Jiang, H., Zhang, X.-S. 2011. Preparation of high adsorption capacity bio-chars from waste biomass
Bioresource Technology, 102(17), 8247-8252.
Liu, Z., Zhang, F.-S. 2009. Removal of lead from water using biochars prepared from hydrothermal liquefaction of
biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 933-939.
Liu, Z., Zhang, F.-S., Wu, J. 2010. Characterization and application of chars produced from pinewood pyrolysis and
hydrothermal treatment Fuel, 89(2), 510-514.
Mahmoud, D.K., Salleh, M.A.M., Karim, W.A.W.A., Idris, A., Abidin, Z.Z. 2012. Batch adsorption of basic dye using acid
treated kenaf fibre char: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 181-
182(1), 449-457.
Meng, J., Wang, L., Liu, X., Wu, J., Brookes, P.C., Xu, J. 2013. Physicochemical properties of biochar produced from
aerobically composted swine manure and its potential use as an environmental amendment Bioresource
Technology, 142, 641-646.
Mohan, D., Pittman, C.U., Jr., Bricka, M., Smith, F., Yancey, B., Mohammad, J., Steele, P.H., Alexandre-Franco, M.F.,
Gmez-Serrano, V., Gong, H. 2007. Sorption of arsenic, cadmium, and lead by chars produced from fast pyrolysis
of wood and bark during bio-oil production Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 310(1), 57-73.
Mohan, D., Rajput, S., Singh, V.K., Steele, P.H., Pittman, C.U., Jr. 2011. Modeling and evaluation of chromium
remediation from water using low cost bio-char, a green adsorbent Journal of Hazardous Materials, 188(1-3),
319-333.
Mohan, D., Sharma, R., Singh, V.K., Steele, P., Pittman, C.U., Jr. 2012. Fluoride Removal from Water using Bio-Char, a
Green Waste Low Cost Adsorbent: Equilibrium Uptake and Sorption Dynamics Modeling. Industrial and
Engineing Chemistry Research, 51(2), 900-914.
Mubarak, N.M., Alicia, R.F., Abdullah, E.C., Sahu, J.N., Haslija, A.B.A., Tan, J. 2013. Statistical optimization and kinetic
studies on removal of Zn2+ using functionalized carbon nanotubes and magnetic biochar. Journal of
Environmental Chemical Engineering, 1(3), 486-495.
Mui, E.L.K., Cheung, W.H., Valix, M., McKay, G. 2010. Dye adsorption onto char from bamboo. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 177(1-3), 1001-1005.
Ni, J., Pignatello, J.J., Xing, B. 2011. Adsorption of Aromatic Carboxylate Ions to Black Carbon (Biochar) Is Accompanied
by Proton Exchange with Water. Environmental Science and Technology, 45(21), 9240-9248.
Oh, T.-K., Choi, B., Shinogi, Y., Chikushi, J. 2012. Effect of pH Conditions on Actual and Apparent Fluoride Adsorption by
Biochar in Aqueous Phase. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 223(7), 3729-3738.
Pellera, F.-M., Giannis, A., Kalderis, D., Anastasiadou, K., Stegmann, R., Wang, J.-Y., Gidarakos, E. 2012. Adsorption of
Cu(II) ions from aqueous solutions on biochars prepared from agricultural by-products Journal of Environmental
Management, 96(1), 35-42.
Qiu, Y., Zheng, Z., Zhou, Z., Sheng, G.D. 2009. Effectiveness and mechanisms of dye adsorption on a straw-based biochar
Bioresource Technology, 100(21), 5348-5351.
Shen, Y.-S., Wang, S.-L., Tzou, Y.-M., Yan, Y.-Y., Kuan, W.-H. 2012. Removal of hexavalent Cr by coconut coir and derived
chars - The effect of surface functionality Bioresource Technology, 104, 165-172.
Sun, K., Keiluweit, M., Kleber, M., Pan, Z., Xing, B. 2011a. Sorption of fluorinated herbicides to plant biomass-derived
biochars as a function of molecular structure Bioresource Technology, 102(21), 9897-9903.
Sun, K., Ro, K., Guo, M., Novak, J., Mashayekhi, H., Xing, B. 2011b. Sorption of bisphenol A, 17-ethinyl estradiol and
phenanthrene on thermally and hydrothermally produced biochars Bioresource Technology, 102(10), 5757-
5763.
Teixid, M., Pignatello, J.J., Beltrn, J.L., Granados, M., Peccia, J. 2011. Speciation of the Ionizable Antibiotic
Sulfamethazine on Black Carbon (Biochar). Environmental Scince and Technology, 45(23), 10020-10027.
Tong, X.-j., Li, J.-y., Yuan, J.-h., Xu, R.-k. 2011. Adsorption of Cu(II) by biochars generated from three crop straws
Chemical Engineering Journal, 172(2-3), 828-834.
16
Uchimiya, M., Wartelle, L.H., Lima, I.M., Klasson, K.T. 2010. Sorption of Deisopropylatrazine on Broiler Litter Biochars.
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 58(23), 12350-12356.
Wang, X., Sato, T., Xing, B. 2006. Competitive Sorption of Pyrene on Wood Chars. Environmental Science and Technology,
40(10), 3267-3272.
Xu, R.-k., Xiao, S.-c., Yuan, J.-h., Zhao, A.-z. 2011. Adsorption of methyl violet from aqueous solutions by the biochars
derived from crop residues Bioresource Technology, 102(22), 10293-10298.
Xu, X., Cao, X., Zhao, L., Wang, H., Yu, H., Gao, B. 2013. Removal of Cu, Zn, and Cd from aqueous solutions by the dairy
manure-derived biochar. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 358-368.
Yakkala, K., Yu, M.-R., Roh, H., Yang, J.-K., Chang, Y.-Y. 2013. Buffalo weed (Ambrosia trifida L. var. trifida) biochar for
cadmium (II) and lead (II) adsorption in single and mixed system. Desalination and Water Treatment, In press.
Yang, Y., Lin, X., Wei, B., Zhao, Y., Wang, J. 2013. Evaluation of adsorption potential of bamboo biochar for metal-
complex dye: equilibrium, kinetics and artificial neural network modeling. International Journal of Environmental
Science and Technology, In Press.
Yao, Y., Gao, B., Inyang, M., Zimmerman, A.R., Cao, X., Pullammanappallil, P., Yang, L. 2011a. Biochar derived from
anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings: Characterization and phosphate removal potential Bioresource
Technology, 102(10), 6273-6278.
Yao, Y., Gao, B., Inyang, M., Zimmerman, A.R., Cao, X., Pullammanappallil, P., Yang, L. 2011b. Removal of phosphate from
aqueous solution by biochar derived from anaerobically digested sugar beet tailings Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 190(1-3), 501-507.
Zhang, G., Zhang, Q., Sun, K., Liu, X., Zheng, W., Zhao, Y. 2011. Sorption of simazine to corn straw biochars prepared at
different pyrolytic temperatures Environmental Pollution, 159(10), 2594-2601.
Zhang, M., Gao, B., Yao, Y., Xue, Y., Inyang, M. 2012. Synthesis of porous MgO-biochar nanocomposites for removal of
phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solutions. Chemical Engineering Journal, 210, 26-32.
Zhang, Z.-b., Cao, X.-h., Liang, P., Liu, Y.-h. 2013. Adsorption of uranium from aqueous solution using biochar produced
by hydrothermal carbonization. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 295, 1201-1208.
Zheng, W., Guo, M., Chow, T., Bennett, D.N., Rajagopalan, N. 2010. Sorption properties of greenwaste biochar for two
triazine pesticides Journal of Hazardous Materials, 181(1-3), 121-126.
Zhou, Z., Shi, D., Qiu, Y., Sheng, G.D. 2010. Sorptive domains of pine chars as probed by benzene and nitrobenzene.
Environmental Pollution, 158(1), 201-206.