MEMB 331

MACHINE DESIGN AND CAD LAB

SEMESTER 1, ACADEMIC YEAR 2016/2017

EXPERIMENT 3

CAM AND TAPPET EXPERIMENT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 13/6/2016

DUE DATE: 20/6/2016

SECTION : 3

GROUP : 5
PREPARED BY :

1.MUHAMAD ZHAFRAN BIN MOHD GHAZALI [ME094504]

2.MUHAMMAD TAUFIQ BIN YUSOF [ME094519]

3.SUBASH SUNDRA MOORHTY [ME090242]

4.AHMAD SYAKIR BIN MOHD SHUKRI [ME 095459]

5.FATIN NABILA BT ABDUL RAHMAN [ME096007]

NAME OF LAB INSTRUCTOR:

EN. ISZMIR NAZMI BIN ISMAIL

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2) TABLE OF CONTENT

NO CONTENT PAGES

1. Title Page 1

2. Table of Content 2

3. Summary/ Abstract/ Objectives 3

4. Theory 48

5. Equipment/ Description Of Experimental Apparatus And 9 - 12

Procedure

6. Data, Observations, And Calculation Of Result 13 18

7. Analysis and Discussion 19 - 24

8. Conclusion 25

9. References 26

10. Appendices 27

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3) SUMMARY/ ABSTRACT/ OBJECTIVES

This experiment is know as Cam and Tapet.It is to to verify the different between
Harmonic Cam and Tangent Cam in term of velocity,acceleration,angle and displacement.All
of this term will be test two type of follower which is dome follower and flat follower.

The equipment experiment Cam and Tapet is Cam and Tapet Device including of 360
degree protecter and Dial gauge.The experiment was set up and then followed.The reading of
the displacement for harmonic cam with dome and flat follower was recorded.Then repeated
the experiment to the tangent cam together with both follower and the result was recorded.

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4) THEORY OF CAM AND TAPPET

Cam

Cam-follower systems can be classified in several ways: by type of follower motion, either
translating or rotating (oscillating); by type of cam, radial, cylindrical, three-dimensional; by
type of joint closure, either force or form-closed; by type of follower, curved or flat, rolling or
sliding; by type of motion constraints, critical extreme position (CEP), critical path motion
(CPM); by type of motion program, rise-fall (RF), rise-fall-dwell (RFD), rise-dwell-fall-dwell
(RDFD).

Type Of Follower

Follower refers the link that contacts the cam. The figure 8-3 will show three common
arrangements, flat-faced, mushroom (curved), and roller. The roller follower has the
advantage of lower (rolling) fiction than the sliding contact of the other two but can be more
expensive. Flat-faced followers can package smaller than roller followers for some cam
designs and are often favoured for that reason as well as cost for automotive valve trains.
Roller followers are most frequently used in production machinery where their ease of
replacement and availability from bearing manufacturers stock in any quantities are
advantages. Grooved or track cams required roller followers. Roller followers are essentially
ball or roller bearings with customized mounting details. The figure 8-5a show two common
types of roller followers. Flat-faced or mushroom followers are usually custom-designed and
manufactured for each application. For high volume application such as automobile engines,
the quantities are high enough to warrant a custom-designed follower.

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Type Of Cam

The direction of the followers motion relative to the axis of rotation of the cam
determines whether it is a radial or axial cam. All cams shown in the figures 8-1 to 8-3 are
radial cams because the follower motion is generally in a radial direction. Open radial cams
are also called plate cams

Figure 8-4 shows an axial cam whose follower moves parallel to the axis of cam
rotation this arrangement is also called faced cam if open (force-closed) and a cylindrical or
barrel cam if grooved or ribbed (form-closed)

Figure 8.5b shows a selection of cams of various types. Clockwise from the lower left,
they are: an open (forced-closed) axial or face cam; an axial grooved (track) cam (form-
closed) with external gear; an open radial, or plate cam (forced-closed);a ribbed axial cam
(form-closed); an axial grooved (barrel) cam.

Three-dimensional cams (figure 8-5c) are a combination of radial and axial cams. The
input rotation of the cam drives a follower train having both radial and axial motion. The
follower motion has two coupled degrees of freedom.

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Figure Show That The Type Of Cam And Follower

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5) EQUIPMENT / DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS

1) Cam and tappet measuring device: the device that measure the dial for displacement

2) Flat-faced follower: it can be noticed in figure 1.1 that the side thrust between the
follower and the guide is much reduced in case of flat faced followers. The relative
motion between is largely of sliding nature but reduced by off-setting the axis of the
follower. So when the cam rotates it rotate by own axis.

3) Dome follower: it can be noticed in the figure 1.2 the flat-faced follower is used
mostly in automobile engine, when the high surface stress are produced. But in the
order to minimize the stresses, the shape is machine into spherical shape.

4) Simple Harmonic cam shape

5) Tangent harmonic shape

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a) Cam and Tappet device

b) Type of Follower

c) Type of Cam

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5) PROCEDURE

1. The first part of the experiment is performed with domed follower. The two knurled
nuts is undo and the two and the two washer is removed so that the cam can be insert into its
position.

2. The end of the dial indicator is held and pulled gently away from the rotor or where the
cam is to be fitted.

3. The tangent cam is then placed onto the two studs with their larger radius at the center
of the rotation. This is done so that to ensure that it will not give much throw and so that the
dial instructor can measure the range of throw.

4. The dial indicator is gently touch the cam.

5. The washer is then placed onto the studs and the knurled nuts are added.

6. The dial indicator is set to zero when the rotor is set at 30.

7. The readings of the indicator is taken for every 30 on the result sheet.

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8. The procedure 1 to 7 is repeated for tangent, simple harmonic, circular and constant
acceleration cam.

9. For the second part of the experiment, all the above procedures are repeated using the
flat follower which unscrew the previous follow from the dial and then change to the dome
follower.

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 6) DATA AND OBSERVATION

Type of cam : Harmonic Cam

Displacement, X ( mm )
Angle, ( Degree ) Dome Flat Theorethical Displacement, ( mm )
0 0 0 0.00
30 0.11 0.10 1.34
60 0.42 0.39 5.00
90 0.89 0.81 10.00
120 1.36 1.28 15.00
150 1.81 1.70 18.66
180 2.01 2.05 20.00
210 1.84 1.93 18.66
240 1.50 1.51 15.00
270 1.00 1.03 10.00
300 0.55 0.60 5.00
330 0.10 0.32 1.34
360 0 0 0.00

Table 1: Theoretical and Experimental Displacement for Harmonic Cam.

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Type of cam : Tangent Cam

Displacement, X ( mm )
Angle, ( Degree ) Dome Flat Theorethical Displacement, ( mm )
0 0 0 0.00
30 0.99 0.48 1.11
60 1.89 1.76 4.44
90 1.97 1.96 10.00
120 1.96 1.96 15.56
150 1.95 1.96 18.89
180 1.95 1.96 20.00
210 1.95 1.96 18.89
240 1.95 1.96 15.56
270 1.94 1.96 10.00
300 1.92 1.89 4.44
330 1.25 0.87 1.11
360 0 0 0.00

Table 2: Theoretical and Experimental Displacement for Tangent Cam.

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Difference between velocity and acceleration of harmonic and constant acceleration

Harmonic Cam Constant Acceleration Cam

Angle, Velocity Acceleration Velocity Acceleration
(degree) (m /s) x10-3 (m /s2) x10-3 (m /s) x10-3 (m /s2) x10-3
0 0.0000 10.0000 0.000 0.0025
30 5.0000 8.6603 0.0741 0.0025
60 8.6603 5.0000 0.1481 0.0025
90 10.0000 0.0000 0.2222 0.0025
120 8.6603 -5.0000 0.1481 -0.0025
150 5.0000 -8.6603 0.0741 -0.0025
180 0.0000 -10.0000 0.0000 -0.0025
210 -5.0000 -8.6603 -0.0741 -0.0025
240 -8.6603 -5.0000 -0.1481 -0.0025
270 -10.0000 0.0000 -0.2222 -0.0025
300 -8.6603 5.0000 -0.1481 0.0025
330 -5.0000 8.6603 -0.0741 0.0025
360 0.0000 10.0000 0.0000 0.0025

Table 3: Velocity and Acceleration for Harmonic and Constant Acceleration Cam.

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6) CALCULATION OF RESULT

For Harmonic Cam

R = 10mm
= 1 rad/s
When = 00;

When = 900;

When = 1800;

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For Tangent Cam

When = 00;

When = 1800;

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When = 2700;

When = 3600;

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 7) ANALYSIS / DISCUSSION

2.5

2
Displacement, X ( mm )

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angle, ( Degree )

DOME FLAT

GRAPH 1: DISPLACEMENT VS ANGLE (ACCELERATION CAM)

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 2.5

2
Displacement, X ( mm )

1.5

0.5

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Angle, ( Degree )

DOME FLAT

GRAPH 2: DISPLACEMENT VS ANGLE (HARMONIC CAM)

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 HARMONIC CAM
15

10

5
Velocity (m /s) x10-3

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-5

-10

-15
Angle, (degree)
HARMONIC

GRAPH 3: VELOCITY VS ANGLE (HARMONIC CAM)

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 HARMONIC CAM
15

10
Acceleration (m /s2) x10-3

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

-5

-10

-15
Angle, (degree)

GRAPH 4: ACCELERATION VS ANGLE (HARMONIC CAM)

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 CONSTANT ACCELERATION CAM
0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1
Velocity (m /s) x10-3

0.05

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.05

-0.1

-0.15

-0.2

-0.25
Angle, (degree)

GRAPH 5: VELOCITY VS ANGLE (CONSTANT ACCELERATION CAM)

CONSTANT ACCELERATION CAM

0.004

0.003

0.002
Acceleration (m /s2) x10-3

0.001

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.001

-0.002

-0.003

-0.004
Angle, (degree)

GRAPH 6: ACCELERATION VS ANGLE (CONSTANT ACCELERATION CAM)

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 From the information gathered, five diagrams were plotted each speaking to every one
of the cams utilized as a part of the test with various sorts of supporters which were the roller,
level and domed. From the charts, albeit each of the plotting were very comparable with each
other as far as the adherents utilized yet it exhibits an alternate impact. It appears that the
roller gave a more steady perusing or estimation than the other two adherents. Aside from
that, nothing noteworthy could be seen with the exception of a conspicuous relative contrasts
with the hypothetical plotting.

As far as mistake, the roller was found to have the most reduced blunder took after by
the level and domed adherent. The blunder may be contributed by the unstability of the
contact point between the devotee and the cam which came about the perusing the perusing
taken somewhat off from the hypothetical worth. Human mistake likewise couldn't be
overlooked from this thought and since the trial was done on simple mechanical assembly, the
likelihood of parallax blunder dependably there.

The three plotting of relocation versus plot for the consistent speeding up, consonant
and round demonstrate that they have a comparable shape however gangs an altogether
distinctive slants which precisely demonstrate the normal for their movement. The consistent
speeding up plotting has the steepest slant with a uniform increment and abatement from 0
degree to 360 degree took after by the round and symphonious cam. Despite the fact that the
explanatory molded cam which alludes to the roundabout cam and consonant cam appears to
demonstrate no distinction aside from the slant, they really diverse in its movement. The
roundabout cam really has a higher increasing speed than the consonant cam. The round cam
speed increments and abatements quickly and consistently however the consonant cam speed
increment and lessening gradually yet accomplished the most noteworthy speed contrasted
with roundabout cam.

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8) CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, it was found that the tappet movement for all the cam utilized was

found to show the comparable profiles as displayed by the hypothetical plotting of every cam.

In spite of the fact that there may be relative blunders between the hypothetical and measure

values, it doesn't influence the general aftereffect of the profiles acquired. It was additionally

found that the roller adherent created the most fulfilling result the level and domed devotee.

This was upheld by the blunder examination that demonstrated the roller has favorable

position over the level and domed adherent in this analysis.

The circular, harmonic and constant increasing speed cams were found to have diverse

qualities. Regardless of the fact that the profiles of the round and consonant cam did not

demonstrate any noteworthy contrasts, but rather the speed and increasing speed of these

profiles propose something else. The round cam has a quick speed that progressions and much

higher increasing speed and the symphonious cam which rather shows a much slower speed

changes yet accomplished the most elevated speed that the roundabout cam.

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9) REFERENCES

1. Internet :Cam and Tappet Experiment. 2000.

http://webcabinet.tripod.com/Assignment/camandtappet.htm

2. Internet :Theory Cam and Tappet Experiment. .

http://webcabinet.tripod.com/Assignment/cam.htm

3. Robert L. Norton. 2012. Kinematics and Dynamics of machinery. 2nd Edition.

McGraw Hill Higher Education. Chapter 8 : pp 389-403.

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10) APPENDICES

Formula: Velocity (experimental and theoretical)

All experimental do not have element of time, so presented below here, the formula for
calculating both theoretical and experimental velocity,

Velocity(v) = (1)

Chains rule

v= x (2)

That will reduce the eq (2),

Velocity(v) = (3)

Theoretical, from (3), example

X = sin

= cos

( Subs to eqn 3) v = cos

In this case, velocity is the derivative of the displacement with respect to the angle of rotation.

For Harmonic cam,

Displacement, x = R (1 cos ) mm

Velocity, v = (R sin ) m/s

Acceleration, a = 2 R cos m/s2

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