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5
Laws of Motion
ARISTOTLES FALLACY The SI unit of force is newton. (One newton force is that much
According to Aristotelian law an external force is required to keep force which produces an acceleration of 1ms2 in a body of mass
a body in motion. However an external force is required to 1 kg.
overcome the frictional forces in case of solids and viscous forces The CGS unit of force is dyne. (1N = 105 dyne)
in fluids which are always present in nature. The gravitational unit of force is kg-wt (kg-f) or g-wt (g-f)
1 kg-wt (kg-f) = 9.8 N, 1 g-wt (g-f) = 980dyne
LINEAR MOMENTUM (p)
Linear momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained
r r Third law : To every action there is an equal and opposite
in the body. Momentum p = mv reaction. For example walking , swimming , a horse pulling a
It is a vector quantity having the same direction as the direction cart etc.
of the velocity. Its SI unit is kg ms1. r r
FAB = FBA
NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
Action and reaction act on different bodies and hence cannot
First law : A body continues to be in a state of rest or of uniform balance each other. Action and reaction occur simultaneously.
motion, unless it is acted upon by some external force to change Forces always occur in pairs.
its state.
Newtons first law gives the qualitative definition of force according EQUILIBRIUM OF A PARTICLE
to which force is that external cause which tends to change or A body is said to be in equilibrium when no net force acts on the
actually changes the state of rest or motion of a body. body.
r
Newtons first law of motion is the same as law of inertia given by i.e., SF = 0
Galileo.
Inertia is the inherent property of all bodies because of which Then SFx = 0, SFy = 0 and SFz = 0
they cannot change their state of rest or of uniform motion unless Stable equilibrium : If a body is slightly displaced from equilbrium
acted upon by an external force. position, it has the tendency to regain its original position, it is
Second law : The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly said to be in stable equilibrium.
proportional to the external force applied on it and the change
takes place in the direction of force applied. d 2u
In this case, P.E. is minimum. 2 = +ve
r dpr mdvr r dr
i.e., F = = = ma
dt dt So, the centre of gravity is lowest.
This is the equation of motion of constant mass system. For Unstable equilibrium : If a body, after being displaced from the
variable mass system such as rocket propulsion equilibrium position, moves in the direction of displacement, it is
r d (mvr ) said to be in unstable equilibrium.
F=
dt d 2u
In this case, P.E. is maximum. 2 = -ve
r m(dvr ) r dm dr
+v
And, F =
dt dt So, the centre of gravity is highest.
130
Neutral equilibrium : If a body, after being slightly displaced
from the equilibrium position has no tendency to come back or to d 2u
In this case, P.E. is constant 2 = constant
move in the direction of displacement the equilibrium is known to dr
be neutral.
The centre of gravity remains at constant height.
5.1
Solve following problems with the help of above text and (a) first law (b) second law
examples : (c) third law (d) All of the above
6. A cannon after firing recoils due to
1. Swimming is possible on account of
(a) conservation of energy
(a) Newtons first law of motion
(b) backward thrust of gases produced
(b) Newtons second law of motion
(c) Newtons third law of motion
(c) Newtons third law of motion
(d) Newtons first law of motion
(d) Newtons law of gravitation
7. Newtons second law measures the
2. Inertia is that property of a body by virtue of which the
(a) acceleration (b) force
body is
(c) momentum (d) angular momentum
(a) unable to change by itself the state of rest
8. We can derive Newtons
(b) unable to change by itself the state of uniform motion
(a) second and third laws from the first law
(c) unable to change by itself the direction of motion
(b) first and second laws from the third law
(d) All of the above
(c) third and first laws from the second law
3. An object will continue moving uniformly when
(d) All the three laws are independent of each other
(a) the resultant force on it is increasing continuously
9. A jet plane moves up in air because
(b) the resultant force is at right angles to its rotation
(a) the gravity does not act on bodies moving with high
(c) the resultant force on it is zero
speeds
(d) the resultant force on it begins to decrease
(b) the thrust of the jet compensates for the force of
4. A man getting down a running bus falls forward because
gravity
(a) of inertia of rest, road is left behind and man reaches
(c) the flow of air around the wings causes an upward
forward
force, which compensates for the force of gravity
(b) of inertia of motion upper part of body continues to
(d) the weight of air whose volume is equal to the volume
be in motion in forward direction while feet come to
of the plane is more than the weight of the plane
rest as soon as they touch the road.
10. When a body is stationary
(c) he leans forward as a matter of habit
(a) there is no force acting on it
(d) of the combined effect of all the three factors stated
(b) the force acting on it is not in contact with it
in (a), (b) and (c).
(c) the combination of forces acting on it balances each
5. A man is at rest in the middle of a pond of perfectly smooth
other
ice. He can get himself to the shore by making use of
(d) the body is in vacuum
Newtons
ANSWER KEY
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9.(b) 10.(c)
Let the total mass of the string be M and length be L. Then mass
M a
per unit length is
L Fpseudo
Let x be the distance of the string from the mass m. Then the mass
m x
M z
of the shaded portion of string is x
L CONSTRAINT MOTION :
If the string is at rest then the tension T has to balance the wt of When the motion of one body is dependent on the other body, the
shaded portion of string and weight of mass m. relationship of displacements, velocities and accelerations of
the two bodies are called constraint relationships.
M
\T = m + x g Case 1 Pulley string system :
L
as x increases, the tension increases. Thus tension is non- X
uniform in a string having mass. F
3. Normal force : It measures how strongly one body presses
the other body in contact. It acts normal to the surface of x Block
contact.
Step 1 : Find the distance of the two bodies from fixed points.
mg Step 2 : The length of the string remain constant. (We use of
Case 1 N = mg
N this condition)
Therefore X + (X x) = constant 2X x = constant
Case 2
dX dx dX dx
a N mg = ma 2 =0 2 =
dt dt dt dt
m mg N = m(g + a)
dX
N 2Vp = v B Q = Vp = velocity of pulley
dt
dx
Case 3 = v B = velocity of block
dt
q N
mg sinq mg cos q Again differentiating we get, 2ap = aB
mg
dVp dvB
N = mg cos q a p = dt and a B = dt
q ap = acceleration of pulley, aB = acceleration of block
132
2 2 Case 1 : Masses M1 and M2 are tied to a string, which goes
Case 2 Here h + x + y = constt. On differentiating w.r.t t over a frictionless pulley
(a) If M2 > M1 and they move with acceleration a
h
1 q 2 T
F a T
x M1
a
[Negative sign with dy/dt shows that with increase in time, y
decreases] M1g M2
1 2x
dx dy
- = 0 cos q (v1 v2) = 0
2
2 h +x dt dt
2 M2g
FBD of M1, FBD of M2
x
Q cos q = T T
h 2 + x 2
Case 3 Wedge block system : Thin lines represents the condition M1 M2 a
a
of wedge block at t = 0 and dotted lines at t = t
M1g M2g
c
T - M1g = M1a M 2g - T = M 2a
ax
where T is the tension in the string. It gives
ay ay M 2 - M1 2M 1 M 2
a= g and T = g
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
q
B ax A (b) If the pulley begins to move with acceleration f,
Ax Ax downwards
q
uur M - M uur uur ur 2 M M uur uur
a = 2 1 ( g - f ) and 1 2
Ax = acceleration of wedge towards left T = (g - f )
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
ax, ay = acceleration of block as shown
Case 2 : Three masses M1, M2 and M3 are connected with
ay strings as shown in the figure and lie on a frictionless surface.
From D ABC , tan q = They are pulled with a force F attached to M1.
ax + Ax
T2 T2 T1 T 1
Frame of Reference : M3 M2 M1 F
Reference frames are co-ordinate systems in which an event is
The forces on M2 and M3 are as follows
described.
There are two types of reference frames M 2 + M3 M3
T1 = F and T2 = F;
(a) Inertial frame of reference: These are frames of reference M1 + M 2 + M 3 M1 + M 2 + M 3
in which Newtons laws hold good. These frames are at rest
with each other or which are moving with uniform speed F
Acceleration of the system is a =
with respect to each other. M1 + M 2 + M 3
All reference frames present on surface of Earth are Case 3 : Two blocks of masses M1 and M2 are suspended
supposed to be inertial frame of reference. vertically from a rigid support with the help of strings as shown
(b) Non inertial frame of reference: Newtons law do not in the figure. The mass M2 is pulled down with a force F.
hold good in non-inertial reference frame.
All accelerated and rotatory reference frames are non
inertial frame of reference. Earth is a non-intertial frame. T1
T1
When the observer is in non-inertial reference frame
a pseudo force is applied on the body under observation. M1 g M1
T2
Free Body Diagram (FBD) :
T2
Free body diagram of a mass is a separate diagram of that mass.
All forces acting on the mass are sketched. A FBD is drawn to M2g
M2
visualise the direct forces acting on a body.
F
133
The tension between the masses M1 and M2 will be (ii) When the mass M 1 moves downwards with
T2 = F + M2g acceleration a.
Tension between the support and the mass M1 will be Equation of motion for M1 and M2,
T1 = F + (M1 + M2)g
Case 4 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to a string which M1g sin q T = M1a ...(1)
passes over a pulley attached to the edge of a horizontal table. T M2g = M2a ...(2)
The mass M1 lies on the frictionless surface of the table. Solving eqns. (1) and (2) we get,
T
M sin q - M 2 M 2 M1 g
M1 a= 1 g; T =
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2 (1 + sin q)
a
T
(a) If (M2/M1 = sinq) then the system does not accelerate.
(b) Changing position of masses, does not affect the
M2 tension. Also, the acceleration of the system remains
M2 g
unchanged.
(c) If M1 = M2 = M (say), then
Let the tension in the string be T and the acceleration of the 2 2
system be a. Then q q g q q Mg
a = cos - sin ; T = cos + sin
T = M1a ...(1) 2 2 2 2 2 2
M2g T = M2a ...(2)
Adding eqns. (1) and (2), we get Case 6 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a
string over a pulley attached to the top of a double inclined
M2 M1 M 2
a= g and T = g plane of angle of inclination a and b.
M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2 Let M2 move downwards with acceleration a and the tension in
Case 5 : Two masses M1 and M2 are attached to the ends of a the string be T then
string, which passes over a frictionless pulley at the top of the
inclined plane of inclination q. Let the tension in the string be T.
M1 M2
N
M1 a b
q M2
M1g sinq M1g cosq FBD of M1
M1g a
T
M2g M1
q
na a M1gcosa
(i) When the mass M1 moves upwards with acceleration a. gsi M1g
From the FBD of M1 and M2, M 1
FBD of mass M1
M
M2gcosb b 2 gsi
R=N y M2g nb
T x
Equation of motion for M2
M2g sinb T = M2a
M1g cos q or T = M2g sin b M2a ...(2)
M1g sin q M1g Using eqn. (1) and (2) we get,
M1g sin a + M1a = M2g sin b M2a
FBD of M2
Solving we get,
M M g
T = 2 1
M
1 + M 2 (1+sin q) ( M 2 sin b - M1 sin a ) g M 1M 2 g
T a a= and T = [sin b + sin a]
M2g M1 + M 2 M1 + M 2
134
Case 7 : A person/monkey climbing a rope (d) If angles of inclination are q1 and q2 for two inclined planes
T
t1 sin q 2
a Keeping the length constant then =
t2 sin q1
A (c) [ (M + m)2 + m2 ] g
q
(d) [ (M + m)2 + M2 ] g M
l h
Solution : (c)
Force on the pulley by the clamp = resultant of
T = (M + m)g and mg acting along horizontal and vertical
C B
respectively
1 2 \ F = [(M + m)g]2 + (mg)2 = [ (M + m)2 + m2 ]g
Using the formula, s = ut + at , we have s = l, u = 0, t =
2 Example 7.
t and a = g cos q. The masses of 10 kg and 20 kg respectively are connected
1 1 by a massless spring in fig. A force of 200 newton acts on the
so l = 0 t + g cos q t 2 = (g cos q)t 2 ...(i) 20 kg mass. At the instant shown, the 10 kg mass has
2 2
acceleration 12 m/sec2. What is the acceleration of 20 kg
Taking vertical downward motion of the block, we get mass?
137
20 kg m
10 kg
200 newton
M'
Solution : q
Force on 10 kg mass = 10 12 = 120 N
M
The mass of 10 kg will pull the mass of 20 kg in the backward
direction with a force of 120 N. Solution :
\ Net force on mass 20 kg = 200 120 = 80 N
Since m does not slip on M' (relative velocity of m w.r.t. M'
force 80 N is zero)
Its acceleration a = = = 4 m / s2
mass 20 kg \ M', m will move with same acceleration as that of M.
Example 8. Since surfaces are smooth
Two masses each equal to m are lying on X-axis at (a, 0) \ frictional force is zero
and (+ a, 0) respectively as shown in fig. They are connected Net force = Mg = (M + M' + m) a
by a light string. A force F is applied at the origin and
along the Y-axis. As a result, the masses move towards each Mg
\a = ....(1)
other. What is the acceleration of each mass? Assume the M + M + m
instantaneous position of the masses as ( x, 0) and (x, 0) Now let us see m, w.r.t. M'
respectively
F N
ma
mg
q
(a, 0) (a, 0)
X X Downward acceleration of m on slope = 0
m O m
Solution : \ N ma sin q + mg cos q = 0 ....(2)
(net ^ force = 0)
F and mg sin q ma cos q = 0 ....(3)
A [Q net force along slope = 0]
T T From eqn. (3) g sin q = a cos q or a = g tan q ....(4)
q
n
From eq . (4) and (1),
B C
(x, 0) O (x, 0) M
we have tan q = M cot q = M + M' + m
M + M + m
From figure F = 2 T cos q or T = F/(2 cos q)
The force responsible for motion of masses on X-axis is T M + m
M=
sin q cot q - 1
F Example 10.
\ m a = T sin q = sin q
2 cos q Find the acceleration of block A and B. Assume pulley is
massless.
F F OB F x
= tan q = =
2 2 OA 2 (a - x 2 )
2 2kg
A
F x
so, a =
2m (a - x 2 )
2
Example 9.
Find the mass M of the hanging block in figure which will
prevent smaller block from slipping over the triangular B 5kg
block. All surfaces are frictionless and the string and the
pulley are light.
138
Solution :
If acceleration of B is a, then acceleration of A is 2a, since A
moves twice the distance moved by B
T' (T +T) = 0 (since pulley is massless)
T' N
M1g
Now, M1g 2T = M1a
T M2g = M2.2a
Solution : or M1g 2M2g = a(M1 + 4M2)
When the pulley moves a distance d, m1 will move a distance M1 - 2M 2 15 - 12 3
a= g= g= g
2d. Hence m1 will have twice as large an acceleration as m 2 M1 + 4M 2 15 - 24 39
has.
For mass m1, T1 = m1 (2a) ...(1) g
\ a = 13
For mass m2, F T2 = m2(a) ...(2)
T2 2g
Putting T1 = in eqn. (1) gives T2 = 4m1a \ acceleration of 6 kg mass = 2a = 13
2
139
5.2
Solve following problems with the help of above text and 6. The tension in the cable of 1000 kg elevator is 1000 kg wt,
examples : the elevator
1. Tension in the cable supporting an elevator, is equal to the (a) is ascending upwards
weight of the elevator. From this, we can conclude that the (b) is descending downwards
elevator is going up or down with a (c) may be at rest or accelerating
(a) uniform velocity (b) uniform acceleration (d) may be at rest or in uniform motion
(c) variable acceleration (d) either (b) or (c) 7. Consider an elevator moving downwards with an
2. The force exerted by the floor of an elevator on the foot of acceleration a. The force exerted by a passenger of mass m
a person standing there, is more than his weight, if the on the floor of the elevator is
elevator is (a) ma (b) ma mg
(a) going down and slowing down (c) mg ma (d) mg + ma
(b) going up and speeding up 8. If an elevator is moving vertically up with an acceleration
(c) going up and slowing down a, the force exerted on the floor by a passenger of mass M
(d) either (a) or (b) is
3. A reference frame attached to earth cannot be an inertial (a) Ma(b) Mg
frame because
(c) M (g a) (d) M (g + a)
(a) earth is revolving around the sun
9. You are on a frictionless horizontal plane. How can you
(b) earth is rotating about its axis
get off if no horizontal force is exerted by pushing against
(c) Newtons laws are applicable in this frame
the surface?
(d) both (a) and (b)
(a) By jumping
4. When an elevator cabin falls down, the cabin and all the
(b) By spitting or sneezing
bodies fixed in the cabin are accelerated with respect to
(c) by rolling your body on the surface
(a) ceiling of elevator (b) floor of elevator
(d) By running on the plane
(c) man standing on earth
10. Pulling a roller is easier than pushing because
(d) man standing in the cabin
(a) when we pull a roller, the vertical component of the
5. A particle is found to be at rest when seen from frame S1 and
pulling force acts in the direction of weight
moving with a constant velocity when seen from another frame
(b) the vertical component of the pulling force acts in the
S2. Mark out the possible option.
opposite direction of weight
(a) S1 is inertial and S2 is non-inertial frame
(c) force of friction is in opposite direction
(b) both the frames are non-inertial
(d) it is possible in the case of roller only
(c) both the frames are inertial
(d) either (b) or (c).
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
p = p12 + p 22 ; ( m1 + m 2 ) v = ( m1 v1 ) 2 + ( m 2 v 2 ) 2
impulse
( 30 + 20 ) v = ( 30 1)2 + ( 20 2 )2 = 50
Area=
50
t v= =1 m / s
ti (a) tf 50
141
Example 15. According to law of conservation of liner momentum, Initial
A bullet of mass M is fired with a velocity of 50 m/sec at momentum = zero \ final momentum = 0
an angle q with the horizontal. At the highest point of its
trajectory, it collides head on with a bob of mass 3M \ p1 + p 2 + p 3 = 0
suspended by a massless string of length 10/3 m and gets
embedded in the bob. After the collision, the string moves | p 3 | = = ( 21) 2 + ( 21) 2 = 21 2
to an angle of 120. What is the angle q ?
Solution : \ 3 V = 21 2 or V = 7 2 = 9.8 m / sec .
M
q m u = (M + m) v0 v 0 = u
m+M
There acceleration a can be obtained using the formula
Vel. of bullet at highest point of path = 50 cos q (v2 = u2 + 2as).
From law of conservation of linear momentum, Here we have 0 v02 = 2as or a = v02 /2s
V cos q 50 cos q
MV cos q = (3M + M) V or V= =
M u
2 2
4 4 \ a =
1 m + M 2s
Again, (M + 3M )V2 = (M + 3M )gl(1 - cos 120 )
2
M2 u2
V'2
1 Resistance = (M + m) a =
= gl 1 + or V ' = 3gl ; m+M 2s
2 2
Example 18.
50 cos q 10 A ball of mass 0.5 kg is thrown towards a wall so that it
\ = 3 10 = 10
4 3 strikes the wall normally with a speed of 10 ms1. If the ball
bounces at right angles away from the wall with a speed of
4 4
cos q = \ q = cos -1 8ms1, what impulse does the wall exert on the ball ?
5 5
Solution :
Example 16.
A body of mass 5 kg which is at rest explodes into three Approaching wall
fragments with masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The fragments u = 10 ms1
with equal masses fly in mutually perpendicular directions 10
with speeds of 21 m/sec. What will be the velocity of the f
heaviest fragment? 8 Leaving wall
Solution :
Momentum of first body v = +8 ms1
p1 = 1 21 = 21 kg m /sec.
Momentum of second body, p2 = 1 21 = 21 kg m/sec. Taking the direction of the impulse J as positive and using
Momentum of third body p3 = 3V kg m/sec J = mv mu
1 1
we have J= 8- (-10) = 9 N-s
45 2 2
p2
Therefore the wall exerts an impulse of 9 N-s on the ball.
p3
Example 19.
45
Two particles, each of mass m, collide head on when their
speeds are 2u and u. If they stick together on impact, find
135 p1 their combined speed in terms of u.
142
Solution : 1
m m (m) (2u) mu = 2m V V = u
2
Before impact u
2u The combined mass will travel at speed u/2.
(Note that the momentum of the second particle before impact
2m is negative because its sense is opposite to that specified
After impact v as positive.)
Using conservation of linear momentum (in the direction of
the velocity 2u) we have
5.3
Solve following problems with the help of above text and 3. Rocket works on the principle of
examples : (a) conservation of mass
1. A machine gun of mass M fires n bullets per second. The (b) conservation of linear momentum
mass and speed of each bullet is m and v respectively. The (c) conservation of energy
force exerted on the machine gun is (d) conservation of angular momentum
(a) zero (b) mvn 4. A bullet of mass 10 gm is fired from a gun of mass 1 kg. If
(c) Mvn (d) Mvn/m the recoil velocity is 5 ms1, the velocity of muzzle is
2. A body whose momentum is constant must have constant (a) 0.05 ms1 (b) 5 ms1
(c) 50 ms 1 (d) 500 ms1
(a) velocity (b) force
(c) acceleration (d) All of the above
ANSWER KEY
ms= tanq or q = tan1(ms) Rolling friction will be zero only when both the bodies
where angle q is called the angle of friction or angle of repose incontact are rigid. Rolling friction is very small as compared to
sliding friction. Work done by rolling friction is zero
Some facts about friction :
(1) The force of kinetic friction is less than the force of static CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCES
friction and the force of rolling friction is less than force of If work done on a particle is zero in complete round trip, the
kinetic friction i.e., force is said to be conservative. The gravitational force,
fr < fk < fs or mrolling < mkinetic < mstatic electrostatics force, elastic force etc., are conservative forces.
hence it is easy to roll the drum in comparison to sliding it. On the other hand if the work done on a body is not zero during
(2) Frictional force does not oppose the motion in all cases, a complete round trip, the force is said to be non-conservative.
infact in some cases the body moves due to it. The frictional force, viscous force etc. are non-conservative
forces.
B
Final
position
A Fext A f
In the figure, book B moves to the right due to friction B
between A and B. If book A is totally smooth (i.e., frictionless) C
i
then book B does not move to the right. This is because of Initial
no force applies on the book B in the right direction. position
144
Figure shows three processes A, B and C by which we can reach Example 21.
from an initial position to final position. If force is conservative, An object of weight W is resting on an inclined plane at an
then work done is same in all the three processes i.e., independent angle q to the horizontal. The coefficient of static friction
of the path followed between initial and final position. is m . Find the horizontal force needed to just push the object
up the plane.
If force is non conservative then work done from i to f is different
Solution :
in all three paths A,B and C.
The situation is shown in fig.
Hence it is clear that work done in conservative force depends
only on initial & final position irrespective of the path followed osq
R Fc
between initial & final position. In case of non-conservative q F
forces the work done depends on the path followed between
sinq
initial and final position. W q F sinq
f=m R
q W cosq
We can say also that there is no change in kinetic energy of the
body in complete round trip in case of conservative force. While W
in case of non conservative forces, when a body return to its
Let F be the horizontal force needed to just push the object
initial position after completing the round trip, the kinetic energy up the plane. From figure R = W cos q + F sin q
of the body may be more or less than the kinetic energy with Now f = mR = m [W cos q + F sin q] ...(1)
which it starts.
Further, F cos q = W sin q + f ...(2)
Example 20. F cos q = W sin q + m [W cos q + F sin q]
Pushing force making an angle q to the horizontal is F cos q m F sin q = W sin q + m W cos q
applied on a block of weight W placed on a horizontal W (sin q + m cos q)
table. If the angle of friction is f , then determine the \ F=
(cos q - m sin q)
magnitude of force required to move the body.
Example 22.
Solution :
A block A of mass m1 rests on a block B of mass m2. B rests
The various forces acting on the block are shown in fig. on fixed surface. The coefficient of friction between any
two surfaces is m . A and B are connected by a massless
N string passing around a frictionless pulley fixed to the wall
as shown in fig. With what force should A be dragged so as
f cosq to keep both A and B moving with uniform speed?
f q
F
mg F sinq
T
F A
Here, f2 f1
f B
m = tan f = ; or f = N tanf ...(i) T
N f3
-f1 m
Q f1 = 2 mg
a1 / g = ma N
m
\ N = ma ...(1)
-mg mg
f1 = m1N = m1ma ...(2)
a1/ g = ...(1)
2 mg f1 T = m(2a) mg = m1ma + T + 2ma
N' = N + Mg and N' = (m + M)g ...(2) mg T = (2 + m1)ma ...(3)
f2 = mN' = m(m +M)g ...(3) or T = mg (2 + m1)ma ...(4)
-(f 2 - f1 ) for M, N' = Mg + f1 + T = Mg + mma + T ...(5)
a2/g =
M and 2T (f2 + N) = Ma
[Q a2/g is acceleration of M w.r.t. ground] 2T m2(N') N = Ma ...(6)
-{m(m + M)g - m / 2 mg} m 2T m2(Mg + m1 ma + T) ma = Ma
= = -mg 1 + [Using eqns.(5) and (6)]
M 2M
a1/2 = acceleration of m w.r.t. to M = a1/g a2/g (2 m2)T = m2Mg + m1m2 ma + (M + m)a ...(7)
Solving equation (4) and (7), we get
mg m 1 m [m + M]
=- + mg 1 + = mg - + 1 + = mg
2 2M 2 2M 2M a=
[2m - m 2 (M + m)]g
M + m[5 + 2(m1 - m 2 )]
1 4Ml
Now l = a1/ 2 t 2 t =
2 (M + m)mg
5.4
Solve following problems with the help of above text and 2. Which of the following is a self adjusting force?
examples : (a) Static friction (b) Limiting friction
1. Which of the following statements about friction is true? (c) Dynamic friction (d) Sliding friction
(a) Friction can be reduced to zero 3. The force required to just move a body up the inclined plane
(b) Frictional force cannot accelerate a body is double the force required to just prevent the body from
(c) Frictional force is proportional to the area of contact sliding down the plane. The coefficient of friction is m. The
between the two surfaces inclination q of the plane is
(d) Kinetic friction is always greater than rolling friction (a) tan1 m (b) tan1 (m/2)
1
(c) tan 2m (d) tan1 3m
146
4. If ms, mk and mr are coefficients of static friction, sliding (a) sin q (b) cos q
friction and rolling friction, then (c) tan q (d) independent of q
(a) ms < mk < mf (b) mk < mr < ms 7. Which of the following statements is correct, when a
(c) mr < mk < ms (d) mr = mk = ms person walks on a rough surface?
5. A 30 kg block rests on a rough horizontal surface. A force of (a) The frictional force exerted by the surface keeps him
200 N is applied on the body. The block acquires a speed of moving
4 m/sec, starting from rest, in 2 seconds. What is the value of (b) The force which the man exerts on the floor keeps
coefficient of friction? him moving
(c) The reaction of the force which the man exerts on
(a) 10 / 3 (b) 3 / 10 floor keeps him moving
(c) 0.47 (d) 0.185 (d) None of these
6. A block is at rest on an inclined plane making an angle a 8. It is difficult to move a cycle with brakes on because
with the horizontal. As the angle a of the inclination is (a) rolling friction opposes motion on road
increased, the block just starts slipping when the angle of (b) sliding friction opposes motion on road
inclination becomes q. Then the coefficient of static (c) rolling friction is more than sliding friction
friction between the block and the surface of the inclined (d) sliding friction is more than rolling friction
plane is
ANSWER KEY
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d)
Let us consider a particle of mass m attached to a string of length (change in kinetic energy of particle)
R let the particle be rotated about its centre O. = (change in potential energy of particle)
At t = 0 the particle start with velocity u from the point A (lowest or
point of vertical circle) and at time t its position is P. Then the (loss in kinetic energy of the particle) = (gain in potential energy)
tension at point P is given by
In conservative force system (such as gravity force) the mechanical
B energy (i.e., kinetic energy + potential energy) must be constant.
Total energy will be constant
Now from eqns.(2) and (3), we get
B
O vP vB B
q T
R P mg R
D
q TB
A u mg cos q D TA
mg sin q mg R
A vA= vC
mv 2P mv2P
TP - mg cos q = or TP = mg cos q + ...(1) A mg
R R m m
So tension at point A (lowest point of vertical circle) is TA - TB = 2mg + (VA2 - VB2 ) = 2mg + (4gR )
R R
mv 2A
TA - mg = (Q q = 0) ...(2) TA - TB = 6mg ...(5)
R
and tension at point B (highest point of vertical circle) is or TA = TB + 6mg ...(6)
So it is clear from eqn. (6) that tension in string at lowest point
mv 2B of vertical circle is greater then the tension at highest point of
TB + mg = (Q q =180) ...(3)
R vertical circle by 6mg.
mv 2 Condition to complete a vertical circle :
Where is centripetal force required for the particle to move If we reduce the velocity vA in equation (2), then TA will be reduce
r
and at some critical velocity vc, TB will be zero, then put TB = 0
in a vertical circle.
and vB = vC in equation (3) and we obtain
Now from law of conservation of energy
vC = vB = gR ...(7)
1 1
mv 2A - mv 2B = 2 mgR
2 2
147
In this condition the necessary centripetal force at point B is Solution :
provided by the weight of the particle [see again equation (3)]
P
then from equation (4), we get
VP
v 2A - gR = 4 gR v A = 5 gR ...(8) L
then the tension at the point A will be
O
m(5gR ) T
TA = mg + = 6mg ...(9) q
R mg cos q
Hence if we rotate a particle in a vertical circle and tension in
VO q
string at highest point is zero, then the tension at lowest point of Q
vertical circle is 6 times of the weight of the particle. mg
The tension T in the string is given by
Some Facts of Vertical Motion :
vQ2
(i) The body will complete the vertical circle if its velocity at vP 2
Tmax = m g + and T
min = m - g +
L L
lowest point is equal to or greater then 5gR
(ii) The body will oscillate about the lowest point if its velocity According to the given problem
at lowest point is less then 2 gR . This will happen when g + ( v Q 2 / L)
= 4 or vQ 2 vP2
the velocity at the halfway mark, i.e. 2 g+ = -4 g + 4
- g + ( v P / L) L L
1
v D = 0 Q mv 2A = mgR
2 vP 2 + 4 g L v 2
or g+ = -4 g + 4 P
(iii) The string become slack and fails to describe the circle L L
when its velocity at lowest point lies between L = (10/3) m and g = 10 m/s2 (given)
2gR to 5gR Solving we get vP = 10 m/s.
mv 2 rg (m + tan q)
centrifugal force is whereas m is mass of vehicle, r = radius v2 = ; where m is the coefficient of friction of the
r 1 - m tan q
of circle and v is its velocity. rough surface on which the vehicle is moving, and q is the angle
of inclined road with the horizontal.
mv 2 Suppose a vehicle is moving in a circle of radius r on a rough
r
inclined road whose coefficient of friction is and angle of
fs M
banking is q.
The frictional force is static since wheels are in rolling motion
N
because point of contact with the surface is at rest N
mv 2 mv 2 mv 2
\ fs = f s f max = m s mg r r
r
fs mg mg
mv 2 v2 fs
m s mg or m s q
r rg
Case of banking of road (frictionless) Let velocity of object (vehicle) be V.
A vehicle can safely negotiate a curve of radius r on a smooth mv2
(frictionless) road, when the angle q of banking of the road is If we apply pseudo force on body, centrifugal force is
r
v2 when v is max. and friction force will be acting down the slope.
given by tan q = .
rg mv2
Balancing the force horizontally, = f s cos q + N sin q ...(1)
r
Balancing the force vertically,
N N cos q = f s sin q + mg ...(2)
q
Vertical
V h Tsin
P O
2 Satellite r 2
GMm mv P O
i.e. 2
= (m) r
r r (M) Planet
Example 30.
2 2 A light rod of length l is free to rotate in vertical plane
mw (R+x cos q) mw R about one end. A particle of mass m is attached to the other
x end.
When the rod is hanging at rest vertically downward, an
q impulse is applied to the particle so that it travels in
complete vertical circles. Find the range of possible values
Since groove is smooth (friction is zero)
of the impulse and the tangential acceleration when the
\ Component of mw2R in the direction of groove is the net
force (rest is balanced by normal force) rod is inclined at 60 to the downward vertical.
Let a is acceleration in the direction of groove
\ a' = w2R cos q
P.E. zero
2L v/
1
\ L = a t 2 t = 2
2 w R cos q
Example 28. dv
J dt
A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of constant
radius r such that its centripetal acceleration ac is varying Solution : mg
with time t as ac = k2rt2, where k is a constant. Determine First, using impulse = change in momentum we have
the power delivered to the particle by the forces acting on J = mu ......... (1)
it. Using conservation of mechanical energy gives
Solution : 1 1
mu 2 - mgl = mv 2 - mgl cos q ......... (2)
Here tangential acceleration also exists which requires power. 2 2
Given that centripetal acceleration Applying Newton's law tangentially gives
ac = k2rt2 also, ac = v2/r ;
dv
\ v2/r = k2rt2 or v2 = k2r2t2 or v = k r t ; -mg sin q = m ......... (3)
dt
Tangential acceleration, a = dv = k r If the particle is to describe complete circles,
dt v > 0 ; q = 180
Now, force F = ma = m k r ; When q = 180 , eqn. (2) gives
So, power, P = F v = m k r k r t = m k2 r2 t.
v 2 = u 2 - 2gl + 2gl cos180 v 2 = u 2 - 4gl
Example 29.
The string of a pendulum is horizontal. The mass of the bob But v > 0 therefore, u 2 > 4gl u > 2 gl
is m. Now the string is released. What is the tension in the (u cannot be negative)
string in the lowest position?
Solution : Hence, from eqn. (1) J > 2m gl
O
3 dv
When q = 60, equation (3) becomes mg =m
2 dt
So the tangential acceleration is g 3 / 2
T
mg
151
5.5
Solve following problems with the help of above text and 7. A car takes a circular turn with a uniform speed u. If the
examples : reaction at inner and outer wheels be denoted by R1 and
1. On a railway curve the outside rail is laid higher than the R2, then
inside one so that resultant force exerted on the wheels of (a) R1 = R2 (b) R1 < R2
the rail car by the tops of the rails will (c) R1 > R2 (d) None of these
(a) have a horizontal inward component 8. A piece of stone is thrown from the top of a tower with a
(b) be vertical horizontal speed of 10 3 m/s. It is found that at a point
(c) equilibriate the centripetal force P along the path, the velocity vector of the stone makes
(d) be decreased an angle of 30 with the horizontal. The point P is reached
2. A car moving on a horizontal road may be thrown out of in time t which is given by (g = 10 m/s2)
the road in taking a turn
(a) 1 sec (b) 3 sec
(a) by the gravitational force
(b) due to the lack of proper centripetal force (c) 2 sec (d) 2 3 sec
(c) due to the rolling frictional force between the tyre 9. A block of mass m at the end of a string is whirled round in
and road a vertical circle of radius R. The critical speed of the block
(d) due to the reaction of the ground at the top of its swing below which the string would slacken
3. A cyclist taking turn bends inwards while a car passenger before the block reaches the top is
taking the same turn is thrown outwards. The reason is (a) R g (b) (R g)2
(a) car is heavier than cycle (c) R/g (d) Rg
(b) car has four wheels while cycle has only two
10. A sphere is suspended by a thread of length l. What
(c) difference in the speed of the two minimum horizontal velocity has to be imparted to the
(d) cyclist has to counteract the centrifugal force while sphere for it to reach the height of the suspension?
in the case of car only the passenger is thrown by (a) g l (b) 2 g l
this force
4. A car sometimes overturns while taking a turn. When it (c) gl (d) 2g l
overturns, it is 11. A particle rests on the top of a hemisphere of radius R.
(a) the inner wheel which leaves the ground first Find the smallest horizontal velocity that must be imparted
(b) the outer wheel which leaves the ground first to the particle if it is to leave the hemisphere without sliding
(c) both the wheel leave the ground simultaneously down is
(d) either wheel will leave the ground first (a) gR (b) 2g R
5. A tachometer is a device to measure
(a) gravitational pull (b) speed of rotation (c) 3g R (d) 5g R
(c) surface tension (d) tension in a spring 12. A body of mass m is rotated in a vertical circle of radius r.
6. A particle moves in a circle with a uniform speed. When it The minimum velocity of the body at the topmost position
goes from a point A to a diametrically opposite point B, for the string to remain just stretched is
r r
the momentum of the particle changes by p A - p B = 2 (a) 2g r (b) gr
The height at which the body lose contact with the surface 19. A can filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle of
of the sphere is radius 4 metre and the water just does not fall down. The
(a) (3/2) r (b) (2/3) r time period of revolution will be
(c) (1/2) g r2 (d) v2 /2g (a) 1 sec (b) 10 sec
14. A particle of mass m is describing a circular path of radius (c) 8 sec (d) 4 sec
r with uniform speed. If L is the angular momentum of the 20. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of 72 km per hour
particle about the axis of the circle, the kinetic energy of on a flat road takes a turn on the road at a point where the
the particle is given by radius of curvature of the road is 20 metres. the acceleration
(a) L2/m r2 (b) L2/2 m r2 due to gravity is 10m/sec2. In order to avoid skidding, he
2
(c) 2 L /m r 2 (d) m r2 L must not bend with respect to the vertical plane by an
15. A car is travelling with linear velocity v on a circular road angle greater than
of radius r. If it is increasing its speed at the rate of a (a) q = tan1 6 (b) q = tan1 2
metre/sec2, then the resultant acceleration will be 1
(c) q = tan 25.92 (d) q = tan1 4
21. The kinetic energy K of a particle moving along a circle of
v 2
2
v 4
2 radius R depends on the distance covered s as K = a s2.
(a) 2 -a (b) 2 +a
r r The force acting on the particle is
(a) 2 a s2/R (b) 2 a s[1 + (s2/R2)]1/2
v 4 v 2 (c) 2 a s (d) 2 a R2/s
2 2
(c) 2 -a (d) 2 +a 22. A train is moving with a speed of 36 km/hour on a curved
r r path of radius 200 m. If the distance between the rails is 1.5
16. An automobile of mass m is crossing over a convex m, the height of the outer rail over the inner rail is
upwards over bridge with a speed v. If the radius of the (a) 1 m (b) 0.5 m
bridge is r, the thrust on the bridge at the highest point will (c) 0.75 m (d) 0.075 m
be 23. A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end of a
string of length 20 cm. By how much does the tension of
m v2 m v2 the string at the lowest point exceed the tension at the
(a) mg + (b) m g -
r r topmost point?
(a) 2 m g (b) 4 m g
m2 v 2 g v2 g
(c) (d) (c) 6 m g (d) 8 m g
r r 24. The string of a pendulum of length l is displaced through
17. The coefficient of friction between the rubber tyres and 90 from the vertical and released. Then the minimum
the road way is 0.25. The maximum speed with which a car strength of the string in order to withstand the tension as
can be driven r ound a curve of radius the pendulum passes through the mean position is
20 m without skidding is (g = 9.8 m/s2) (a) 3 m g (b) 4 m g
(a) 5 m/s (b) 7 m/s (c) 5 m g (d) 6 m g
(c) 10 m/s (d) 14 m/s
25. A particle is moving along a circular path with a uniform
18. A bucket tied at the end of a 1.6 m long string is whirled in speed. Through what angle does its angular velocity
a vertical circle with constant speed. What should be the change when it completes half of the circular path?
minimum speed so that the water from the bucket does not
(a) 0 (b) 45
spill when the bucket is at the highest position?
(c) 180 (d) 360
(a) 4 m/sec (b) 6.25 m/sec
(c) 16 m/sec (d) None of these
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9.(d) 10. (d) 11.(a)
12.(b) 13.(b) 14. (b) 15.(b) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b) 21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (c)
24. (a) 25. (a)
153
1. A player caught a cricket ball of mass 150 g moving at a rate 8. The upper half of an inclined plane of inclination q is
of 20 m/s. If the catching process is completed in 0.1s, the perfectly smooth while lower half is rough. A block
force of the blow exerted by the ball on the hand of the
player is equal to [CBSE PMT 2001] starting from rest at the top of the plane will again come to
(a) 150 N (b) 3 N rest at the bottom, if the coefficient of friction between the
(c) 30 N (d) 300 N block and lower half of the plane is given by
2. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of [NEET 2013]
inclination q. The whole system is accelerated horizontally
2
so that the block does not slip on the wedge. The force (a) m = (b) m = 2 tan q
exerted by the wedge on the block (g is acceleration due to tan q
gravity) will be [CBSE PMT 2004] 1
(a) mg/cos q (b) mg cos q (c) m = tan q (d) m =
tan q
(c) mg sin q (d) mg
9. Three blocks with masses m, 2 m and 3 m are connected
3. The coefficient of static friction, ms, between block A of
by strings as shown in the figure. After an upward force F
mass 2 kg and the table as shown in the figure is 0.2. What
would be the maximum mass value of block B so that the is applied on block m, the masses move upward at
two blocks do not move? The string and the pulley are constant speed v. What is the net force on the block of
assumed to be smooth and massless. (g = 10 m/s2) mass 2m?
[CBSE PMT 2004] (g is the acceleration due to gravity) [NEET 2013]
2 kg (a) 2 mg
A
(b) 3 mg
B (c) 6 mg
(a) 0.4 kg (b) 2.0 kg (d) zero
(c) 4.0 kg (d) 0.2 kg
4. A body under the action of a force
r 10. An explosion breaks a rock into three parts in a horizontal
F = 6 i 8 j+10 k,
acquires an acceleration of 1 m/s2. The
plane. Two of them go off at right angles to each other.
mass of this body must be [CBSE-PMT 2009]
(a) 10 kg (b) 20 kg The first part of mass 1 kg moves with a speed of 12 ms1
and the second part of mass 2 kg moves with speed 8 ms1.
(c) 10 2 kg (d) 2 10 kg
If the third part flies off with speed 4 ms1 then its mass is
5. A conveyor belt is moving at a constant speed of 2m/s. A box
is gently dropped on it. The coefficient of friction between [NEET 2013]
them is = 0.5. The distance that the box will move relative to (a) 5 kg (b) 7 kg
belt before coming to rest on it taking g = 10 ms2, is
(c) 17 kg (d) 3 kg
[CBSE-PMT 2011 M]
(a) 1.2 m (b) 0.6 m (c) zero (d) 0.4 m 11. If a body looses half of its velocity on penetrating 3 cm in a
wooden block, then how much will it penetrate more before
6. A body of mass M hits normally a rigid wall with velocity V
and bounces back with the same velocity. The impulse coming to rest? [AIEEE 2002]
experienced by the body is [CBSE-PMT 2011 S] (a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm
(a) MV (b) 1.5 MV (c) 2 MV (d) zero (c) 3 cm (d) 4 cm.
7. A person of mass 60 kg is inside a lift of mass 940 kg and 12. Speeds of two identical cars are u and 4u at a specific instant.
presses the button on control panel. The lift starts moving
upwards with an acceleration 1.0 m/s2. If g = 10 ms2, the The ratio of the respective distances in which the two cars
tension in the supporting cable is [CBSE-PMT 2011 M] are stopped from that instant is [AIEEE 2002]
(a) 8600 N (b) 9680 N (a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 11000 N (d) 1200 N (c) 1 : 8 (d) 1 : 16.
155
13. A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects 19. A horizontal force of 10 N is necessary to just hold a block
two blocks of masses m1 and m 2 (vertically). If the stationary against a wall. The coefficient of friction between
acceleration of the system is g/8, then the ratio of the masses the block and the wall is 0.2. The weight of the block is
is [AIEEE 2002] [AIEEE 2003]
(a) 8 : 1 (b) 9 : 7 (a) 2 N
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 3.
(b) 100 N
14. A spring balance is attached to the ceiling of a lift. A man
hangs his bag on the spring and the spring reads 49 N, (c) 50 N 10 N
when the lift is stationary. If the lift moves downward with
(d) 20 N
an acceleration of 5m / s 2 , the reading of the spring balance
will be [AIEEE 2003] 20. Two masses m1 = 5kg and m 2 = 4.8kg tied to a string are
(a) 24 N (b) 74 N hanging over a light frictionless pulley. What is the
(c) 15 N (d) 49 N acceleration of the masses when left free to move ?
15. Three forces start acting simultaneously on a particle moving ( g = 9 .8 m / s 2 ) [AIEEE 2004]
r
with velocity, v . These forces are represented in magnitude
(a) 5 m / s2
and direction by the three sides of a triangle ABC (as
shown). The particle will now move with velocity (b) 9.8 m / s 2
[AIEEE 2003]
(c) 0.2 m / s 2
C
(d) 4.8 m / s 2
F
(a) 2Mg (b) 2mg
F x F a 2 , x2
(c) (d)
2m a 2m x
q
30. The string between blocks of mass m and 2m is massless
2m and inextensible. The system is suspended by a massless
m m spring as shown. If the string is cut, find the magnitudes of
accelerations of mass 2m and m (immediately after cutting).
(a) 0 (b) 30 [IIT JEE 2006]
(c) 45 (d) 60 (a) g, g
27. An insect crawls up a hemispherical surface very slowly, g
(fig). The coefficient of friction between the insect and the (b) g,
2
surface is 1/3. If the line joining the center of the
hemispherical surface to the insect makes an angle a with g
the vertical, the max. possible value of a is given by (c) ,g
2 2m
[IIT JEE 2001 S]
g g
(d) , m
2 2
a 31. A block of base 10 cm 10 cm and height 15 cm is kept on an
inclined plane. The coefficient of friction between them is
3. The inclination q of this inclined plane from the
(a) cot a = 3 (b) sec a = 3 horizontal plane is gradually increased from 0. Then
(c) cosec a = 3 (d) None [IIT-JEE 2009]
157
(a) at q = 30, the block will start sliding down the plane slides along the track without toppling and a frictional force acts
(b) the block will remain at rest on the plane up to certain q on it in the direction opposite to the instantaneous velocity. The
and then it will topple work done in overcoming the friction up to the point Q, as shown
in the figure below, is 150 J.
(c) at q = 60, the block will start sliding down the plane
(Take the acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms-2)
and continue to do so at higher angles
y
(d) at q = 60, the block will start sliding down the plane
and on further increasing q, it will topple at certain q
32. A block of mass m is on an inclined plane of angle q. The R P
30
coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is m
and tan q > m. The block is held stationary by applying a
Q R
force P parallel to the plane. The direction of force pointing
up the plane is taken to be positive. As P is varied from
x
P1 = mg (sin q m cos q ) to P2 = mg(sin q + m cos q), the
O
frictional force f versus P graph will look like 33. The magnitude of the normal reaction that acts on the block
[IIT-JEE 2010] at the point Q is [JEE Adv. 2013]
(a) 7.5 N (b) 8.6 N
f (c) 11.5 N (d) 22.5 N
f 34. The speed of the block when it reaches the point Q is
[JEE Adv. 2013]
(a) (b) (a) 5 ms1 (b) 10 ms1
(c) 10 3 ms -1 (d) 20 ms1
35. A bob of mass m, suspended by a string of length l1, is
given a minimum velocity required to complete a full circle in
f f the vertical plane. At the highest point, it collides elastically
with another bob of mass m suspended by a string of length
l2, which is initially at rest. Both the strings are mass-less
(c) (d) and inextensible. If the second bob, after collision acquires
the minimum speed required to complete a full circle in the
l1
vertical plane, the ratio is [JEE Adv. 2013]
l2
Paragraphs for Questions 33 and 34 (a) 3 (b) 5
A small block of mass 1 kg is released from rest at the top of a (c) 6 (d) 8
rough track. The track is a circular arc of radius 40 m. The block
1. An object of mass 10 kg moves at a constant speed of 2. A solid sphere of 2 kg is suspended from a horizontal beam
10 ms1. A constant force, that acts for 4 sec on the object, by two supporting wires as shown in fig. Tension in each
gives it a speed of 2 ms1 in opposite direction. The force wire is approximately (g = 10 ms2)
acting on the object is (a) 30 N 30 30
(a) 3 N (b) 30 N
T T
(c) 3 N (d) 30 N (b) 20 N
(c) 10 N
(d) 5 N mg
158
3. A body of mass 4 kg moving on a horizontal surface with an 11. A constant force F = m2g/2 is applied on the block of mass
initial velocity of 6 ms1 comes to rest after 3 seconds. If m1 as shown in fig. The string and the pulley are light and
one wants to keep the body moving on the same surface the surface of the table is smooth. The acceleration of m1 is
with the velocity of 6 ms1, the force required is
(a) Zero (b) 4 N m1
(c) 8 N (d) 16 N F
4. A toy gun consists of a spring and a rubber dart of mass 16
g. When compressed by 4 cm and released, it projects the
dart to a height of 2 m. If compressed by 6 cm, the height m2
achieved is
(a) 3 m (b) 4 m m2g
(a) towards right
(c) 4.5 m (d) 6 m 2 (m1 + m 2 )
5. A player stops a football weighting 0.5 kg which comes m 2g
flying towards him with a velocity of 10m/s. If the impact (b) towards left
2 (m1 - m 2 )
lasts for 1/50th sec. and the ball bounces back with a
velocity of 15 m/s, then the average force involved is m 2g
(a) 250 N (b) 1250 N (c) towards right
2 (m 2 - m1 )
(c) 500 N (d) 625 N
6. A car travelling at a speed of 30 km/h is brought to a halt in m 2g
(d) towards left
4 m by applying brakes. If the same car is travelling at 60 km/h, 2 (m 2 - m1 )
it can be brought to halt with the same braking power in 12. Consider the system shown in fig. The pulley and the string
(a) 8 m (b) 16 m are light and all the surfaces are frictionless. The tension in
(c) 24 m (d) 32 m the string is (take g = 10 m/s2)
7. A uniform rope of length L resting on a frictionless horizontal
surface is pulled at one end by a force F. What is the tension
in the rope at a distance l from the end where the force is 1 kg
applied.
1 kg
(a) F (b) F (1 + l/L)
(c) F/2 (d) F (1 l/L) (a) 0 N (b) 1 N
8. A machine gun has a mass 5 kg. It fires 50 gram bullets at (c) 2 N (d) 5 N
the rate of 30 bullets per minute at a speed of 400 ms1. 13. The elevator shown in fig. is descending with an
What force is required to keep the gun in position? acceleration of 2 m/s2. The mass of the block A = 0.5 kg.
(a) 10 N (b) 5 N The force exerted by the block A on block B is
(c) 15 N (d) 30 N
9. A force time graph for the motion of a body is shown in Fig.
(a) 2 N
Change in linear momentum between 0 and 8s is
(c) 6 N A
1
0 x (d) 8 N
2 4 6 7 8 B
t (s)
14. Two blocks of masses 2 kg and 1 kg are placed on a smooth
2 horizontal table in contact with each other. A horizontal
force of 3 newton is applied on the first so that the block
moves with a constant acceleration. The force between the
(a) zero (b) 4 N-s blocks would be
(c) 8 Ns (d) None of these (a) 3 newton (b) 2 newton
10. Fig. shows a uniform rod of length 30 cm having a mass of
(c) 1 newton (d) zero
3.0 kg. The strings shown in the figure are pulled by
constant forces of 20 N and 32 N. All the surfaces are smooth 15. A cart of mass M has a block of mass m attached to it as
and the strings and pulleys are light. The force exerted by shown in fig. The coefficient of friction between the block
20 cm part of the rod on the 10 cm part is and the cart is m. What is the minimum acceleration of the
cart so that the block m does not fall?
10
cm 20 cm
(a) mg
(b) g/m M m
20 N 32 N
(c) m/g
(a) 20 N (b) 24 N
(c) 32 N (d) 52 N (d) M mg/m
159
16. A rocket has a mass of 100 kg. Ninety percent of this is fuel. A
It ejects fuel vapors at the rate of 1 kg/sec with a velocity of
500 m/sec relative to the rocket. It is supposed that the rocket 5 kg
is outside the gravitational field. The initial upthrust on the
rocket when it just starts moving upwards is
(a) zero (b) 500 newton 5 kg B
(c) 1000 newton (d) 2000 newton
17. A particle of mass m moving eastward with a speed v (a) 49 N (b) Zero
collides with another particle of the same mass moving (c) 36.75 N (d) 2.45 N
northward with the same speed v. The two particles 25. A 40 kg slab rests on frictionless floor as shown in fig. A 10
coalesce on collision. The new particle of mass 2m will move kg block rests on the top of the slab. The static coefficient
in the north-external direction with a velocity : of friction between the block and slab is 0.60 while the
(a) v/2 (b) 2v kinetic friction is 0.40. The 10 kg block is acted upon by a
horizontal force of 100 N. If g = 9.8 m/s2, the resulting
(c) v/ 2 (d) None of these
acceleration of the slab will be:
18. A spring is compressed between two toy carts of mass m 1
and m2. When the toy carts are released, the springs exert 100 N
equal and opposite average forces for the same time on
each toy cart. If v1 and v2 are the velocities of the toy carts
and there is no friction between the toy carts and the
ground, then : 40 kg
(a) v1/v2 = m1/m2 (b) v1/v2 = m2/m1 No friction
(c) v1/v2 = m2/m1 (d) v1/v2 = m1/m2
(a) 0.98 m/s2 (b) 1.47 m/s2
19. A man weighing 80 kg is standing on a trolley weighing 320
kg. The trolley is resting on frictionless horizontal rails. If (c) 1.52 m/s2 (d) 6.1 m/s2
the man starts walking on the trolley along the rails at a 26. Two blocks are connected over a massless pulley as shown in
speed of one metre per second, then after 4 seconds, his fig. The mass of block A is 10 kg and the coefficient of kinetic
displacement relative to the ground will be : friction is 0.2. Block A slides down the incline at constant
speed. The mass of block B in kg is:
(a) 5 metres (b) 4.8 metres
(c) 3.2 metres (d) 3.0 metres
20. Starting from rest, a body slides down a 45 inclined plane
in twice the time it takes to slide down the same distance in A
the absence of friction. The coefficient of friction between
the body and the inclined plane is: 30 B
(a) 0.33 (b) 0.25 (a) 3.5 (b) 3.3
(c) 0.75 (d) 0.80 (c) 3.0 (d) 2.5
21. A ball of mass 0.5 kg moving with a velocity of 2 m/sec 27. Two trolleys of mass m and 3m are connected by a spring.
strikes a wall normally and bounces back with the same They were compressed and released at once, they move off
speed. If the time of contact between the ball and the wall is in opposite direction and come to rest after covering a
one millisecond, the average force exerted by the wall on distance S1, S2 respectively. Assuming the coefficient of
the ball is : friction to be uniform, ratio of distances S1 : S2 is :
(a) 2000 newton (b) 1000 newton (a) 1 : 9 (b) 1 : 3
(c) 5000 newton (d) 125 newton (c) 3 : 1 (d) 9 : 1
28. A particle of mass 10 kg is moving in a straight line. If its
22. The mass of the lift is 100 kg which is hanging on the string.
The tension in the string, when the lift is moving with displacement, x with time t is given by x = (t3 2t 10) m,
constant velocity, is (g = 9.8 m/sec2) then the force acting on it at the end of 4 seconds is
(a) 24 N (b) 240 N
(a) 100 newton (b) 980 newton
(c) 300 N (d) 1200 N
(c) 1000 newton (d) None of these 29. A particle of mass m is moving with velocity v1, it is given
23. In the question , the tension in the strings, when the lift is an impulse such that the velocity becomes v2 . Then
accelerating up with an acceleration 1 m/sec2, is magnitude of impulse is equal to
(a) 100 newton (b) 980 newton r r r r
(a) m( v2 - v1 ) (b) m( v1 - v 2 )
(c) 1080 newton (d) 880 newton r r r r
24. A block of mass 5 kg resting on a horizontal surface is (c) m (v 2 - v1 ) (d) 0.5m(v 2 - v1 )
connected by a cord, passing over a light frictionless pulley 30. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 20 kg for 10 seconds.
to a hanging block of mass 5 kg. The coefficient of kinetic Change in its momentum is
friction between the block and the surface is 0.5. Tension in (a) 5 kg m/s (b) 100 kg m/s
the cord is : (g = 9.8 m/sec2) (c) 200 kg m/s (d) 1000 kg m/s
160
31. When forces F1, F2, F3 are acting on a particle of mass m
such that F2 and F3 are mutually perpendicular, then the
particle remains stationary. If the force F1 is now removed
then the acceleration of the particle is (a) (b)
v v
(a) F1/m (b) F2F3/mF1
(c) (F2 F3)/m (d) F2/m
32. One end of massless rope, which passes over a massless
and frictionless pulley P is tied to a hook C while the
other end is free. Maximum tension that the rope can
(c) (d) v
bear is 360 N. With what value of maximum safe v
acceleration (in ms 2 ) can a man of 60 kg moves
downwards on the rope? [Take g = 10 ms2] 38. A particle starts sliding down a frictionless inclined plane.
If Sn is the distance traveled by it from time t = n 1 sec to
P
t = n sec, the ratio Sn/Sn+1 is
C
2n - 1 2n + 1
(a) (b)
2n + 1 2n
(a) 16 (b) 6 2n 2n + 1
(c) 4 (d) 8 (c) (d)
2n + 1 2n - 1
33. Two mass m and 2m are attached with each other by a rope
passing over a frictionless and massless pulley. If the pulley 39. A block is kept on a inclined plane of inclination q of length l .
is accelerated upwards with an acceleration a, what is the The velocity of particle at the bottom of inclined is (the
value of T? coefficient of friction is m )
g+a g -a
(a) (b) (a) [2gl(m cos q - sin q)]1 / 2 (b) 2gl(sin q - m cos q)
3 3
F2
q
m = 1 kg
F1 m
m = 0.8
39
F1 + F2 sin q F1 cos q + F2
(a) (b)
(a) 6 N (b) 6.4 N mg + F2 cos q mg - F2 sin q
(c) 0.4 N (d) zero. F1 + F2 cos q F1 sin q - F2
59. A 1 kg block and a 0.5 kg block move together on a (c) (d)
mg + F2 sin q mg - F2 cos q
horizontal frictionless surface . Each block exerts a force of 64. A weight W rests on a rough horizontal plane. If the angle
6 N on the other. The block move with a uniform of friction be q , the least force that will move the body
acceleration of along the plane will be
(a) W cos q (b) W cot q
a
F 1 kg 0.5 kg (c) W tan q (d) W sin q
65. A trailer of mass 1000 kg is towed by means of a rope
attached to a car moving at a steady speed along a level
(a) 3 ms -2 (b) 6 ms -2 road. The tension in the rope is 400 N. The car starts to
accelerate steadily. If the tension in the rope is now 1650 N,
(c) 9 ms -2 (d) 12 ms -2 with what acceleration is the trailer moving ?
60. A body of mass 32 kg is suspended by a spring balance (a) 1.75 ms2 (b) 0.75 ms2
(c) 2.5 ms 2 (d) 1.25 ms2
from the roof of a vertically operating lift and going
downward from rest. At the instant the lift has covered 20 66. A rocket of mass 5000 kg is to be projected vertically upward.
The gases are exhausted vertically downwards with
m and 50 m, the spring balance showed 30 kg and 36 kg
velocity 1000 ms2 with respect to the rocket. What is the
respectively. Then the velocity of the lift is minimum rate of burning the fuel so as to just lift the rocket
(a) decreasing at 20 m, and increasing at 50 m upwards against gravitational attraction ?
(b) increasing at 20m and decreasing at 50 m (a) 49 kg s1 (b) 147 kg s1
(c) continuously decreasing at a steady rate throughout (c) 98 kg s1 (d) 196 kg s1
67. In the figure a smooth pulley of negligible weight is
the journey suspended by a spring balance. Weight of 1 kg f and
(d) constantly increasing at constant rate throughout the 5 kg f are attached to the opposite ends of a string passing
journey. over the pulley and move with acceleration because of
61. An object at rest in space suddenly explodes into three gravity, During their motion, the spring balance reads a
parts of same mass. The momentum of the two parts are weight of
position
position
Exercise 5.1 2. (b) When elevator goes up, then equation of motion is
R mg = ma R = m(g+a) i.e.,
1. (c) When the swimmer push some water in backward apparent weight > real weight
direction, then he get some momentum in forward
When elevator goes down, then equation of motion is
direction from water & starts to swim. This is according
mg R = ma R = m(ga) i.e.,
to Newton third Law. (action-reaction force)
2. (d) Newton first law of motion is also called law of inertia as apparent weight < real weight
it defines inertia. 3. (d) An inertial frame of reference is one in which law of
3. (c) The body will continue accelerating until the resultant inertia holds good i.e. Newtons laws of motion are
force acting on the body becomes zero. applicable equally. If earth is revolving around the sun
4. (b) See Newtons first law of motion according to which or earth is rotating about its axis, then forces are acting
the tendency of a body to continue in its state of rest or on the earth and hence there will be acceleration of earth
of uniform motion in a straight line, is called law of inertia. due to these forces. That is why earth can not be an
5. (c) He can come at shore by making use of Newtons third inertial frame of reference.
law. In this case man push the ice backward & ice reacts 4. (c) When an elevator cabin falls down, it is accelerated down
back to the man in forward direction due to friction
with respect to earth i.e. man standing on earth.
between ice & man. If friction is very small between him
5. (d) The observations will be true if both the frames are inertial
& the ice, then he come out from this pond only by
or non inertial.
taking very small steps.
6. (c) The gun applied a force F12 on the bullet in forward 6. (d) In this case
direction & according to Newtons third law bullet applies R = mg a = 0
a reaction force on gun F21 in backward direction. But So elevator may at rest or in uniform motion (either up or
the recoil speed of gun is very low in comparison to down)
bullet due to large mass. 7. (c) R = apparent weight = m(ga)
dp 8. (d) R = apparent weight = m(g+a)
7. (b) F =
dt 9. (b) By spitting or sneezing we get a momentum in opposite
9. (b) When jet plane flies, it ejects gases in back ward direction direction which will help us in getting off the plane. In all
at very high velocity. From Newtons third law, these other cases we will slip on ice as there is no friction.
gases provides the momentum to jet plane in forward
10. (b) R Fsinq
direction plus compensates the force of gravity. R F pulling
pushing Block
10. (c) From Newtons second law if SFi = 0 then the body is f Block q Fcosq
W
in translational equilibrium. Here f = mR=mW f
Pushing W
Here f = m(W-Fsinq)
Exercise 5.2 Pulling
1. (a) When tension in the cable is equal to the weight of Since we required less force in pulling in comparison of
cable, the system is in equilibrium. It means the system pushing it. Hence pulling is easier then pushing.
is at rest or moving with uniform velocity.
168
Exercise 5.3 R
outside
therefore mg sin q + m mg cos q
= 2(mg sin q m mg cos q)
mv 2
mg sin q = 3 m mg cos q N sin q = ...................(ii)
r
or tan q = 3m or q = tan1 (3m)
v2
4. (c) ms > mk > mr & tan q = ....................(iii)
rg
169
Where q is angle of banking of rail track, N is normal G
reaction exerted by rail track on rail. N1 N2
It is clear from the equation (i) & (ii) that N cosq balance B h
f1
the weight of the train & N sinq provide the necessary A
inner wheel f2 mg outer wheel
centripetal force to turn. of car of car
If width of track is l (OB) & h (AB) be height of outside
2a
of track from the inside, then
h v2 v2l gra
tan q = = or h = .................(iv) v max =
l rg rg h
So it is clear from the above analysis that if we increase where r is radius of the path followed by car for turn & 2a
the height of track from inside by h metre then resultant is distance between two wheels of car (i.e., AB)
force on rail is provided by railway track & whose r r r r
6. (b) p B - p A = m(v B - v A ) = mv (j + j)
direction is inwards.
2. (b) It means that car which is moving on a horizontal road & = 2m v j = 2 kg m/s ....(i)
the necessary centripetal force, which is provided by
friction (between car & road) is not sufficient. r r m v2 m v2
If m is friction between car and road, then max speed of FB - FA = (- i) - ( + i)
R R
safely turn on horizontal road is determined from figure.
2 m v2
= (- i) = 8 N .....(ii)
R
N
v
car of Divide (ii) by (i), = = 4 rad/s.
f mass m R
mg 7. (b) Due to centrifugal force, the inner wheel will be left up
when car is taking a circular turn. Due to this, the reaction
on outer wheel is more than that on inner wheel.
8. (a) Here, u = 10 3 m/s, t = ? ; q = 30
N = mg ...(i)
At t = 0, the vertical component of velocity is zero,
mv 2 hence horizontal component of velocity at t = 0 is 103 m/
f= ...(ii) sec
r
At time t, v sin 30 = 0 +gt & v cos 30 =103
Where f is frictional force between road & car, N is the
normal reaction exerted by road on the car. We know gt
or tan q =
that v
f = m s N = m s mg ......(iii)
\ gt = u tan q = 10 3 tan 30 = 10
where ms is static friction
t = 10/g = 10/10 = 1 sec.
so from eq (ii) & (iii) we have
mv 2 tower
t=0 sec
m s mg v 2 m s rg or v m s rg
r 103
u=0 \ T = 2p 4 = 4 sec
9.8
P rh
r v 2
v 2 72 1000
q h 20. (b) tan q = = / 20 10 = 2
rg 3600
O g 1
21. (a) Since kinetic energy K = mv 2 = as 2 (given)
2
Velocity at P, v = 2 g ( r - h ) (Q v 2 - u 2 = 2gx )
mv2 2as 2
Centripetal acceleration will be v2/r. It should be equal so centripetal force FC = =
R R
to the component of g along PO. Hence
22. (d) tan q = v2 / rg, tan q = H / 1.5, r = 200 m, b = 1.5 m
v2 2g ( r - h ) h v = 36 km/hour = 36 (5/18) = 10 m/s.
= g cos q or = g Putting these values, we get H = 0.075 m.
r r r
23. (c) The tension T1 at the topmost point is given by
2r
Solving we get, h = m v12
3 T1 = - mg
20
14. (b) Let particle of mass m move in circle of radius r with Centrifugal force acting outward while weight acting
uniform speed v. Then L is defined as downward.
1 L2 m v 22
L = mvr or mv 2 = The tension T2 at the lowest point T2 = + mg
2 2mr 2 20
Centrifugal force and weight (both) acting downward
v
m v 22 - m v12
T2 - T1 = + 2mg
20
r
v12 = v 22 - 2 g h or v 22 - v12 = 2 g ( 40) = 80 g
80 m g
15. (b) Centripetal acceleration = v2/r. It is perpendicular to the \ T2 - T1 = + 2mg = 6mg
20
increase in speed a which is tangential.
24. (a) The velocity at the lowest point is given by v = ( 2 g r )
2 2
\ Resultant acceleration =
v 2
+ a ( ) m v2
r Further, T - mg = (at lowest point)
r
16. (b) Thrust = weight centripetal force
m v2 m (2 g r)
2
\ T = mg + = mg +
17. (b) m mg = m v / r or v = m g r r r
=m g+2mg=3mg
or v = ( 0 .25 9 .8 20 ) = 7 m / s
171
25. (a) There is no change in the angular velocity, when speed 5. (d) Frictional force on the box f = mmg
is constant.
\ Acceleration in the box
Exercise 1 : NCERT Based Questions
a = mg = 5 ms2
1. Object with smaller mass. v2 = u2 + 2as
2. At the pole
0 = 22 + 2 (5) s
3. Yes
4. To help in providing centripetal force needed for motion of 2
s= w.r.t. belt
vehicles on the curved road. 5
5. 10 kg-wt. distance = 0.4 m
6. As the dynamic friction is less than the force of limiting 6. (c) Impulse experienced by the body
friction.
= change in momentum
7. 30.
16. 3.2 m/s2 = MV (MV)
17. 0.99 m/s zero = 2MV.
18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 7. (c) a=1
24. (a) 25. (a)
Exercise 2 : PAST Competition MCQs
mg T = 1000 11 = 11000 N
or N =
cos q 8. (b)
m
ac
os S/2
h
q N oot S/2 sin q
ma Sm
q
sq q S/2
g co
m m ugh S/2 sin q
q
cos mg g
sin Ro
ma q
q
For upper half of inclined plane
3. (a) mBg = ms mAg {Q mAg = ms mAg}
v2 = u2 + 2a S/2 = 2 (g sin q) S/2 = gS sin q
mB = ms mA
For lower half of inclined plane
or mB = 0.2 2 = 0.4 kg
r 0 = u2 + 2 g (sin q m cos q) S/2
4. (c) F = 6 i 8 j+10 k,
v
9. (d) = 0, initial velocity =
2
F T T'
m v
2
mg v v2
mg Again, (0)2 = 2. .s; or s = 1cm
m 2m 3m 2 8
2m
T T' T"
2mg So the extra penetration will be 1 cm.
mg 2mg 3mg
3m 12. (d) Use u2 = 2as. a is same for both cases.
s1 = u2/2a ; s2 = 16u2/2a = 16s1 s1 : s2 = 1 : 16.
6 mg m1 - m 2 1 m - m2
13. (b) a = g ; = 1
m1 + m 2 8 m1 + m 2
From figure m1 : m2 = 9 : 7.
F = 6 mg,
As speed is constant, acceleration a = 0 14. (a) 49
Mass = = 5 kg
\ 6 mg = 6ma = 0, F = 6 mg 9.8
\ T = 5 mg , T = 3 mg When lift is moving downward
T = 0
Apparent weight = 5(9.8 5) = 5 4.8 = 24 N
Fnet on block of mass 2 m
15. (d) According to triangle law of forces, the resultant force
= T T' 2 mg = 0
is zero.
ALTERNATE :
In presence of zero external force, there is no change in
Q v = constant
so, a = 0, Hence, Fnet = ma = 0 velocity.
6
10. (a) 16. (a) a = mg = [using v = u + at]
y 10
2 kg m2
8 m/sec 6 6
Presultant m= = = 0.06
10 g 10 10
12 m/sec
m1 17. (a) Thrust = Mass Acceleration
c x
/se 1 kg = 3.5 104 10 = 3.5 105 N
4m
3
m 18. (d) Since both springs are very light i.e., mass less. Hence
tension T is same in both spring & it is equal to Mg.
||
Presultant = 122 + 162
||
= 144 + 256 = 20
m3v3 = 20 (momentum of third part) T srping 1
20 ||
or, m3 = = 5 kg
4
|| ||
11. (a) Let the initial velocity of the body be v. Hence the final T srping 2
velocity = v/2
v
2 Mg
2 2
Applying v = u 2as = v2 2.a.3
2 19. (a) mg = mF = 0.2 10 = 2N
a = v2/8
173
26. (c) If T is the tension in the string , Then
m1 - m 2
20. (c) Acceleration = g T = mg (For outer masses)
m + m 1 2
2T cos q = 2mg (For inner mass)
( 5 - 4 . 8) 9 .8 2
= m / s 2 = 0. 2 m / s Eliminating T, we get
( 5 + 4 . 8)
2(mg) cos q = 2mg
fs
or cos q = 1/ 2 q = 45
N
27. (a) From F.B.D of insect
21. (c)
mg f = mg sin a m k R
For max, value of a
fmax= mkR = mg sin a & R = mg cos a
mg sinq = fs ( for body to be at rest)
1
m 10 sin 30 = 10 cot a = =3 (Q m k = 1 / 3)
mk
m = 2.0 kg
2s 2s mkR R a
22. (a) We have =n
g(sin q - m cos q) gsin q
mg mgsina
cosa
mg
2s 2s n 2
=
g (sin q - m cos q) g sin q Alternatively :
As is clear from Fig.
1
here q = 45 = n 2 or m = (1 - 1/ n 2 ) F = mg sin a, R = mg cos a
1-m
F
23. (a) mg sin q = ma = tan a i.e. m = tan a = 1
R 3
\ a = g sin q
where a is along the inclined plane \ cot a = 3
\ vertical component of acceleration is g sin2 q 28. (d) Balancing vertical forces, we have
\ relative vertical acceleration of A with respect to B is N = Fsin 60 + mg
g
g (sin 2 60 - sin 2 30] = = 4.9 m/s2 For the block not to move, we must have
2
in vertical direction Fcos 60 = mN
24. (c) As their period of revolution is same, so it their angualr
i.e., Fcos 60 = m(Fsin 60 + mg)
speed. Centripetal acceleration is circular path,
a = w2 r . 1 1 3
F = F + (2 3)(10)N
a1 w 2 r1 r1 2 2 3 2
Thus, = =
a2 w 2 r2 r2
1 1
25. (d) The force on the pulley by the clamp will balance the or F - = 10N
resultant of the tension forces acting on the pulley 2 4
(= mg) and the weight of the pulley and block or F = 4 10N = 40N
[= (M + m)g]. Hence force on the pulley by the clamp 29. (b) The acceleration of mass m is due to the force T cos q
= [{(M + m)g}2 + M 2g 2 ] \ T cos q = ma
T cos q
= [(M + m)2 + M 2 ]g a=
m
174
F
T T N
f
O 15 c
m
Also, F = 2T sin q a q
cm
a 10
T sin q T sin q P
F M
T= q T cos q w
2 sin q
x x
From (i) and (ii) q
F cos q F F x In DPOM,
a = = =
2sin q m 2m tan q 2m PM 5cm 2
a - x2
2
q = tan q = = =
OM 7.5cm 3
For this, q < 60. From this we can conclude that the
a2 - x2 block will topple at lesser angle of inclination. Thus
Q tan q =
x the block will remain at rest on the plane up to a certain
anlgle q and then it will topple.
30. (c) By equilibrium of mass m, 32. (a) As tan q > m, the block has a tendency to move down
T' = mg ....(i) the incline. Therfore a force P is applied upwards along
By equilibrium of mass 2m, the incline.
Here, at equilibrium P + f = mg sin q
T = 2mg T' ....(ii)
f = mg sin q - P
From (i) & (ii),
T = 2mg mg = mg ....(iii) N
f
P q
mg sin q mg cos q
mg
T T
2m 2m q
2mg
T' 2mg
T' Now as P increases, f decreases linearly with respect
m m to P.
When P = mg sin q, f = 0.
mg mg When P is increased further, the block has a
Situation 1 Situation 2 tendency to move upwards along the incline.
When the string is cut :
N
For mass m :
Fnet = mam mg = ma m a m = g
P q
For mass 2m : mg cos q
mg sin q f
Fnet = 2ma2m 2mg - T = 2ma 2m
mg
g q
2 mg - mg = 2 ma 2m a 2 m =
2
31. (b) For the block to slide, the angle of inclination should Therefore the frictional force acts downwards along
be equal to the angle of repose, i.e., the incline.
Here, at equilibrium P = f + mg sin q
tan -1 m = tan -1 3 = 60. Therefore, option (a) is
\ f = P mg sin q
wrong.
For the block to topple, the condition of the block will Now as P increases, f increases linearly w.r.t P.
be as shown in the figure. This is represented by graph (a) .
175
1 2
33. (c) in P.E. of the dart ( = mgh) i.e. kx = mgh
2
30 1
\ k ( 4 ) 2 = 16 g 200 ....(i)
40 sin 30 2
40m 1
and k (6) 2 = 16 g h ...(ii)
2
N On solving, (i) and (ii), we get h = 450 cm = 4.5 m.
5. (d) Here m = 0.5 kg ; u = 10 m/s ;
mg sin 60 t = 1/50 s ; v = + 15 ms1
v Force = m (v u)/t = 0.5 (10 + 15) 50 = 625 N
60
6. (b) As, (1/2)m v2 = Fs
mg cos 60 mg
1 1
So m (30) 2 = F 4 and m ( 60 ) 2 = F s
2 2
mv2 \ s/4 = (60)2 / (30)2 = 4 or s = 4 4 = 16 m.
N mg cos 60 =
r 7. (d) Let n be the mass per unit length of rope. Therefore,
mass of rope = nL.
mv2 Acceleration in the rope due to force F will be
\ N = mg cos 60 + ...(1) a = F/nL.
r
Mass of rope of length (L l) will be n (L l).
Loss in P.E. = mg 40 sin 30 = 200 J
Therefore, tension in the rope of length (L l), is equal
Work done in over coming friction = 150 J
to pulling force on it
\ K.E. possessed by the particle = 50 J = n (L l) a = n (L l) F/nL = F (1 l/L)
1 change in momentum
\ mv 2 = 50J 8. (a) Force required =
2 time taken
\ mv2 = 100 J ...(2)
(50 10 -3 30) 400 - (5 0)
1 100 = = 10 N
From (1) and (2), N = 1 10 + = 5 + 2.5 = 7.5 N 60
2 40 9. (a) Change in momentum = Force time = Area which the
(a) is the correct option. force-time curve encloses with time axis.
34. (a) From (2), mv2 = 100
10. (b) 10cm 20cm
\ v = 10 ms1 20N(F1) F F 32N(F2)
(b) is the correct option. l1 l2
35. (b) Velocity at the highest point of bob tied to string l1 is L
acquired by the bob tied to string l2 due to elastic It is clear F2 > F1, so rod moves in right direction with
head-on collision of equal masses an acceleration a, whereas a is given by
Therefore gl1 = 5gl 2 (F2F1)= mLa................(i)
l where m is mass of rod per unit length.
\ 1 =5
l2 Now consider the motion of length l1 from first end,
then
Exercise 3 : Conceptual & Applied MCQs F F1 = ml1a..................(ii)
1. (b) Here u = 10 ms1, v = 2 ms1, Dividing eq (ii) by (i), we get
F - F1 l
t = 4 s, a = ? = 1 or F = (F - F ) l1 + F
F2 - F1 L 2 1
L
1
v - u - 2 - 10
Using a = = = -3 m / s 2 here l1 = 10 cm., L = 30 cm., F1 = 20 N, F2 = 32N
t 4
so F = 24 N
\ Force, F = ma = 10(3) = 30 N
2. (b) 2 T cos 60 = mg 11. (a) Let a be the acceleration of mass m 2 in the downward
direction. Then
or T = mg = 210 = 20 N.
T m2 (g/2) = m1 a ....(i)
3. (c) Acceleration, a = v - u = 0 - 6 = -2 ms -2 and m2 g T = m2 a ....(ii)
t 3 Adding eqs. (1) and (2), we get
Force = ma = 42 = 8 N (m1 + m2) a = m2g m2 (g/2) = m2 g/2
4. (c) If k is the spring factor, then P.E. of the spring
m2 g
\a=
compressed by distance x = kx 2 will equal to gain
1 2 (m 1 + m 2 )
2
176
12. (d) See fig. 18. (c) Applying law of conservation of linear momentum
T m1 v v m
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0, = - 2 or 1 = - 2
T m2 v1 v2 m1
1 kg
T 19. (c) Displacement of the man on the trolley
1 kg = 1 4 = 4m
Now applying conservation of linear momentum
From figure, 1 g T = 1 a ...(i)
and T = 1 a ....(ii) 1
80 1 + 400 v = 0 or v = - m/sec.
From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 5
1g 1a = 1a or 2a = g The distance travelled by the trolley
\ a = (g/2) = (10/2) = 5 m/s2 = 0.2 4 = 0.8 m.
So, T = ma = 1 5 = 5 N (In opposite direction to the man.)
13. (b) R = mg ma = 0.5 10 0.5 2 = 5 1 = 4 N Thus, the relative displacement of the man with the
14. (c) See fig. Let F be the force between the blocks and a their ground = (4 0.8) = 3.2 m.
common acceleration. Then for 2 kg block, 20. (c) In presence of friction a = (g sinq mg cos q)
\ Time taken to slide down the plane
3N 2 kg
1 kg 2s 2s
F t1 = =
F a g (sin q - m cos q)
3F=2a ...(1)
2s
for 1 kg block, F = 1 a = a ....(2) In absence of friction t 2 =
g sin q
\ 3 F = 2 F or 3 F = 3 or F = 1 newton
15. (b) See fig. Given : t 1 = 2 t 2
mN 2s 2s 4
\ t12 = 4t 22 or =
g (sin q - m cos q) g sin q
ma N sin q = 4 sinq 4m cos q
3 3
mg m= tan q = = 0.75 (since q = 45)
4 4
100 N
10 kg F2
mk 10 g m
40 kg F1
a a
N mg
T
A mN T a mg - T = ma
30
g sin B
10 60 10 - 360
10g cos30 =a
60
mBg
10g
a = 4 ms-2
10 33. (c) The equations of motion are
\ 10 a = g - T - m 10 g cos 30
2 2 mg T = 2ma
but a = 0, T = mBg T mg = ma T = 4ma & a = g/3 so T = 4mg/3
0 .2 3 If pulley is accelerated upwards with an accleration a,
0 = 5g - m B g - 10 g then tension in string is
2
mB = 3.268 3.3 kg 4m
T= (g + a )
v1 3
27. (d) mv1 + 3mv2 = 0 or = -3
v2 4
34. (b) Mass of over hanging chain m = (0.6) kg
2
1
Now mv 12 = F. S1 = m. mg . S1 Let at the surface PE = 0
2
C.M. of hanging part = 0.3 m below the table
1 4
(3m ) v 22 = F. S 2 = m. 3 mg . S 2 U i = - m gx = - 0.6 10 0.30
2 2
S1 v12 9 DU = m 'gx = 3.6J = Work done in putting the entire
or = =
S 2 v 22 1 chain on the table
28. (b) m = 10 kg, x = (t3 2t 10) m 35. (a) Let acceleration of lift = a and
let reaction at spring balance = R
dx d 2x R
= n = 3t 2 - 2 = a = 6t
dt dt 2
At the end of 4 seconds, a = 6 4 = 24 m/s2
F = ma = 10 24 = 240 N
r r
29. (a) Impulse = change in momentum = m v 2 - m v1
30. (b) Change in momentum = F t mg
= 10 10 = 100 Ns or 100 kg. m/s Applying Newtons law
178
T2 = m(g - a ) = 0.1(10 - 5) = 0.5N This must be equal to the momentum of the third part.
T1 - T2 = (1.5 - 0.5) N = 1N
s 30
48. (b) According to law of conservation of momentum, 62. (c) co
ma
100v = -
10
10 800 30 60
1000 30 ma (pseudo force)
sin
ie, v = 0.8 ms1. mg M a
-1
49. (d) Angle of friction = tan 30 90
T3
a=
m1 + m 2 + m3
(m1 + m 2 )T3
or, T2 =
mg 2mg m1 + m 2 + m3
(a)
Given m1 = 10 kg, m2 = 6 kg, m3 = 4 kg, T3 = 40 N
Adding (1) and (2), we get 87. (a) If m1, m2 are masses and u1, u2 are velocity then by
conservation of momentum m 1 u1 + m 2 u2 = 0 or
mg = 3ma
| m1u1 | = | m2 u 2 |
g 88. (d) Apparent weight when mass is falling down is given
\a=
3 by W ' = m(g - a)
For fig (b),
\ W ' = 1 (10 - 10) = 0
89. (a) Velocity of ball after dropping it from a height of
5m
10 m/sec 20 m/sec
a T T a
(using v2 = u2 + 2gh)
F = 2mg v2 = 0 + 2 10 5 v = 10 m/s
mg Velocity gained by ball by force exerted by bat
(b)
0 = u2 2gh
u2 = 2 10 20 or u = 20 m/s
T '- mg = ma ' (3)
Change in momentum = m(u + v)
182
= 0.4 (20 + 10) = 12 kg m/s For sliding the block
T f = force on the block = mass acceleration
DP DP
F= or Dt = T-f
Dt F or acceleration of block = . Put T from (i)
m
12
Dt = = 0.12sec F
100 -f
\ Acceleration = 2
90. (d) F1 = Force of friction between B and A m
= m1m1g
= 0.25 100 g = 25 g newton g sin q - mg cos q
94. (b)
F2 = Force of friction between (A + B) and surface d q
n
= m2 m 2 g = m2 (mass of A and B) g g si d
45 45
1 300 smooth rough
= (100 + 200)g = g = 100g newton
3 3
When surface is When surface is
\ F = F1 + F2 smooth rough
= 25 g + 100 g = 25g = 125 10 N
\ F = 1250 N 1 1 2
d= (g sin q)t 12 , d = (g sin q - mg cos q) t 2
91. (b) The rain drops falling vertically with velocity u do not 2 2
affect the momentum along the horizontal track. A
vector has no component in a perpendicular direction 2d 2d
t1 = , t2 =
Rain drops add to the mass of the car g sin q g sin q - mg cos q
Mass added in t sec = (mt) kg
Momentum is conserved along horizontal track. According to question, t 2 = nt1
Initial mass of car = M
Initial velocity of car = v0 2d 2d
n =
Final velocity of (car + water) = v g sin q g sin q - mg cos q
Mass of (car + water) after time t = (M + mt)
m , applicable here, is coefficient of kinetic friction as
\ final momentum = initial momentum
the block moves over the inclined plane.
(M + mt)v = Mv0
1 1
Mv 0 n= Q cos 45 = sin 45 =
\ v= 1- mk 2
(M + mt)
92. (d) Let v1 = velocity when height of free fall is h 1 1 1
v2 = velocity when height of free rise is h2 n2 = or 1 - mk =
1- mk n2
\ v12 2
= u + 2gh1 for free fall
or 1
or m k = 1-
For free rise after impact on ground n2
95. (d) Acceleration of block while sliding down upper half =
0 = v22 - 2gh 2 or v 22 = 2gh 2
Initial momentum = mv1 g sin f ;
Final momentum = mv2 retardation of block while sliding down lower half =
\ Change in momentum = m(v1 v2) (g sin f - mg cos f)
= m( 2gh 2 - gh 2 ) For the block to come to rest at the bottom, acceleration
93. (b) T = tension is the string in I half = retardation in II half.
\ Applied force F = 2T g sin f = -(g sin f - mg cos f)
T = F/2 (i)
m = 2 tan f
Alternative method : According to work-energy
T
theorem, W = DK = 0
T T F (Since initial and final speeds are zero)
f m
\ Work done by friction + Work done by gravity
For block of mass m, force of friction due to surface f. =0
183
101. (a) Momentum, p = m v
l
i.e., -( mg cos f) + mgl sin f = 0 = (3.513) (5.00) = 17.565 kg m/s
2
= 17.6 (Rounding off to get three significant figures)
PASSAGE 1
or cos f = sin f or = 2 tan f
2 102. (b) Sincefs is always less than or equal to msN, its maximum
96. (c) Mass (m) = 0.3 kg F = m.a = 15 x possible value is
fs max = msN = msmg.
15 -150 (The normal force must equal the crates weight,
a= x= x = - 50 x
0.3 3 because the vertical forces cancel.)
a = 50 0.2 = 10 m / s 2
N
97. (c) From free body diagram, Fpush
f
ma
g cos
N
a a W = mg
a a
mg cosa The crate starts to move when the push force barely
+ ma sina mg mg sin a
exceeds.fs max. This happens when
For block to remain stationary, Fpush 400 N. So, 400N fs Max = msmg
mg sin a = ma cos a a = g tan a = ms(100 kg)(10 m /s2) = ms(1000N).
Therefore, ms 0.40.
98. (a) v 2 - u 2 = 2as or 02 - u 2 = 2(-mk g) s 103. (d) If fs were bigger than Fpush, the crate would accelerate
leftward, because it would feel a net leftward force.
1 Therefore (c) is wrong.
- 100 2 = 2 - 10 s
2 Many students choose C because they calculate fs =
s = 1000 m msmg = 400 N. But thats the maximum possible force
99. (b) This is a standard formula and should be memorized. of static friction. Static friction adjusts itself,
becoming bigger or smaller as needed in order to
g sin q cancel the push force. When the push force is only 50
a=
I N, static friction reduces itself to 50 N. Thats why we
1+
MR 2 write is fs ms N instead of f s = ms N
100. (d) Writing free body-diagrams for m & M, 104. (b) First, use a kinematic equation to find the crates
acceleration during a particular trial. Then, apply
M Newtons 2nd law, Fnet = ma. This reasoning works no
m
k matter which trial you consider. Here, well use trial
F
1 2
N N 1.Since x = n0 t + at , and since the crate begins
a 2
T T M 1 2
m F with no velocity, we get x= at or
2
mg Mg 1
1.0m = a(1.0s)2
2
we get,
T = ma and F T = Ma and hence, a = 2.0 m/s2 . Thats the horizontal
acceleration.
where T is force due to spring
Since the crate only moves horizontally, the vertical
F ma = Ma
forces cancel, and therefore N = mg (as above).
or, F = Ma + ma
Therefore, the frictional force has magnitude
F
\ a= . f k = m k N = mk mg = m k (100kg )(10m / s2 )
M+m
Now, force acting on the block of mass m is = mk (1000N)
Newtons 2nd law, applied to the horizontal component
F = mF of the forces, gives us
ma = m .
M + m m + M
184