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Fuel :
A fuel is defined as a substance (containing mostly carbon and
hydrogen) which on burning with oxygen in atmospheric air, produces a
large amount of heat.
The amount of heat generated is known as calorific value of the
fuel.
Classification of Fuels :
6) Coal gas
7) Blast Furnace gas
8) Coke oven gas
9) Oil gas
i) Ultimate analysis.
ii) Proximate analysis.
This analysis is important for large scale trials i.e. boiler trial.
Sr.
No Ultimate analysis Proximate analysis
Ultimate analysis is coal is Proximate analysis is coal is
complete breakdown of coal into complete breakdown of coal into physical
01 chemical constituents constituents
This analysis gives percentage of This analysis gives percentage of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, Sulpher and moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and
02 ash. ash.
Disadvantages :
1) Cost of liquid fuel is high.
2) The storage tank specially designed.
3) It has higher cost.
4) Danger of explosion.
5) Liquid fuels mostly we import from other countries. So we depends
on other countries.
Disadvantages :
1) They are readily inflammable.
2) They require large storage capacity.
3) The cost of gaseous fuel are more.
Disadvantages :
1. Rate of combustion of solid fuel cant be easily controlled.
2. Large amount of heat is wasted.
3. The ash content of solid fuel is very high.
4. The cost of handling of solid fuel is high.
5. After burning it produce large quantity of smoke.
Bomb Calorimeter :
It is a apparatus used for finding the higher calorific value of solid
and liquid fuels. In this calorimeter, as shown in Fig. the fuel is burnt at a
constant volume and under a high pressure in a closed vessel called bomb.
Construction :
The bomb is made mainly of acid-resisting stainless steel, machined
from the solid metal, which is capable of withstanding high pressure (up to
100 bar), heat and corrosion. The cover or head of the bomb carries the
oxygen valve for admitting oxygen and a release valve for exhaust gases.
A cradle or carrier ring, carried by the ignition rods, supports and Silica
crucible, which in turn holds the sample of fuel under test. There is an
ignition wire of Tungston, Platinum or Chrome which dips into the crucible.
It is connected to a battery, kept outside, and can be sufficiently heated by
passing current through it so as to ignite the fuel.
The bomb is completely immersed in a measured quantity of water.
The heat, liberated by the combustion of fuel, is absorbed by this water,
the bomb and copper vessel. The rise in the temperature of water is
measured by a precise thermometer, known as Beckmann thermometer
which reads up to 0.01o C.
Procedure :
A carefully weighed sample of the fuel (usually one gram or so) is
placed in the crucible. Pure oxygen is then admitted through the oxygen
valve, till pressure inside the bomb rises to 30 atmosphere. The bomb is
then completely submerged in a known quantity of water contained in a
large copper vessel. This vessel is placed within a large insulated copper
vessel shown in the figure to reduce loss of heat by radiation. When the
bomb and its contents have reached steady temperature (this temperature
being noted), fuse wire is heated up electrically. The fuel ignites, and
continues to burn till whole of it is burnt. The heat released during
combustion is absorbed by the surrounding water and the apparatus itself.
The rise in temperature of water is noted.
Let;
Mass of the carbon = C kg
Mass of the hydrogen = H2
Mass of sulphur = S kg
we know that 1 kg of carbon requires 8/3 kg of oxygen for its complete
combustion similarly; 1 kg of hydrogen requires 8 kg of oxygen and 1 kg
of sulphur requires 1 kg of oxygen for its complete combustion
Total oxygen required for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel.
= 8 C + 8 H2 + 5 kg -------------------1
3
If some oxygen (say O2 kg) is already present in the fuel, then total
oxygen for complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel.
= 8 C + 8 H2 + S - O2 kg -------------------2
3
Normally oxygen has to be obtained from atmospheric air which mainly
consist of nitrogen & oxygen along with of rare gases like argon, neon and
krypton etc. But for all calculations.
and
23
= 100 8 C + 8 H2 + S - O2 Kg.
23 3
Total Mass of air supplied = Mass of necessary air + Mass of excess air.
R.K.Yadav/Automobile Engg Dept/New Polytechnic Kolhapur. Page 10
CH. 6 FUELS AND COMBUSTION / 16 Marks HPE/17407/AE4G
IMPORTANT FORMULAES :
Soln : Given
Composition of coal on mass basis.
Carbon (C) = 0.82
Hydrogen (H2) = 0.08
Sulphur (S) = 0.02
Oxygen (O2) = 0.04
Ash = 0.04
Soln : Given
Composition of coal by mass.
Carbon (C) = 0.76
Hydrogen (H2) = 0.05
Oxygen (O2) = 0.085
Nitrogen (N2) = 0.02
Sulphur (S) = 0.015
Ash = 0.07
Now
We know Dulongs formula.
1) H.C.V. of Coal = 33800 C +144000 (H2 - O2/8) + 9270 S KJ/Kg.
Soln : Given
Composition of coal by mass.
Carbon (C) = 0.75
Hydrogen (H2) = 0.06
Oxygen (O2) = 0.08
Nitrogen (N2) = 0.025
Sulphur (S) = 0.015
Ash = 0.07
Soln : Given
Composition of coal by mass.
Carbon (C) = 0.60
Hydrogen (H2) = 0.10
Data:
Carbon = C = 80% = 0.8
Hydrogen = H2 = 5% = 0.05
Oxygen = O2 = 6% = 0.06
Nitrogen = N = 2.5% = 0.025
Sulphur = S =1.5% = 0.015
Ash = 5% = 0.05
Dulongs formula:
TYPE 2 :
Ex.1 The following is the percentage composition of a sample of coal on
mass basis.
C = 85, H2 = 4, O2 = 10 and remaining is ash find minimum mass of
air required for complete combustion of 1 Kg. of coal.
Soln : Given
Composition of coal on mass basis.
Carbon (C) = 0.85
Hydrogen (H2) = 0.04
Oxygen (O2) = 0.10
Soln : Given
Composition of coal on mass basis.
Carbon (C) = 0.80
Hydrogen (H2) = 0.033
Oxygen (O2) = 0.004
Sulphur (S) = 0.009
Minimum mass of air required for complete combustion of 1 Kg. of
fuel.
= 100/23 (2.67 C + 8 H2 + S O2) Kg.
= 100/23 (2.67 x 0.80 + 8 x 0.033 + 0.009 0.004)
Ex.3 During a boiler trial the coal analysis on mass basis was reported as
C = 62.4%, H2 = 4.2%, O2 = 4.5%, Moisture = 15% and Ash
13.9%. Calculated minimum air required to burn 1 Kg. of coal also
calculate H.C.V. & L.C.V.
Soln : Given
Composition of coal on mass basis.
Carbon (C) = 62.4 = 0.624
Hydrogen (H2) = 4.2% = 0.042
Oxygen (O2) = 4.2% = 0.045
Moisture = 15% = 0.15
Ash = 13.9 = 0.139
Now
Minimum mass of air required for complete combustion of 1 Kg. of
fuel.
= 100/23 (2.67 C + 8 H2 + S O2) Kg.
= 100/23 (2.67 x 0.624 + 8 x 0.042 + 0 0.044)
= 100/23 (2.136 + 0.264 + 0.009 0.004)
= 100/23 (1.666 + 0.336 0.045)
= 8.613 Kg. per Kg. of Coal burnt.