18650 1200 1530 1130 980 4840

(12V 8A) 450 950 1250 1460 4110

(50W) 120 135 113 120 488
235 245 175 187 842
LED 575 672 785 725 2757
2580 3532 3453 3472

18650 230 360 520 430 1540
(12V 8A) 345 560 635 850 2390
(50W) 125 142 157 123 547 4000
102 110 128 97 437 3500
3000
LED 354 275 456 374 1459 2500
1156 1447 1896 1874 2000
1500
1000
500
0

18650 870 960 1100 930 3860


(12V 8A) 560 570 875 1210 3215

(50W) 95 100 84 78 357 6 50
110 105 102 113 430 18

LED 90 145 170 230 635
1725 1880 2331 2561

2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
) )
8A 0W


2V (5 D
(1 LE

0
65
18
 0
) )

8A 0 W




2V (5 D
(1 LE

50
86
1


18650 2300 2850 2750 2340 10240
(12V 8A) 1355 2080 2760 3520 9715
(50W) 340 377 354 321 1392
447 460 405 397 1709
LED 1019 1092 1411 1329 4851
5461 6859 7680 7907

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500

0

)
8A
)
2V 0 W

(1 (5
6 50

18 D
LE

15.92%
6.71% 18650
41.55%
(12V 8A)
5.50% (50W)

LED

30.33%

LED

30.33%

18650
4000

2000
LED (12V 8A)

(50W)
 0

(50W)
 Result1 Result2 Result3 Result4
X Y X Y X Y X Y 120

1 25 1 27.1994 1 2.3009759 1 4.6051702 f(x) =

100 R = 1
2 45 2 20.8456 2 5.2944901 2 5.2983174
3 65 3 40 3 12.182494 3 5.7037825
80
4 85 4 30.0224 4 28.031625 4 5.9914645
5 105 5 45.553 5 64.500093 5 6.2146081
60
6 80 6 148.41316 6 6.3969297

Y
7 98.4986 7 341.4951 7 6.5510803
40
8 135.9136 8 785.77199 8 6.6846117
9 180.6234 20
10 232.628
0
0 1

900
f(x) =
10 800 R =
700

600

500
y

400

Y
300

200

1 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0
x 0 1
 250
120 f(x) = 14.71
f(x) = 20x + 5 R = 0.9389
100 R = 1 200

80
150

60

Y
Y

100
40

50
20

0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 2

900
f(x) = exp( 0.8333333333 x ) 8
800 R = 1 7.5
700 7

600 6.5 f(x) = ln(x) +

R = 1
500 6
5.5
400
Y

Y
5
300
4.5
200
4
100
3.5
0 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2
X
 250
f(x) = 14.7148355227 exp( 0.2707530663 x )
R = 0.9389272215
200

150
Y

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
X

8
7.5
7
6.5 f(x) = ln(x) + 4.605170186
R = 1
6
5.5
Y

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
X
X Y
1 25 100
2 43 f(x) = 16.9x + 9.9
90 R = 0.9697473856
3 68 80
4 72
70
5 95
60
50
Y
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
5 6
(s) (m) (m/s) (km/hr) (m/s2) (N)
100 50 -85.1 -306.36 2.04
150 2125 16.9 60.84 2.04
200 6600 118.9 428.04 2.04
250 14375 220.9 795.24 2.04
300 26350 322.9 1162.44 2.04
350 43425 424.9 1529.64 2.04
400 66500 526.9 1896.84 2.04
450 96475 628.9 2264.04 2.04
500 134250 730.9 2631.24 2.04

(kg) 50
 (m)
160000
140000
120000 f(x) = 1.02x^2 - 289.1x + 21280
R = 0.9981851828
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

(m/s)
0
80
f(x) = 2.04x - 289.1
0 R = 1
60
0
(m/s)

40
0
20
0

00
-2 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550

(sec)
(s) (m/s2) (m/s) (km/hr) (m)
10 10
15 10
20 10
25 10
30 10
35 10
40 10
45 10
50 10
 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
1 19.4 13.2 10 45.3 102.3
2 22.5 14.2 10.2 48.8 109.2
3 21.2 12.4 11.4 50.2 101.2
4 21.4 13.5 10.5 41.2 113.2
5 25.1 14.1 13.3 39.6 105.2
6 25.7 12.8 10.3 44.6 106.6
7 19.8 12.2 12.2 47.2 115.2
8 21.1 11.2 10.1 45.1 104.2
9 24.8 13.6 11.4 48.7 95.3
Average 22.3 13.0 11.0 45.6 105.8
Stdev 2.34 0.97 1.13 3.54 6.14

(min) (mV) Stdev

10 22.3 2.34
20 13.0 0.97
30 11.0 1.13
40 45.6 3.54
50 105.8 6.14
 (mV)
(mV)

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

(min)
(oC) (mL) (mL)
25 500 450 480 477 25.2
40 830 1030 940 933 100.2
60 1340 1280 1390 1337 55.1
80 2120 1930 2010 2020 95.4
100 2570 2340 2680 2530 173.5

(K) H2(mL)
3000
298 477 25.2
313 933 100.2 2500 f(x) = 27.335174954x - 7670.6
333 1337 55.1 R = 0.9951713459

353 2020 95.4 2000

373 2530 173.5

VH2(mL)
1500

1000
VH2= 27.34 T + -7671 500

T(K) H2 (mL) 0
250 270 290 310 330 350
345 1760
(K)
365 2300
 f(x) = 27.335174954x - 7670.6151012891
R = 0.9951713459

290 310 330 350 370 390

(K)
 a= 30
b= 20

x sin(x) cos(x) tan(x) sin(x+a) sin(x-b) sin(x+a)+sin(x-b)

0 0 1 0 -0.9880316 -0.9129453 -1.9009768748
10 0.1736482 0.9848078 0.176327 -0.9462357 -0.8282129 -1.7744485751
20 0.3420201 0.9396926 0.3639702 -0.87568892.5-0.7183156 -1.5940045533
30 0.5 0.8660254 0.5773503 -0.7785348 -0.5865927
2 -1.3651275098
40 0.6427876 0.7660444 0.8390996 -0.65772521.5-0.4370465 -1.0947717576
45 0.7071068 0.7071068 1 -0.5895716 -0.3569922 -0.9465637997
1
50 0.7660444 0.6427876 1.1917536 -0.516931 -0.2742209 -0.7911519196
60 0.8660254 0.5
0.5 1.7320508 -0.3604301 -0.1030632 -0.4634933309
70 0.9396926 0.3420201 2.7474774 -0.1929778 0 0.071226 -0.1217517318
0 100 200 300 400 500
80 0.9848078 0.1736482 5.6712818 -0.0196619 -0.50.2433511 0.223689232
90 1 6.123E-17 0.1542514-10.4080821 0.5623335117
100 0.9848078 -0.1736482 -5.6712818 0.3234779 0.5604137 0.8838915722
-1.5
110 0.9396926 -0.3420201 -2.7474774 0.4828757 0.6957174 1.1785930346
-2
120 0.8660254 -0.5 -1.7320508 0.6276015 0.8098821 1.4374835439
130 0.7660444 -0.6427876 -1.1917536 0.753258 -2.50.8994389 1.6526968433
140 0.6427876 -0.7660444 -0.8390996 0.8560271 0.9616667 1.8176937853
150 0.5 -0.8660254 -0.5773503 0.9327862 0.9946748 1.9274610215
160 0.3420201 -0.9396926 -0.3639702 0.9812031 0.9974602 1.9786633298
170 0.1736482 -0.9848078 -0.176327 0.9998067 0.9699383 1.9697449542
180 1.225E-16 -1 -1.225E-16 0.9880316 0.9129453 1.9009768748
190 -0.1736482 -0.9848078 0.176327 0.9462357 0.8282129 1.7744485751
200 -0.3420201 -0.9396926 0.3639702 0.8756889 0.7183156 1.5940045533
210 -0.5 -0.8660254 0.5773503 0.7785348 0.5865927 1.3651275098
220 -0.6427876 -0.7660444 0.8390996 0.6577252 0.4370465 1.0947717576
230 -0.7660444 -0.6427876 1.1917536 0.516931 0.2742209 0.7911519196
240 -0.8660254 -0.5 1.7320508 0.3604301 0.1030632 0.4634933309
250 -0.9396926 -0.3420201 2.7474774 0.1929778 -0.071226 0.1217517318
260 -0.9848078 -0.1736482 5.6712818 0.0196619 -0.2433511 -0.223689232
270 -1 -1.837E-16 -0.1542514 -0.4080821 -0.5623335117
280 -0.9848078 0.1736482 -5.6712818 -0.3234779 -0.5604137 -0.8838915722
290 -0.9396926 0.3420201 -2.7474774 -0.4828757 -0.6957174 -1.1785930346
300 -0.8660254 0.5 -1.7320508 -0.6276015 -0.8098821 -1.4374835439
310 -0.7660444 0.6427876 -1.1917536 -0.753258 -0.8994389 -1.6526968433
320 -0.6427876 0.7660444 -0.8390996 -0.8560271 -0.9616667 -1.8176937853
330 -0.5 0.8660254 -0.5773503 -0.9327862 -0.9946748 -1.9274610215
340 -0.3420201 0.9396926 -0.3639702 -0.9812031 -0.9974602 -1.9786633298
350 -0.1736482 0.9848078 -0.176327 -0.9998067 -0.9699383 -1.9697449542
360 -2.449E-16 1 -2.449E-16 -0.9880316 -0.9129453 -1.9009768748
370 0.1736482 0.9848078 0.176327 -0.9462357 -0.8282129 -1.7744485751
380 0.3420201 0.9396926 0.3639702 -0.8756889 -0.7183156 -1.5940045533
390 0.5 0.8660254 0.5773503 -0.7785348 -0.5865927 -1.3651275098
400 0.6427876 0.7660444 0.8390996 -0.6577252 -0.4370465 -1.0947717576
410 0.7660444 0.6427876 1.1917536 -0.516931 -0.2742209 -0.7911519196
420 0.8660254 0.5 1.7320508 -0.3604301 -0.1030632 -0.4634933309
430 0.9396926 0.3420201 2.7474774 -0.1929778 0.071226 -0.1217517318
440 0.9848078 0.1736482 5.6712818 -0.0196619 0.2433511 0.223689232
450 1 3.062E-16 0.1542514 0.4080821 0.5623335117
460 0.9848078 -0.1736482 -5.6712818 0.3234779 0.5604137 0.8838915722
470 0.9396926 -0.3420201 -2.7474774 0.4828757 0.6957174 1.1785930346
480 0.8660254 -0.5 -1.7320508 0.6276015 0.8098821 1.4374835439
490 0.7660444 -0.6427876 -1.1917536 0.753258 0.8994389 1.6526968433
500 0.6427876 -0.7660444 -0.8390996 0.8560271 0.9616667 1.8176937853
510 0.5 -0.8660254 -0.5773503 0.9327862 0.9946748 1.9274610215
520 0.3420201 -0.9396926 -0.3639702 0.9812031 0.9974602 1.9786633298
530 0.1736482 -0.9848078 -0.176327 0.9998067 0.9699383 1.9697449542
540 3.674E-16 -1 -3.674E-16 0.9880316 0.9129453 1.9009768748
550 -0.1736482 -0.9848078 0.176327 0.9462357 0.8282129 1.7744485751
560 -0.3420201 -0.9396926 0.3639702 0.8756889 0.7183156 1.5940045533
570 -0.5 -0.8660254 0.5773503 0.7785348 0.5865927 1.3651275098
580 -0.6427876 -0.7660444 0.8390996 0.6577252 0.4370465 1.0947717576
590 -0.7660444 -0.6427876 1.1917536 0.516931 0.2742209 0.7911519196
600 -0.8660254 -0.5 1.7320508 0.3604301 0.1030632 0.4634933309
610 -0.9396926 -0.3420201 2.7474774 0.1929778 -0.071226 0.1217517318
620 -0.9848078 -0.1736482 5.6712818 0.0196619 -0.2433511 -0.223689232
630 -1 -4.286E-16 -0.1542514 -0.4080821 -0.5623335117
640 -0.9848078 0.1736482 -5.6712818 -0.3234779 -0.5604137 -0.8838915722
650 -0.9396926 0.3420201 -2.7474774 -0.4828757 -0.6957174 -1.1785930346
660 -0.8660254 0.5 -1.7320508 -0.6276015 -0.8098821 -1.4374835439
670 -0.7660444 0.6427876 -1.1917536 -0.753258 -0.8994389 -1.6526968433
680 -0.6427876 0.7660444 -0.8390996 -0.8560271 -0.9616667 -1.8176937853
690 -0.5 0.8660254 -0.5773503 -0.9327862 -0.9946748 -1.9274610215
700 -0.3420201 0.9396926 -0.3639702 -0.9812031 -0.9974602 -1.9786633298
710 -0.1736482 0.9848078 -0.176327 -0.9998067 -0.9699383 -1.9697449542
720 -4.899E-16 1 -4.899E-16 -0.9880316 -0.9129453 -1.9009768748
 sin
sin(x+a)-sin(x-b) ln(x) log (x) exp(x) sqrt(x) 1.5
-0.0750863734
1
-0.1180228658
-0.1573732932 0.5
-0.1919420128
-0.2206786714 0
0 100 200 300
-0.2325794307 -0.5
-0.2427101202
sin(x+a) -1
-0.2573669449
sin(x-b)
-0.2642038051 sin(x+a)+sin(x-b)
300 400 500 600 700 800 -1.5
-0.2630129665 sin(x+a)-sin(x-b)
-0.2538306119
-0.2369357427 cos
-0.2128417008 1.5
-0.1822805715
1
-0.1461809393
-0.1056396732 0.5
-0.0618885992
-0.0162570713 0
0 100 200 300
0.0298684194 -0.5
0.0750863734
0.1180228658 -1
0.1573732932 -1.5
0.1919420128
0.2206786714
0.2427101202 tan
0.2573669449 8
0.2642038051
6
0.2630129665
4
0.2538306119
0.2369357427 2

0.2128417008 0
0 100 200 300 4
0.1822805715 -2
0.1461809393 -4
0.1056396732
-6
0.0618885992
-8
0.0162570713
-0.0298684194
-0.0750863734
-0.1180228658
-0.1573732932
-0.1919420128
-0.2206786714
-0.2427101202
-0.2573669449
-0.2642038051
-0.2630129665
-0.2538306119
-0.2369357427
-0.2128417008
-0.1822805715
-0.1461809393
-0.1056396732
-0.0618885992
-0.0162570713
0.0298684194
0.0750863734
0.1180228658
0.1573732932
0.1919420128
0.2206786714
0.2427101202
0.2573669449
0.2642038051
0.2630129665
0.2538306119
0.2369357427
0.2128417008
0.1822805715
0.1461809393
0.1056396732
0.0618885992
0.0162570713
-0.0298684194
-0.0750863734
 sin(x)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

cos(x)

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

tan(x)

00 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Compound Oxygen
Properties Value_data Unit Value_calc Unit
Tc 154.58 K 154.73 K
Pc 50.43 bar 50.43 bar
a 1.382 bar L 2/mol 2
b 0.03186 L/mol
200 170 154.58
Vc 0.0956 m3 0.05 363.30364 225.88809 155.2565
0.055 261.29607 153.57273 98.20294
RT a 0.06 206.66264 118.07991 72.548387
p 2 0.065 174.35143 99.133627 60.471676
Vm b Vm 0.07 153.67287 88.315817 54.722292
0.075 139.52483 81.742775 52.042797
0.08 129.26649 77.48589 50.870663
Vc 3b 0.085 121.4431 74.53459 50.423618
0.09 115.21209 72.337687 50.300242
a
pc 0.095 110.06461 70.585391 50.293071
27b 2 0.1
0.105
105.68201
101.85826
69.099706
67.776801
50.296404
50.25893
8a 0.11 98.456227 66.555562 50.15862
Tc 0.115 95.382109 65.399935 49.989097
27 Rb 0.12 92.570097 64.288749 49.752136
0.125 89.972872 63.209741 49.453492
0.13 87.555604 62.155991 49.10059
0.135 85.292066 61.123771 48.701267
0.14 83.162073 60.111231 48.263099

400
350
300
250
(bar)

200 200
150 170
154.58
100 140
50
0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

(L)
 154.58
100 140
50
0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16

(L)
 140
88.472547
45.849398
29.497181
23.915823
22.958764
23.960717
25.705292
27.626084
29.46328
31.10617
32.517405
33.69534
34.654896
35.41776
36.007401
36.44661
36.756378
36.955475
37.06039
Compound Oxygen
Properties Value_data Unit Value_calc Unit
Tc 430.34 K 431.19 K
Pc bar 78.84 bar
a 6.865 bar L 2/mol 2
b 0.05679 L/mol
500 470 430.34 400
Vc 0.1704 L 0.08 717.3179 609.91945 467.9387 359.32307
0.09 403.45679 328.39753 229.16919 153.25926
RT a 0.1 274.9742 217.28574 141.02161 82.679357
p 2 0.11 213.42456 166.57776 104.6463 57.268571
Vm b Vm 0.12 180.52223 141.08673 88.953001 49.070565
0.13 161.2682 127.21933 82.206717 47.771957
0.14 149.02744 119.07048 79.467393 49.170928
Vc 3b 0.15 140.60609 113.86305 78.508767 51.462647
0.16 134.36767 110.21577 78.286948 53.861323
a
pc 0.17 129.43228 107.41375 78.305248 56.037173
27b 2 0.18
0.19
125.30826
121.71203
105.0768
102.99934
78.330812
78.261156
57.870064
59.336385
8a 0.2 118.47555 101.06952 78.058743 60.455441
Tc 0.21 115.49679 99.226843 77.717978 61.263642
27 Rb 0.22 112.71235 97.439277 77.248277 61.80211
0.23 110.08193 95.690627 76.665321 62.110914
0.24 107.57925 93.973453 75.98659 62.226594
0.25 105.18665 92.285056 75.229141 62.181324
0.26 102.8919 90.625192 74.408602 62.00287
 800
700
600
500
(bar)

400 500
300 470
430.34
200 400
100
0
0.07 0.12 0.17 0.22 0.27

(L)
c(g/dl) t(s) r sp/c (lnr)/c
0.05 50 1.43 8.57 7.13 20.00
0.1 68 1.94 9.43 6.64
18.00
0.2 110 3.14 10.71 5.73
0.4 220 6.29 13.21 4.60 16.00
0.8 520 14.86 17.32 3.37 14.00

sp/c or (lnr)/c
12.00

10.00

to 35 8.00
K 5.58E-05 6.00
a 0.72
4.00

2.00

[] 7.64 0.00
Mv 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
1.361E+07 c(g/
 sp
/c

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

c(g/dl)
c(g/dl) t(s) r sp/c (lnr)/c

sp/c or (lnr)/c
0.02 110.71 1.12 5.78 5.47 6.50
0.04 122.61 1.24 5.89 5.29
0.06 135.15 1.36 6.03 5.15
6.00
0.08 148.32 1.49 6.18 5.02
0.1 161.56 1.63 6.28 4.87
5.50

to 5.00
99.23
K 1.10E-04
a 0.725 4.50

4.00
[] 5.62
0 0.02 0.04
Mv 3.125E+06 c
 sp
/c

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

c(g/dl)
 Toluene
A B C B
4.07827 1343.943 -53.773 logP A
C T
110.8 (C)
1/2(C) bar

T(oC) T(K) P(bar) P(mmHg) P(kPa) P(psi)
30 303 0.0485092498 36.383134 4.850925 0.7037264
35 308 0.0619270336 46.446803 6.1927034 0.898379
40 313 0.0783149665 58.738157 7.8314967 1.1361196
45 318 0.098163556 73.625089 9.8163556 1.4240642
50 323 0.1220146078 91.513966 12.201461 1.7700728
55 328 0.1504626568 112.8507 15.046266 2.1827702
60 333 0.184156063 138.12159 18.415606 2.6715623
65 338 0.2237977622 167.85384 22.379776 3.2466467
70 343 0.2701456687 202.61592 27.014567 3.9190184
75 348 0.3240127303 243.01754 32.401273 4.7004709
80 353 0.3862666416 289.70951 38.626664 5.6035919
85 358 0.4578292249 343.38321 45.782922 6.6417543
90 363 0.5396754923 404.76993 53.967549 7.8291027
95 368 0.6328324046 474.63992 63.28324 9.1805352
100 373 0.7383773464 553.80123 73.837735 10.711682
105 378 0.8574363365 643.09841 85.743634 12.438877
110 383 0.9911819979 743.41095 99.1182 14.379133
110.8 383.8 1.0140249392 760.54372 101.40249 14.710517
115 388 1.1408313084 855.65163 114.08313 16.550104
120 393 1.3076431572 980.76463 130.76432 18.970053
 P(kPa)
140

120

100

80
P(kpa)

60

40

20

0
300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
T(K)
 Isopropanol
A B C
B
4.861 1357.427 -75.814
logP A
CT
82.4 (C)
1/2(C) bar

T(oC) T(K) P(bar) P(mmHg) P(kPa) P(psi)
5 278 0.0140360959 10.527418 1.4036096 0.2036224
10 283 0.0203830282 15.287774 2.0383028 0.2956977 P(kPa
15 288 0.0290840724 21.813772 2.9084072 0.4219243
250
20 293 0.0408256621 30.620254 4.0825662 0.5922602
25 298 0.056439436 42.330969 5.6439436 0.8187701 200
30 303 0.076920333 57.692148 7.6920333 1.1158876
150
35 308 0.1034448001 77.586152 10.34448 1.5006795

P(kpa)
40 313 0.137388829 103.04501 13.738883 1.9931075 100
45 318 0.1803455434 135.26361 18.034554 2.6162829 50
50 323 0.2341420652 175.61233 23.414207 3.3967121
55 328 0.3008554085 225.64898 30.085541 4.3645263 0
270 290 310
60 333 0.3828271699 287.12982 38.282717 5.5536953
T(K)
65 338 0.482676811 362.01952 48.267681 7.0022196
70 343 0.6033133566 452.4999 60.331336 8.7523007
75 348 0.7479453659 560.97748 74.794537 10.850485
80 353 0.9200890639 690.0895 92.008906 13.347784
82.4 355.4 1.0136027234 760.22705 101.36027 14.704392
85 358 1.1235745508 842.70863 112.35746 16.299759
90 363 1.362550042 1021.9461 136.255 19.76659
95 368 1.641484117 1231.1536 164.14841 23.813102
100 373 1.9651659843 1473.923 196.5166 28.508773
 P(kPa)

290 310 330 350 370 390

T(K)
-(Clausius-Clapeyron Equation)
T() P(kPa) 1/T lnP
50 110 0.003095975 4.700480366
75 160 0.002873563 5.075173815 H v 1
100 250 0.002680965 5.521460918 ln P C
125 360 0.002512563 5.886104031 R T
150 530 0.002364066 6.272877007

P H v 1 1
ln 2
R 8.314 1.987 P1 R T2 T1
(kJ/mole) 17924.5 4283.9

P(kPa) T()
200
130
 H v 1
P C
R T

P2 H v 1 1

P1 R T2 T1

6.5
f(x) = - 2155.9454708749x + 11.3239712825
6 R = 0.9945548756
lnP(kpa)

5.5

4.5

4
0.002 0.0022 0.0024 0.0026 0.0028 0.003 0.0032 0.0034
1/T(K-1)
T() P(kPa) 1/T lnP
15 2.9084072 0.0034722 1.0676056 2.5
20 4.0825662 0.003413 1.4067258 2.3
f(x) = - 5627.5901771405x + 20.6114842065
25 5.6439436 0.0033557 1.730583 2.1 R = 0.9999539794
30 7.6920333 0.0033003 2.0401852 1.9
35 10.34448 0.0032468 2.336453 1.7

lnP(kpa)
1.5
1.3
R 8.314 1.987 1.1
(kJ/mole) 46787.8 11182.0 0.9
NIST 45000 0.7
RE% 3.97% 0.5
0.0032 0.00325 0.0033 0.00335 0.0034 0.00345
1/T(K-1)
771405x + 20.6114842065
4

0.00335 0.0034 0.00345 0.0035

1/T(K-1)
 (mmol/liter) ln()
(min) 110 130 160 110 130 160
0 148.4 148.4 148.4
5 109.9 90.0 66.7
10 81.5 54.6 30.0
15 60.3 33.1 13.5
20 44.7 20.1 6.0
25 33.1 12.2 2.7
30 24.5 7.4 1.2
35 18.2 4.5
40 13.5 2.7

T() 1/T k lnk (E)

110
130
160

(min)
110
130
160

(mol O2/mol CH) (L O2/kg CH)
(NG)C1 1 16 2 2800
C2 2 30 3.5 2613
C3 3 44 5 2545
(LPG) C4 4 58 6.5 2510
C5 5 72 8 2489
C6 6 86 9.5 2474
C7 7 100 11 2464
C8 8 114 12.5 2456
C9 9 128 14 2450
C10 10 142 15.5 2445
C11 11 156 17 2441
C12 12 170 18.5 2438
C13 13 184 20 2435
C14 14 198 21.5 2432
C15 15 212 23 2430
C16 16 226 24.5 2428
C17 17 240 26 2427
C18 18 254 27.5 2425
C19 19 268 29 2424
C20 20 282 30.5 2423
 CO2 CO2 (HV) (HV)
(mol CO2/mol CH) (Kg CO2/Kg CH) kJ/mol CH kJ/kgCH
-42000
1 2.75 -890.7 -55669
2 2.93 -1560.7 -52023 -44000

3 3.00 -2219.2 -50436 -46000

(HV)kJ/kgCH
4 3.03 -2877.5 -49612 -48000
5 3.06 -3535.4 -49103 -50000
6 3.07 -4163 -48407 -52000
7 3.08 -4817 -48170
-54000
8 3.09 -5430 -47632
-56000
9 3.09 -6125.21 -47853
10 3.10 -6778.33 -47735 -58000 0 5
11 3.10 -7431 -47637
12 3.11 -8002 -47069
13 3.11 -8740 -47498 3.20
14 3.11 -9334 -47141
3.10
15 3.11 -10047 -47393

CO2 (Kg CO2/Kg CH)

16 3.12 -10699 -47341 3.00

17 3.12 -11351 -47296 2.90

18 3.12 -12009 -47278 2.80
19 3.12 -12663 -47249
2.70
20 3.12 -13316 -47221
2.60

2.50
0 5
 -42000
-44000
-46000
(HV)kJ/kgCH

-48000
-50000
-52000
-54000
-56000
-58000 0 5 10 15 20 25

3.20

3.10
CO2 (Kg CO2/Kg CH)

3.00

2.90

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50
0 5 10 15 20 25

 ( kg/L) (MJ/L) (MJ/Kg) CO2 (g/MJ)
gasoline 0.745 32.18 43.19 73.38
diesel 0.832 35.86 43.10 73.25

(kg) 1600 (kg) 1600
(km/L) 16 (km/L) 23
(km/hr) 90 (km/hr) 90
(hr) 2 (hr) 2
(L) 11.3 (L) 7.8
CO2(kg) 26.6 CO2(kg) 20.6
(MJ) 362.0 (MJ) 280.6

Higher (HHV) and Lower (LHV) Heating values

of some common fuels[3]

Fuel HHV MJ/kg HHV BTU/lb HHV kJ/mol LHV MJ/kg

Hydrogen 141.8 61,000 286 119.96

Methane 55.5 23,900 889 50
Ethane 51.9 22,400 1,560 47.8
Propane 50.35 21,700 2,220 46.35
Butane 49.5 20,900 2,877 45.75
Pentane 48.6 21,876 3,507 45.35
Gasoline 47.3 20,400 41.2

Paraffin wax 46 19,900 41.5

Kerosene 46.2 19,862 43

Diesel 44.8 19,300 43.4
Coal 32.5 14,000
(Anthracite)
Coal (Lignite) 15 8,000
Wood (MAF) 21.7 8,700
Wood fuel 24.2 9,142 17
Peat (damp) 6 2,500
Peat (dry) 15 6,500
CO2 (kg/L)
2.36
2.63

Heat of Combustion for some common fuels (higher value)[

Fuel kJ/g kcal/g BTU/lb

Hydrogen 141.9 33.9 61,000

Gasoline 47 11.3 20,000

Diesel 45 10.7 19,300
Ethanol 29.7 7.1 12,000
Propane 49.9 11.9 21,000
Butane 49.2 11.8 21,200
Wood 15 3.6 6,000
Coal (Lignite) 15 4.4 8,000

Coal (Anthracite)
[citation needed] 36 7.8 14,000

Natural Gas 54 13 23,000

 (kg) (mm) (mm/mm) (MPa)
0 0 0 0.0
500 0.0006 0.000012 36.9
1000 0.00163 0.0000326 73.8
1500 0.0025 0.00005 110.7
2000 0.00345 0.000069 147.7
2500 0.00408 0.0000816 184.6
3000 0.0049 0.000098 221.5
3500 0.0057 0.000114 258.4
3800 0.0154 0.000308 280.6
3700 0.023 0.00046 273.2
3600 0.0408 0.000816 265.8
4400 0.12 0.0024 324.9
5000 0.225 0.0045 369.2
5600 0.408 0.00816 413.5
6400 0.72 0.0144 472.5
6650 1.152 0.02304 491.0
6500 1.488 0.02976 479.9
6200 1.848 0.03696 457.8
4800 1.92 0.0384 354.4

2172 GPa
MPa

315 MPa
354.4 MPa
491 MPa
3.84 %
= 1.3 cm
= 5 cm

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
 (10-6/K)
23.2
10.5
12.3 30 cm
29.3
17.5 (cm)
(oC)
12.2 (K) A
6 20 293 30.0133202
() 7.6 30 303 30.025871
40 313 30.0243707
50 323 30.0340871
60 333 30.0422101
A 17.8 70 343 30.0448305
30.2
B 23.9 80 353 30.0522593
90 30.15 363 30.0576348
100 373 30.0550901
110 30.1 383 30.0626154
120 393 30.0753007
(cm) 30.05
130 403 30.0711927
140 30 413 30.0810103
150 423 30.0894574
29.95
160 433 30.090604
170 29.9 443 30.0938343
180 250 453 300 350
30.1040737 400 45
190 (K)
463 30.1050778
200 473 30.1173276
 (cm)
B LA LB
30.0191231 0.0133202 0.01912312
30.0253186 0.02587099 0.02531863
30.0360965 0.02437073 0.0360965
30.0368385 0.03408709 0.03683849
30.0525637 0.04221015 0.0525637
30.0538424 0.04483049 0.05384241
30.0676436 0.05225931 0.06764359
30.0694036 0.05763483 0.06940363
30.0738848 0.05509014 0.07388479
30.0850177 0.06261536 0.08501768
30.0918033 0.07530071 0.09180334
(cm)
30.1032924 0.07119268 0.10329235 Column H
30.1053171 0.08101034 0.10531707
30.1140967 0.08945744 0.11409671
30.1210861 0.09060397 0.12108614
30.1238278 0.09383432 0.12382777
300 350 30.136486
400 450
0.10407366500
0.13648604
30.1407011
(K) 0.10507783 0.14070106
30.147005 0.11732757 0.14700505
Benzene HOF(kcal/mol)
p-Xylene AM1 PM3
Isooctane O2 10.69 18.37
n-heptane H2O -58.3 -51.44
methylcyclohexane CO2 -78.63 -83.75
CO -5.7 -19.76

C6H6 + 7.5 O2 6 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) 23.22 80.175 -471.78
HOF(PM3) 24.67 137.775 -502.5
C8H10 + 10.5 O2 8 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) 8.52 112.245 -629.04
HOF(PM3) 6.35 192.885 -670
C8H18 + 12.5 O2 8 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) -45.12 133.625 -629.04
HOF(PM3) -49.13 229.625 -670
C7H16 + 11 O2 7 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) -49.23 117.59 -550.41
HOF(PM3) -44.2 202.07 -586.25
C7H14 + 10.5 O2 7 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) -41.33 112.245 -550.41
HOF(PM3) -36.21 192.885 -586.25

(n-Hexane)
C6H14 + 9.5 O2 6 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) -42.74 101.555 -471.78
HOF(PM3) -38.9 174.515 -502.5
 HOF(AM1) HOF(PM3) NIST RE(%)_AM1 RE(%)_PM3
Benzene 23.22 24.67 19.8 17.3% 24.6%
p-Xylene 8.52 6.35 4.29 98.6% 48.0%
Isooctane -45.12 -49.13 -53.57 -15.8% -8.3%
n-heptane -49.23 -44.2 -44.89 9.7% -1.5%
methylcyclo -41.33 -36.21 -36.99 11.7% -2.1%

NIST RE(%)
3 H2O
-174.9 AM1 -750.075 -781 -4.0%
-154.32 PM3 -819.265 -781 4.9%
5 H2O
-291.5 AM1 -1041.305 -1087.82 -4.3%
-257.2 PM3 -1126.435 -1087.82 3.5%
9 H2O
-524.7 AM1 -1242.245 -1305.29 -4.8%
-462.96 PM3 -1313.455 -1305.29 0.6%
8 H2O
-466.4 AM1 -1085.17 -1151 -5.7%
-411.52 PM3 -1155.64 -1151 0.4%
7 H2O
-408.1 AM1 -1029.425 -1091.13 -5.7%
-360.08 PM3 -1103.005 -1091.13 1.1%

7 H2O NIST RE(%)

-408.1 AM1 -938.695 -995 -5.66
-360.08 PM3 -998.195 -995 0.32
 HOF(kcal/mol)
AM1 PM3
O2 10.69 18.37
H2O -58.3 -51.44
CO2 -78.63 -83.75
CO -5.7 -19.76

C10H16O + 13.5 O2 10 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) -44.91 144.315 -786.3
HOF(PM3) -57.01 247.995 -837.5
C15H16O2 + 18 O2 15 CO2 +
HOF(AM1) -44.27 192.42 -1179.45
HOF(PM3) -49.57 330.66 -1256.25
 NIST RE(%)
8 H2O
-466.4 AM1 -1352.105 -1410.7 -4.2%
-411.52 PM3 -1440.005 -1410.7 2.1%
8 H2O
-466.4 AM1 -1794 -1873.8 -4.3%
-411.52 PM3 -1948.86 -1873.8 4.0%