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Introduction
Basic Topics:
Types of Polymers
Classification of Polymers
Characteristics of Polymers
Properties of Polymers
Strength of Polymers
Applications of Polymers
Introduction
Polymers are long chain giant organic molecules are
assembled from many smaller molecules called
monomers. Polymers consist of many repeating
monomer units in long chains. A polymer is analogous
to a necklace made from many small beads
(monomers).
The first commercially produced polymer is also the simplest and most
common: polythene. Its systematic name is poly(ethene) meaning it is a
polymer made from the monomer, ethene. Ethene is a small molecule
containing two carbon atoms linked by a double bond and four hydrogen
atoms, two bonded to each carbon.
Free Electrons
Varied Uses
The properties of this type of polymer depend on the regularity
of the arrangement of the chains. If they are lined up in a regular
way, they are strong, hard materials. If they are more irregular, or
there are more side-chains on the molecules, they are more
flexible.
Amide Linkages
One of the most common molecules in biochemistry is a type of polymer
called protein. These are made up from monomers known as amino acids and
they are joined by an amide linkage. These linkages are made by a carboxylic
acid group (-COOH) reacting with an amine group (-NH2) forming the
linkage (-NHCO-) and eliminating water. This linkage is the basis of another
type of synthetic polymers, the Nylons.
Nylon
Whereas proteins use monomers with both a carboxylic acid and an amine in
the same molecule. Nylons are made using two types of monomer. These are
dicarboxylic acids and diamines. The first nylon synthesised used one
monomer with a chain of four carbons with a carboxylic acid group on each
end and another monomer with a six carbon chain with an amine group on
each end. This produced a polymer with repeating units of six carbons joined
with amide linkages, but alternately reversed. This polymer is Nylon-6.6.
Nylons are mainly used as fibres for clothing and also other hard parts in light
engineering.
Polyurethane
A further important group of polymers are polyurethanes. These
are very similar to nylons, but are formed by reacting alcohols
with isocyanates and have an amide linkage with an additional
oxygen atom in the chain. These polymers are softer and more
elastic than nylons and are used as a substitute for rubber and in
elastic and Lycra.
Polyesters
The final types of polymer we will deal with in this article are the
polyesters. The ester linkage is a carboxylic acid group where the
hydrogen has been replaced by the carbon of another organic
group. Polyesters are widely used as fibres for clothes and also
for many drinks bottles. They are also used to make thin films for
applications such as video tape.
Classification of Polymers
Homopolymers - consist of chains with identical
bonding linkages to each monomer unit. This
usually implies that the polymer is made from all
identical monomer molecules.
These may be represented as : -[A-A-A-A-A-A]-