Gravitational Ejection of Earths Clouds

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.
Copyright 2012 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.
It is shown that, under certain circumstances, the sunlight incident on Earth, or on a planet in similar conditions, can
become negative the gravitational mass of water droplet clouds. Then, by means of gravitational repulsion, the
clouds are ejected from the atmosphere of the planet, stopping the hydrologic cycle. Thus, the water evaporated from
the planet will be progressively ejected to outerspace together with the air contained in the clouds. If the
phenomenon to persist during a long time, then the water of rivers, lakes and oceans will disappear totally from the
planet, and also its atmosphere will become rarefied.

Key words: Modified theories of gravity, Water in the atmosphere, Cloud physics, Water cycles, Solar variability impact.
PACS: 04.50.Kd, 92.60.Jq, 92.60.Nv, 92.70.Ly, 92.70.Qr.
.

1. Introduction

A cloud, in Earths atmosphere, is particles kinetic momentum; c is the speed

made up of liquid water droplets, if it is very of light.
cold, they turn into ice crystals [1]. The When p is produced by the
droplets are so small and light that they can absorption of a photon with wavelength , it
float in the air. is expressed by p = h . In this case, Eq.
Here we show that, under certain
(1) becomes
circumstances, the sunlight incident on the
planet can become negative the gravitational m g
h mi 0 c
2

mass of water droplet clouds. According to = 1 2 1 + 1
mi 0
Newtons gravitation law, the force between
the Earth and a particle with negative
2
gravitational mass is repulsive. Then, by
means of gravitational repulsion, the clouds
= 1 2 1 + 0 1 (2)

are ejected from the atmosphere of the
planet, stopping the hydrologic cycle. Thus, where 0 = h mi0 c is the De Broglie
the water evaporated from the planet is wavelength for the particle with rest inertial
progressively ejected to outerspace together mass mi 0 .
with the air contained in the clouds.
From Electrodynamics we know that
Consequently, if the phenomenon to persist
when an electromagnetic wave with
during a long time, then the water of rivers,
frequency f and velocity c incides on a
lakes and oceans will disappear totally from
the planet, and also its atmosphere will material with relative permittivity r ,
become rarefied. relative magnetic permeability r and
electrical conductivity , its velocity is
2. Theory reduced to v = c nr where nr is the index of
refraction of the material, given by [3]
The quantization of gravity shown that

nr = = r r 1 + ( ) + 1 (3)
the gravitational mass mg and inertial mass c 2
mi are correlated by means of the following v 2
factor [2]: If >> , = 2f , Eq. (3) reduces to
2 r
mg p (4)

= 1 2 1 +
1 (1) nr =
40 f
mi0 mi0 c
Thus, the wavelength of the incident
where mi 0 is the rest inertial mass of the radiation (See Fig . 1) becomes
particle and p is the variation in the
 2
4 diameter of the water molecule. Thus, the
mod =
v c f
= = = (5) electromagnetic wave incides effectively on an
f nr nr f area S = N f S m , where S m = 14 m2 is the cross
section area of one water molecule. After these
collisions, it carries out ncollisions with the
other molecules (See Fig.3).
v=c v = c/nr

nr
= c/f mod = v/f = c/nr f
molecule

Fig. 1 Modified Electromagnetic Wave. The Water droplet

Wave
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave can be
strongly reduced, but its frequency remains the same. Fig. 3 Collisions inside the water droplet.

If a water droplet with thickness equal Thus, the total number of collisions in the
to contains n molecules/m3, then the volume S is
number of molecules per area unit is n . Ncollisions= Nf +ncollisions=ndSm +(ndS ndSm) =
Thus, if the electromagnetic radiation with
frequency f incides on an area S of the
=nd S (9)
The power density, D , of the radiation on the
water droplet it reaches nS molecules. If it
water droplet can be expressed by
incides on the total area of the water
droplet, S f , then the total number of D=
P
=
P
(10 )
S N f Sm
molecules reached by the radiation is
We can express the total mean number
N = nS f . The number of molecules per
of collisions in each water droplet, n1 , by
unit of volume, nd , is given by means of the following equation
N0 ntotal photons N collisions
nd = (7) n1 = (11)
A N
where N 0 = 6.02 10 26 molecules / kmole is Since in each collision a momentum h is
transferred to the molecule, then the total
the Avogadros number; is the matter
momentum transferred to the water droplet
density of the water droplet (in kg/m3) and A will be p = (n1 N ) h . Therefore, in
is the molar mass. In the case of water
(
droplet = 1000kg / m 3 , A = 18kg.kmole 1 ) accordance with Eq. (1), we can write that
the result is mg (d )
2
= 1 2 1 + (n1N ) 0 1 =
mi 0(d )
nd = 3.3 1028 molecules/ m3 (8)

0
2
The total number of photons inciding = 1 2 1 + ntotal photonsNcollisions 1 (12)


on the water droplet is ntotal photons = P hf 2 ,
where P is the power of the radiation flux Since Eq. (9) gives N collisions = nd S , we get
incident on the water droplet.
When an electromagnetic wave incides P
on a water droplet, it strikes on N f front ntotal photons N collisions = 2 (nd S ) (13)
hf
water molecules, where Nf (nd S f )m , m is the
 3
Substitution of Eq. (13) into Eq. (12) yields Sd = 4r = 1.2 10 m
d
2
(20)
9 2

2 The diameter of a water molecule is

mg (d )
= 1 2 1+ 2 (nd S ) 1 (14)
P 0
m 2 1010 m . Thus, we get
mi0(d ) hf
Sm = 14 m2 3 1020 m .
Substitution of P given by Eq. (10) into Eq. An important electrical characteristic
(14) gives of clouds is that the electrical conductivity of

N f SmD nd S 1 the air inside them must be less than in the
2
mg(d )
= 1 2 1+ 1 (15) free atmosphere, due to the capture of ions
mi0(d ) 2 m c

f i0( d )
by the water droplets. This means that, the
ions concentration in the water droplets is
Substitution of Nf (nd S f )m and S = N f Sm much greater than in the fresh water. In this
into Eq. (15) results way, the electrical conductivity of the water
2 in the droplets, is also is much greater than
mg (d ) 3 2 2 2
1 conductivity of the fresh water, which is
1 (16)
n S S D
= 1 2 1 + d f m m

approximately 0.01S .m 1 . The sea water also
mi0(d )cf
2
mi0(d )
has an ions concentration much greater than
where mi 0 (d ) = dVd = d S d . Thus, Eq. (16) that of the fresh water. The conductivity of
reduces to sea water is approximately 5S .m 1 .
Obviously the ions concentration in the water
2
mg (d )
3 2 2 2
droplets of the clouds is less than the ions
1 (17)
1
n S S D
= 1 2 1+ d f m m
concentration in the sea water. Based on

d Sd cf
2
mi0(di)

these facts, we can conclude that the
Making = mod , where mod is given by Eq. electrical conductivity of the water in the
droplets should be close of 1S .m 1 . Thus, in
(5), we get
first approximation, we can assume that
d 1S .m 1 . By substitution of the obtained
nd6S4f Sm4m4 (dd )D2
mg(d )
d =
= 1 2 1+ 1 (18) values into Eq. (18), we get
mi0(d ) 4 2 2 2 3
S c f 2
d d
38 D
d = 1 2 1 + 4 10 3 1 (19)
f
The area S f is the total surface area of the
Since m g (d ) = d mi (d ) , we can conclude,
water droplets, which can be obtained by
multiplying the specific surface area (SSA) according to Eq. (19), that the gravitational
of the water droplet (which is given by mass of the droplet becomes negative when
SSA= Ad dVd = 3 d rd = 300m2 / kg ) by the 4 10 38 D 2 f 3 > 1.25 , i.e., when
3
total mass of the water droplets ( mi0(Td) = dVd Nd ); D > 5 10 f 20 2
(20 )
N d 110 droplets / m [4]. Assuming that
8 3
In the case of Earth, the actual average valor
the water droplet cloud is composed of of D due to the sunlight, is
monodisperse particles with 10 m radius D0 = 495W .m 2 [5] * .
(rd = 1 10 5 m ;V p = 43 r p3 = 4 .1 10 15 m 3 ) *
, we get The solar constant is equal to approximately
1,368 W/m2 at a distance of one astronomical unit
(AU) from the Sun (that is, on or near Earth) [6].
S f = (SSA) d Vd = 4rd2 N d 0.13m 2 (18) Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by the
Earth's atmosphere so that the power that arrives at the
surface is closer to 1,000 W/m2 in clear conditions
The area S d is the surface area of one water when the Sun is near the zenith [7]. However, the
droplet, which is given by average value is D 0 = 495 W . m 2 [5].
 4

Fig.1 Total Solar Irradiance. Image credit: Claus Frhlich. The description of the procedures used to
construct the composite from the original data shown in Figure 1 (upper panel) can be found in Frhlich
and Lean [8]; Frhlich [9].

Based on Stefan-Boltzmann law, we can T > 1.05T0 (25)

write that D0 = T04 and D = T 4 ;
= 5.67108W.m2 K 4 is the Stefan- ( T0 is the current value of T ) the gravitational
Boltzmann constant .Thus, it follows that masses of the water droplets become
4
D T negative.
= (21) It is known that, the solar constant
D0 T0 can fluctuate by ~0.1% over days and weeks
Substitution of Eq. (21) into Eq. (20) yields as sunspots grow and dissipate. The solar
3
constant also drifts by 0.2% to 0.6% over
T
> 3 10 f 6 8
(22 ) many centuries. Note that the Gravitational
T0
Ejection of Earths Clouds starts when the
The Wien's displacement law is given by
Suns temperature is increased by 5% in
max T = b where max is the peak average . Under these circumstances,
wavelength, T is the absolute temperature, according to Newtons gravitation law, the
and b is the Wien's displacement constant, force between the Earth and the water
equal to 2.8977685(51) 103 mK. Based on
this equation, we can write that
According to the Wien's displacement law, an
max max(0) = T0 T or as function of frequency: increasing of 5% in the Sun temperature produces a
f max (0 ) T0 decreasing of 5% in the peak wavelength ( max ). This
= (23) means that the peak of the solar spectrum is shifted to
f max T blue light. In this way, the sunlight becomes colder.

Making f = f max in Eq. (22) and comparing After some millions of years, the stars internal
with Eq. (23), we get structures begin to have essential changes, such as
3 variations (increases or decreases) in size, temperature
T
> 1.5 109 f max
5
(0 ) (24) and luminosity. When this occurs, the star leaves the
main sequence, and begins a displacement through the
T0
HR diagram. Significant increases in temperature can
Since f max (0 ) = 5.5 1014 Hz (current value then occur during this period.
for sunlight) then Eq. (24) shows that, when
 5
droplets (negative gravitational mass) [8] Frhlich, C., and J. Lean (1998) The Suns total
irradiance: Cycles and trends in the past two
becomes repulsive. Then, by means of
decades and associated climate change uncertainties,
gravitational repulsion, the clouds will be Geophys. Res. Let., 25, 4377-4380.
ejected from the atmosphere of the planet,
stopping the hydrologic cycle. Thus, the [9] Frhlich, C., (2000) Observations of irradiance
water evaporated from the planet will be variability, Space Science Reviews, 94, 15-24,
progressively ejected to outerspace together
[10] Di Achille, G., Hynek, B.M., (2010) Ancient Ocean
with the air contained in the clouds. on Mars supported by global distribution of deltas and
Note that the effect will be negligible valleys. Nature Geoscience 3, 459 463.
if the phenomenon to persist for only some
days. However, if the phenomenon to persist [11] Read, P. L., Lewis, S. R. (2004) (Paperback). The
Martian Climate Revisited: Atmosphere and
for some years, then most of animals will be Environment of a Desert Planet. Chichester, UK:
dead. If it persists for several centuries, then Praxis. ISBN 978-3-540-40743-0. Retrieved
the water of rivers, lakes and oceans will December 19, 2010.
disappear totally from the planet, and its
atmosphere will become rarefied. [12] De Aquino, F. (1998) The Gravitational Spacecraft,
Electric Spacecraft Journal, 27, pp. 6-13.
This phenomenon can have occurred in http://arXiv.org/abs/physics/9904018
Mars a long time ago, and explains the cause
of the rivers, lakes and oceans dry found in
Mars [10, 11]. Note that this phenomenon can
also occur at any moment on Earth. In this
case, there is no salvation to mankind, except
if it will be transferred to another planet with
an ecosystem similar to the current Earths
ecosystem. Only Gravitational Spacecrafts
[12] are able to carry out this transport.

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[2] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations of the

Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity, Pacific Journal
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[3] Quevedo, C. P. (1977) Eletromagnetismo, McGraw-

Hill, p. 270.

[4] Lin Li and Chung D.,(1991) Composites, 22, 3, p.212.

[5] Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. (1968) Physics, J.

Willey & Sons, Portuguese Version, Ed. USP,
Apndice B.

[6] Frhlich, C., Solar Irradiance Variability Since

1978: Revision of the {PMOD} Composite During
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[7] El-Sharkawi, Mohamed A. (2005). Electric energy

CRC Press. pp. 8788. ISBN 978-0-8493-3078-0.